Association of Residence Type on Smoking in South Korean Adolescents during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Findings from a National Survey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data, Design, and Participants
2.2. Variables
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participants’ Characteristics by Tobacco Type
3.2. Impact of Participants’ Type of Residence on Tobacco Type during the COVID-19 Pandemic
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Total (n = 3774, N = 183,678) | Cigarette (n = 1817, N = 86,688) | E-Cigarette (n = 298, N = 15,060) | Dual Use (n = 1659, N = 81,930) | t or F * | p | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (N%) or M(SD) | n (N%) or M(SE) | n (N%) or M(SE) | n (N%) or M(SE) | ||||||||
Age | (year) | 15.97 | (0.04) | 15.92 | (0.04) | 15.49 | (0.11) | 16.11 | (0.04) | 365.98 | <0.001 |
Sex | Male | 1070 | (27.1%) | 1191 | (33.4%) | 236 | (33.4%) | 1277 | (21.8%) | 67.67 | <0.001 |
Female | 2704 | (72.9%) | 626 | (66.6%) | 62 | (66.6%) | 382 | (78.2%) | |||
Perceived family’s economic status | Very low | 214 | (5.2%) | 80 | (3.9%) | 21 | (6.4%) | 113 | (6.4%) | 53.96 | <0.001 |
Low | 565 | (14.1%) | 285 | (14.4%) | 44 | (15.1%) | 236 | (13.6%) | |||
Middle | 1632 | (44.1%) | 846 | (47.4%) | 107 | (36.9%) | 679 | (42.0%) | |||
High | 884 | (23.7%) | 436 | (24.7%) | 75 | (25.3%) | 373 | (22.2%) | |||
Very high | 479 | (12.9%) | 170 | (9.5%) | 51 | (16.4%) | 258 | (15.8%) | |||
Perceived health status | Very unhealthy | 66 | (1.8%) | 20 | (1.2%) | 8 | (2.7%) | 38 | (2.2%) | 38.31 | <0.001 |
Unhealthy | 314 | (8.3%) | 158 | (8.6%) | 24 | (8.2%) | 132 | (7.9%) | |||
Average | 847 | (22.0%) | 420 | (23.1%) | 58 | (18.2%) | 369 | (21.7%) | |||
Healthy | 1409 | (38.1%) | 736 | (41.3%) | 103 | (36.3%) | 570 | (35.0%) | |||
Very healthy | 1138 | (29.9%) | 483 | (25.8%) | 105 | (34.6%) | 550 | (33.3%) | |||
Stress | Very low | 151 | (3.9%) | 43 | (2.3%) | 26 | (7.9%) | 82 | (4.8%) | 44.42 | <0.001 |
Low | 495 | (13.5%) | 236 | (13.5%) | 54 | (18.1%) | 205 | (12.7%) | |||
Moderate | 1301 | (34.1%) | 634 | (34.1%) | 94 | (32.8%) | 573 | (34.2%) | |||
High | 1090 | (29.3%) | 561 | (31.5%) | 65 | (21.6%) | 464 | (28.4%) | |||
Very high | 737 | (19.2%) | 343 | (18.6%) | 59 | (19.6%) | 335 | (19.9%) | |||
Sexual intercourse | No | 2505 | (66.3%) | 1350 | (74.3%) | 216 | (71.4%) | 939 | (56.9%) | 120.21 | <0.001 |
Yes | 1269 | (33.7%) | 467 | (25.7%) | 82 | (28.6%) | 720 | (43.1%) | |||
Substance use | No | 3546 | (93.9%) | 1772 | (97.7%) | 242 | (81.2%) | 1532 | (92.2%) | 138.81 | <0.001 |
Yes | 228 | (6.1%) | 45 | (2.3%) | 56 | (18.8%) | 127 | (7.8%) | |||
Treatment for violence-related injuries | No | 3421 | (90.6%) | 1729 | (95.2%) | 220 | (73.9%) | 1472 | (88.7%) | 152.64 | <0.001 |
Yes | 353 | (9.4%) | 88 | (4.8%) | 78 | (26.1%) | 187 | (11.3%) | |||
Exposure to secondhand smoke at home | No | 2103 | (56.3%) | 1066 | (59.6%) | 147 | (50.1%) | 890 | (53.8%) | 17.13 | <0.001 |
Yes | 1671 | (43.7%) | 751 | (40.4%) | 151 | (49.9%) | 769 | (46.2%) | |||
Exposure to secondhand smoke at school | No | 2404 | (63.2%) | 1266 | (69.2%) | 162 | (55.7%) | 976 | (58.1%) | 53.58 | <0.001 |
Yes | 1370 | (36.8%) | 551 | (30.8%) | 136 | (44.3%) | 683 | (41.9%) | |||
Exposure to secondhand smoke at public places | No | 1318 | (34.4%) | 698 | (37.3%) | 120 | (41.2%) | 500 | (30.2%) | 25.84 | <0.001 |
Yes | 2456 | (65.6%) | 1119 | (62.7%) | 178 | (58.8%) | 1159 | (69.8%) | |||
Ease of cigarette purchase | Easy | 998 | (41.7%) | 323 | (33.1%) | 65 | (46.6%) | 610 | (47.5%) | 56.59 | <0.001 |
Difficult | 1053 | (42.8%) | 465 | (46.9%) | 59 | (42.8%) | 529 | (39.8%) | |||
Impossible | 376 | (15.4%) | 203 | (20.0%) | 16 | (10.7%) | 157 | (12.6%) | |||
Initiation of smoking before 13 | No | 3227 | (86.0%) | 1664 | (92.0%) | 215 | (72.3%) | 1348 | (82.2%) | 127.86 | <0.001 |
Yes | 547 | (14.0%) | 153 | (8.0%) | 83 | (27.6%) | 311 | (17.8%) | |||
Average number of smoking days per month | 1~2 | 1309 | (34.3%) | 508 | (27.3%) | 141 | (46.9%) | 660 | (39.4%) | 2281.67 | <0.001 |
3~5 | 593 | (15.2%) | 211 | (11.0%) | 48 | (15.6%) | 334 | (19.7%) | |||
6~9 | 350 | (9.5%) | 130 | (7.0%) | 39 | (12.7%) | 181 | (11.5%) | |||
10~19 | 351 | (9.4%) | 186 | (10.6%) | 24 | (9.5%) | 141 | (8.1%) | |||
20~29 | 250 | (6.7%) | 154 | (8.8%) | 11 | (4.1%) | 85 | (5.1%) | |||
30 | 921 | (24.8%) | 628 | (35.3%) | 35 | (11.2%) | 258 | (16.1%) | |||
Smoking cessation attempts | No | 1189 | (31.7%) | 553 | (30.7%) | 129 | (42.0%) | 507 | (30.8%) | 4195.22 | <0.001 |
Yes | 2585 | (68.3%) | 1264 | (69.3%) | 169 | (58.0%) | 1152 | (69.2%) | |||
The type of living residence | Living with family or relative | 3496 | (93.3%) | 1711 | (94.6%) | 258 | (86.6%) | 1527 | (93.2%) | 46.75 | <0.001 |
Living alone or living in a boarding house | 94 | (2.4%) | 32 | (1.8%) | 24 | (7.7%) | 38 | (2.0%) | |||
Living in a dormitory or orphanage | 184 | (4.3%) | 74 | (3.5%) | 16 | (5.7%) | 94 | (4.8%) |
Variable | Total (n = 2575, N = 122,347) | Cigarette (n = 1407, N = 66,716) | E-Cigarette (n = 205, N = 10,808) | Dual Use (n = 965, N = 44,823) | t or F * | p | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (N%) or M (SD) | n (N%) or M (SD) | n (N%) or M (SD) | n (N%) or M (SD) | ||||||||
Age | (year) | 16.29 | (0.03) | 16.35 | (0.05) | 15.89 | (0.11) | 16.30 | (0.05) | 326.62 | <0.001 |
Sex | Male | 1803 | (71.3%) | 954 | (68.8%) | 150 | (73.7%) | 699 | (74.4%) | 9.42 | 0.009 |
Female | 772 | (28.7%) | 453 | (31.2%) | 55 | (26.3%) | 264 | (25.6%) | |||
Perceived family’s economic status | Very low | 307 | (12.1%) | 70 | (4.6%) | 10 | (3.9%) | 65 | (6.7%) | 22.14 | 0.006 |
Low | 641 | (25.9%) | 223 | (15.5%) | 24 | (10.2%) | 137 | (13.3%) | |||
Middle | 1098 | (42.4%) | 620 | (43.5%) | 92 | (46.8%) | 386 | (39.7%) | |||
High | 641 | (25.9%) | 347 | (25.7%) | 59 | (28.7%) | 235 | (25.5%) | |||
Very high | 307 | (12.1%) | 147 | (10.7%) | 20 | (10.5%) | 140 | (14.7%) | |||
Perceived health status | Very unhealthy | 32 | (1.4%) | 8 | (0.8%) | 1 | (0.3%) | 23 | (2.6%) | 33.15 | <0.001 |
Unhealthy | 225 | (9.1%) | 122 | (9.2%) | 17 | (9.0%) | 86 | (9.1%) | |||
Average | 599 | (23.2%) | 334 | (23.7%) | 50 | (23.7%) | 215 | (22.5%) | |||
Healthy | 920 | (35.4%) | 530 | (38.0%) | 58 | (27.4%) | 332 | (33.5%) | |||
Very healthy | 799 | (30.8%) | 413 | (28.4%) | 79 | (39.6%) | 307 | (32.2%) | |||
Stress | Very low | 99 | (3.7%) | 45 | (3.1%) | 12 | (4.8%) | 42 | (4.3%) | 6.68 | 0.598 |
Low | 372 | (14.7%) | 207 | (14.3%) | 34 | (17.4%) | 131 | (14.6%) | |||
Moderate | 928 | (35.7%) | 513 | (36.1%) | 71 | (35.3%) | 344 | (35.4%) | |||
High | 765 | (30.1%) | 427 | (31.2%) | 59 | (28.0%) | 279 | (28.9%) | |||
Very high | 411 | (15.8%) | 215 | (15.2%) | 29 | (14.6%) | 167 | (16.9%) | |||
Sexual intercourse | No | 1694 | (65.3%) | 984 | (69.9%) | 148 | (72.9%) | 562 | (56.7%) | 49.94 | <0.001 |
Yes | 881 | (34.7%) | 423 | (30.1%) | 57 | (27.1%) | 401 | (43.3%) | |||
Substance use | No | 2496 | (97.1%) | 1371 | (97.8%) | 199 | (97.4%) | 926 | (96.1%) | 5.93 | 0.043 |
Yes | 79 | (2.9%) | 36 | (2.2%) | 6 | (2.6%) | 37 | (3.9%) | |||
Treatment for violence-related injuries | No | 2426 | (94.4%) | 1366 | (97.1%) | 168 | (82.8%) | 892 | (93.3%) | 80.80 | <0.001 |
Yes | 149 | (5.6%) | 41 | (2.9%) | 37 | (17.2%) | 71 | (6.7%) | |||
Exposure to secondhand smoke at home | No | 1756 | (69.3%) | 989 | (71.1%) | 125 | (62.3%) | 642 | (68.2%) | 7.84 | 0.033 |
Yes | 819 | (30.7%) | 418 | (28.9%) | 80 | (37.7%) | 321 | (31.8%) | |||
Exposure to secondhand smoke at school | No | 2106 | (81.6%) | 1219 | (86.1%) | 150 | (75.3%) | 737 | (76.3%) | 43.12 | <0.001 |
Yes | 469 | (18.4%) | 188 | (13.9%) | 55 | (24.7%) | 226 | (23.7%) | |||
Exposure to secondhand smoke at public places | No | 1069 | (41.4%) | 644 | (44.9%) | 83 | (42.7%) | 342 | (36.0%) | 18.65 | <0.001 |
Yes | 1506 | (58.6%) | 763 | (55.1%) | 122 | (57.3%) | 621 | (64.0%) | |||
Ease of cigarette purchase | Easy | 683 | (43.7%) | 301 | (37.9%) | 28 | (38.8%) | 354 | (50.9%) | 31.34 | <0.001 |
Difficult | 663 | (42.7%) | 351 | (45.4%) | 35 | (49.8%) | 277 | (38.8%) | |||
Impossible | 227 | (13.6%) | 142 | (16.7%) | 8 | (11.4%) | 77 | (10.3%) | |||
Initiation of smoking before 12 | No | 2152 | (83.6%) | 1231 | (87.4%) | 162 | (80.3%) | 761 | (79.0%) | 43.42 | <0.001 |
Yes | 421 | (16.3%) | 176 | (12.6%) | 43 | (19.7%) | 202 | (21.0%) | |||
Average number of smoking days per month | 1~2 | 792 | (30.5%) | 301 | (21.2%) | 73 | (36.3%) | 418 | (42.9%) | 3146.73 | <0.001 |
3~5 | 298 | (11.1%) | 110 | (7.3%) | 37 | (18.3%) | 151 | (15.2%) | |||
6~9 | 222 | (8.0%) | 89 | (5.6%) | 23 | (10.0%) | 110 | (11.1%) | |||
10~19 | 280 | (11.6%) | 146 | (11.7%) | 32 | (14.7%) | 102 | (10.7%) | |||
20~29 | 166 | (6.4%) | 114 | (7.7%) | 14 | (7.4%) | 38 | (4.2%) | |||
30 | 817 | (32.3%) | 647 | (46.5%) | 26 | (13.2%) | 144 | (15.9%) | |||
Smoking cessation attempts | No | 805 | (31.8%) | 415 | (29.9%) | 100 | (47.4%) | 290 | (30.8%) | 2855.01 | <0.001 |
Yes | 1770 | (68.2%) | 992 | (70.1%) | 105 | (52.6%) | 673 | (69.2%) | |||
The type of living residence | Living with family or relative | 2390 | (93.1%) | 1344 | (95.8%) | 174 | (85.3%) | 872 | (90.8%) | 56.65 | <0.001 |
Living alone or living in a boarding house | 57 | (2.3%) | 13 | (0.9%) | 14 | (7.4%) | 30 | (3.2%) | |||
Living in a dormitory or orphanage | 128 | (4.6%) | 50 | (3.2%) | 17 | (7.3%) | 61 | (6.0%) |
Characteristics | Categories | Unadjusted (Ref. Cigarette) | Adjusted * (Ref. Cigarette) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E-Cigarette | Dual Use | E-Cigarette | Dual Use | ||||||||||
OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | ||
The type of living residence | Living with family or relative | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Living alone or living in a boarding house | 4.59 | (2.64–7.97) | <0.001 | 1.11 | (0.66–1.88) | 0.686 | 2.23 | (0.95–5.25) | 0.066 | 0.72 | (0.34–1.56) | 0.408 | |
Living in a dormitory or orphanage | 1.77 | (0.98–3.20) | 0.059 | 1.39 | (0.98–1.99) | 0.067 | 0.81 | (0.31–2.11) | 0.665 | 0.75 | (0.38–1.45) | 0.385 | |
Nagelkerke R2 = 0.010, Cox and Snell R2 = 0.009 | Nagelkerke R2 = 0.373, Cox and Snell R2 = 0.307 |
Characteristics | Categories | Unadjusted (Ref. Cigarette) | Adjusted * (Ref. Cigarette) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E-Cigarette | Dual Use | E-Cigarette | Dual Use | ||||||||||
OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | ||
The type of living residence | Living with family or relative | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Living alone or living in a boarding house | 9.08 | (4.07–20.25) | <0.001 | 3.70 | (1.81–7.54) | 0.000 | 6.49 | (2.06–20.45) | 0.001 | 2.64 | (0.93–7.51) | 0.068 | |
Living in a dormitory or orphanage | 2.52 | (1.42–4.45) | 0.002 | 1.95 | (1.27–2.99) | 0.002 | 2.03 | (0.83–4.92) | 0.119 | 2.09 | (1.13–3.84) | 0.018 | |
Nagelkerke R2 = 0.023, Cox and Snell R2 = 0.019 | Nagelkerke R2 = 0.400, Cox and Snell R2 = 0.325 |
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Kwon, M.Y.; Cho, M.S. Association of Residence Type on Smoking in South Korean Adolescents during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Findings from a National Survey. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12886. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912886
Kwon MY, Cho MS. Association of Residence Type on Smoking in South Korean Adolescents during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Findings from a National Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12886. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912886
Chicago/Turabian StyleKwon, Mi Young, and Myoung Sun Cho. 2022. "Association of Residence Type on Smoking in South Korean Adolescents during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Findings from a National Survey" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12886. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912886