Mental health promotion in children and the elderly during Covid-19
Keywords:
health promotion, children, the elderly, coronavirus diseaseAbstract
Introduction: The recent Covid-19 pandemic has caused a great deal of stress and anxiety around the world. Changes in lifestyle as a result of the global outbreak of Covid-19 disease have affected children and the elderly along with psychological consequences. The health of children and the elderly is a top priority in all countries. Therefore, the present study was to review the health promotion of children and the elderly during coronavirus disease. Materials and Methods: This is a review using the keywords Covid-19 and health promotion in children to search papers in Sid, Scholar Google, Medline, Science direct and Pubmed databases. The articles from 2008-2020 were extracted according to the inclusion criteria, and the results were classified, summarized and reported. Conclusion: Evaluation of the articles showed an increase in behavioral problems, self-regulation problems, anxiety and fear, problems with adjustment and coping strategies, the experience of abuse and emotional harassment, the severity of mental disorders and depression, and post-traumatic stress as the psychological consequences of the pandemic among children and the elderly. Considering the negative psychological consequences of the Covid-19 outbreak, it is recommended to design and plan intervention and support strategies to reduce the adverse impacts.
Downloads
References
Al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia 33. Zhu Na, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et in China, 2019. N Engle J Med. 2020; 382(8):727-33.
Alavi M, Jorjoran Shushtari Z, Noroozi M, Mohammadi Shah boulaghi F. [Mental health and related factors in old population in Tehran 2014-2015) (Persian)]. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2018; 27(158):112-22. http://jmums.mazums.
ac.ir/article-1-8866-en.html.
Alipour F, Sajadi H, Forouzan A, Nabavi H, E K. [The role of social support in the anxiety and depression of elderly (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2009; 4(11):53-61. http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-333-en.pdf.
Armitage R, Nellums LB. COVID-19 and the consequences of isolating the elderly. The Lancet Public Health. 2020; 5(5):e256. [DOI: 10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30061-X].
Asadollahe, M., Rafezi, *Z. Evaluation of Psychological Effects of Coronavirus and Subsequent Quarantine on Children with Using Drawing Tests: a case study.2021.
Ashoori M, Farah Bidjarib A. Fears and Their Manifestation in 10-12-Year-old Girls' Paintings in Zanjan County. Procedia Soc Behav Sci. 2015; 205: 80-85.
Bani Asad MM (Translator). [Interaction for Practice in Community Nursing]. Long A (Author). Tehran: Mahtab; 2005. [Persian]
Bao Y, Sun Y, Meng S, Shi J, Lu L. 2019-nCoV epidemic: Address mental health care to empower society. The Lancet. 2020; 395(10224):e37-8. [DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30309-3].
Bonanno GA, Galea S, Bucciarelli A, Vlahov D. Psychological resilience after disaster: New York City in the aftermath of the September 11th terrorist attack. Psychological Science. 2006; 17(3):181-6. [DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01682.x].
Borhaninejad V, Rashedi V. COVID-19 Pandemic: Opportunity to advanced home care for oder adults. Journal of Gerontological Social Work. 2020; 63(6-7):629-30. [DOI:10.1080/01634372.2020.1769790] [PMID].
Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: a rapid review of the evidence. Lancet. 2020; 395(10227): 912-20.
Cava MA, Fay KE, Bean lands HJ, McCay EA Wignall R. The experience of quarantine for individuals Affected by SARS in Toronto. Public Health Nurse. 2005; 22(5):398-406.
Cheung Y, Chau PH, Yip PS. A revisit on older adults' suicides and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) epidemic in Hong Kong. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: A Journal of the Psychiatry of Late Life and Allied Sciences. 2008; 23(12):1231-8. [DOI:10.1002/gps.2056].
Cox, D. J., Plavnick, J. B., & Brodhead, M. T. (2020). A proposed process for risk mitigation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 1-7.
Drageset J, Dysvik E, Espehaug B, Natvig GK, Furnes B. Suf fering and mental health among older people living in nurs ing homes-a mixed-methods study. Peer J. 2015; 3:e1120. [DOI:10.7717/peerj.1120].
Fegert, J. M., Vitiello, B., Plener, P. L., & Clemens, V. (2020). Challenges and burden of the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic for child and adolescent mental health: a narrative review to highlight clinicical and research needs in the acute phase and the long return to normality. Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health, 14, 1-11.
Forlenza OV, Stella F. Impact of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on mental health in the elderly: Perspective from a psychogeriatric clinic at a tertiary hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. International psychogeriatrics. 2020; 32(10):1147-51. [DOI: 10.1017/S1041610220001180].
Gallyamova, Z.V., Batyukova, V.E., Malakhova, V.Y., Fomenko, E.V.. Health care system in the USSR (through the example of the Kirov region). J Adv Pharm Edu Res 2019;9(4):70-75.
Gao J, Zheng P, Jia Y, Chen H, Mao Y, Chen S, et al. Mental health problems and social media exposure during COVID-19 outbreak. Plos One. 2020; 15(4):e0231924. [DOI: 10.1371/journal. pone.0231924].
Ghosh, R., Dubey, M. J., Chatterjee, S., & Dubey, S. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on children: Special focus on psychosocial aspect. Education, 31, 34-42.
Goudarz M, Foroughan M, Makarem A, Rashedi V. [Relationship between social support and subjective well-being in older adults (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2015; 10(3):110-9. http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-953-en.html.
Hasanpoor Dehkordi A, Masoodi R, Naderipoor A, Poor Mir Reza Kalhori R. [The effect of exercise program on the quality of life in shahrekord elderly people (Persian)]. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2008; 2(4):437-444. http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-58-en.html.
Heine C, Browning CJ. Mental health and dual sensory loss in older adults: A systematic review. Frontiers in Aging Neurosci ence. 2014; 6:83. [DOI:10.3389/fnagi.2014.00083].
Helping children cope with emergencies. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at: URL: https://www.cdc.gov/childrenindisasters/helpingchildren-cope.html; 2020
Helping children cope with emergencies. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at: URL: disasters/helpingchildren-cope.html; 2020.
Hölling, H., Schlack, R., Petermann, F., Ravens-Sieberer, U., Mauz, E., & KiGGS Study Group. (2014). Psychopathological problems and psychosocial impairment in children and adolescents aged 3-17 years in the German population: prevalence and time trends at two measurement points. Bundesgesundheitsblatt, 57(7), 807-812.
Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet. 2020; 395(10223):497-506. [DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5].
Ji D, Ji YJ, Duan XZ, Li WG, Sun ZQ, Song XA, et al. Preva lence of psychological symptoms among Ebola survivors and healthcare workers during the 2014-2015 Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone: A cross-sectional study. Oncotarget. 2017; 8(8):12784-91. [DOI:10.18632/oncotarget.14498] [PMID] [PMCID].
Jibran Siyal, F., Ali Shaikh, Z., Ahmed, S. Z., Shahid, M. A., Agha, F.,Khoso, M. H.and et al. Anxiety among COVID-19 Physicians during the Pandemic in the Health Care Center of the Rural Region. Arch Pharm Pract 2020;11(4):91-3.
Kord B. The prediction of subjective well-being based on meaning of life and mindfulness among cardiovascular patients. Iranian Journal of Psychiatric Nursing. 2018; 5(6):16-23. [DOI: 10.21859/ijpn-05063].
Lau AL, Chi I, Cummins RA, Lee TM, Chou KL, Chung LW. The SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) pandemic in Hong Kong: Effects on the subjective well-being of elderly and younger people. Aging and Mental Health. 2008; 12(6):746-60. [DOI: 10.1080/13607860802380607].
Liu, J. J., Bao, Y., Huang, X., Shi, J., & Lu, L. (2020). Mental health considerations for children quarantined because of COVID-19. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 4(5), 347-349.
McGrath, J. (2020). ADHD and Covid-19: Current roadblocks and future opportunities. Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine, 1-22.
Meng H, Xu Y, Dai J, Zhang Y, Liu B, Yang H. The psychological effect of COVID-19 on the elderly in China. Psychiatry Research. 2020:112983. [DOI:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112983].
Nabavi SH, Alipour F, Hejazi A, Rashedi V. [Relationship between social support and mental health in older adults (Persian)]. Medical Journal of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. 2014; 57(7):841-6. http://mjms.mums.ac.ir/article_3756.html.
Najafi B, Arzaghi M, Fakhrzadeh H, Sharifi F, Shoaei S, Ali zadeh M, et al. [Mental health status and related factors in aged population: Urban health equity assessment and response tool(Urban-HEART) study in Tehran (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism. 2013; 13(1):62-73. http://ijdld.tums. ac.ir/article-1-5093-en.html.
Nakano A. The relationship between mental health and selfrated health in older adults. Japan: Kobe University. 2014. http://www.econ.kobe-u.ac.jp/activity/publication/dp/ pdf/2014/1423.pdf.
Niederkrotenthaler T, Stack S, Till B, Sinyor M, Pirkis J, Ga cia D, et al. Association of increased youth suicides in the United r States with the release of 13 Reasons Why. JAMA Psychiatry. 2019; 76(9):933-40. [DOI:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0922].
Qiu J, Shen B, Zhao M, Wang Z, Xie B, Xu Y. A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: Implications and policy recommendations. General Psychiatry. 2020; 33(2):e100213... [DOI: 10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213] .
Rashedi V, Asadi-Lari M, Foroughan M, Delbari A, Fadaye vatan R. Mental health and pain in older adults: findings from Urban HEART-2. Community Mental Health Journal. 2017; 53(6):719-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s10597-017-0082-2].
Rashedi V, Borhaninejad V. Age-based discrimination in Covid-19 patient care. Indian Journal of Medical Ethic. 2020; V (3):255. [DOI:10.20529/IJME.2020.74].
Roccella, M. (2020). Children and Coronavirus Infection (Covid-19): What to Tell Children to Avoid Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The Open Pediatric Medicine Journal, 10 (1). 14-19.
Roth F, Brönnimann G. Focal report 8: Risk analysis using the internet for public risk communication. Center for Security Studies (CSS), ETH Zürich. 2013; (8). https://css.ethz.ch/en/services/ digital-library/publications/publication.html/168875.
Rothan HA, Byrareddy SN. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) outbreak. Journal of Autoimmunity. 2020; 109:102433. [DOI:10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102433] [PMID] [PMCID].
Shen, K., Yang, Y., Wang, T., Zhao, D., Jiang, Y., Jin, R., & Shang, Y. (2020). Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in children: experts’ consensus statement. World journal of pediatrics, 5, e; 1-9.
Shojaei SF, Masoumi R. The importance of mental health training for psychologists in COVID-19 outbreak. Middle East Journal of Rehabilitation and Health Studies. 2020; 7(2):e102846. [DOI:10.5812/mejrh.102846].
Sprang G, Silman M. Posttraumatic stress disorder in parents and youth after health related disasters. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2013; 7(1):105-10.
Staudinger J, Schneider L. Epidemiology of Coronavirus COVID-19: Forecasting the Future Incidence in Different Countries. Healthcare. 2020; 8(2). Doi: 10.3390/healthcare8020099.
Suryasa, I. W., Rodríguez-Gámez, M., & Koldoris, T. (2021). Health and treatment of diabetes mellitus. International Journal of Health Sciences, 5(1), i-v. https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v5n1.2864
Takeuchi T, Takenoshita S, Taka F, Nakao M, Nomura K. The relationship between psychotropic drug use and suicidal behavior in Japan: Japanese adverse drug event report. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2017; 50(02):69-73. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-113468] [PMID].
Tehrani H, Vahedian Shahroodi M, Fadayevatan R, Abu salehi A, Esmaeili H. [Mental health status and its related factors in elderly people residing in nursing homes of Mashhad, Iran(Persian)]. Health and Development Journal. 2017; 6(3):171-81.
http://eprints.nums.ac.ir/339/.
Wang, G., Zhang, Y., Zhao, J., Zhang, J., & Jiang, F. (2020). Mitigate the effects of home confinement on children during the COVID-19 outbreak. The Lancet, 395, 945-947.
World Health Organization. Mental health and psychosocial considerations during COVID-19 outbreak. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020.
World Health Organization. Unicef for very child. 2020.
Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA. 2020; 323(13):1239-42. [DOI:10.1001/jama.2020.2648] [PMID].
Xinhuanet. Bat soup, biolab, crazy numbers...Misinformation“infodemic” on novel coronavirus exposed [Internet]. 2020 [Up dated 2020 February 04]. Available from: http://www.xinhua net.com/english/2020-02/04/c_138755586.htm.
Yang Y, Li W, Zhang Q, Zhang L, Cheung T, Xiang YT. Mental health services for older adults in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2020; 7(4):e19. [DOI: 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30079-1].
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2022 International journal of health sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Articles published in the International Journal of Health Sciences (IJHS) are available under Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives Licence (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). Authors retain copyright in their work and grant IJHS right of first publication under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. Users have the right to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of articles in this journal, and to use them for any other lawful purpose.
Articles published in IJHS can be copied, communicated and shared in their published form for non-commercial purposes provided full attribution is given to the author and the journal. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
This copyright notice applies to articles published in IJHS volumes 4 onwards. Please read about the copyright notices for previous volumes under Journal History.
