Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.
To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser.
2021, Academia Letters
2021 •
2022 •
Adaptive Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 and Prophylactic Vaccines for COVID-19
SPECTACULAR JOURNALS www .spectacularjournals.org Adaptive Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 and Prophylactic Vaccines for COVID-192020 •
The world experienced the outbreaks of SARS and MERS in the past and now experiencing the pandemic of SARS-CoV-2. Initially the infection were linked to seafood market in Wuhan for that studies were designed and investigation were done to know about the intermediate host of SARS-CoV-2. However, to date, there is no evidences that defines the SARS-CoV-2 specific relationship or association with animals and birds. The number of confirmed cases and deaths are rapidly increasing day by day, but unfortunately we have no prophylactic agent till date. It is noted that individuals have strong immune system can wins the race from SARS-CoV-2. The host immunity is divided into innate and adaptive immunity. The innate immunity relies on the activation of interferon 1 and its downstream cascade mechanism. While the adaptive immune responses are cell mediated and greatly relies on the activation of T cells. T helper cells type 1 plays a dominant role in host adaptive immunity to any viral antigen. Antigen presenting cells (APC) activates the cytokines which act as an inducers of T cells responses. However, titer of neutralizing antibodies is directly proportional to T cell Reponses, higher the titer higher will be the responses. Receptor binding domain in spike S1 protein could be considered good vaccine antigen, as it contains regions which induces the production of neutralizing antibodies to prevent attachment of SARS-CoV-2 to ACE2. However, nucleic acid-based vaccine, RNA and DNA vaccine are the advance vaccine platforms against emergency infections. R 0 value of SARS-CoV-2 is 2.2 to 2.6 greater than 1 which means continued transmission can occur. As we have no vaccine and other prophylactic agents. So to reduce transmission, the reduction of R 0 value less than 1 is must, for which more than half of the infections must be prevented or controlled.
Journal of pediatric nephrology
A Review on New Coronavirus Mechanism of Action2020 •
The new coronavirus outbreak caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus2 (SARS-CoV2) has resulted in more than 126750 deaths worldwide so far and billions of expenses for the governments. SARS-CoV2, similar to SARS, was transmitted from bats and spread via human to human closed contacts. The virus uses its spike protein to bind to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors on target cells to replicate. Consequently, it spreads from infected cells to contaminate other cells. The body’s first response toward the virus is to activate the innate immune system, leading to the synthesis of inflammatory mediators. In the next step, the adaptive immune system appears where B lymphocytes produce antibodies specific for the virus, and CD8+ cells kill the infected cells directly. In this article, we try to explain the virus mechanism of action and immune response in detail. Although many questions remain unanswered, we expect this review could help in vaccine and treatment prog...
IVS Press
COVID-19 Virus & Vaccines2022 •
This illustrated volume examines coronaviruses, particularly SARS-CoV-2, the disease COVID-19, and the vaccines established to combat it, particularly those authorized in the United States through June, 2022. In addition, the volume provides an overview of the immune system and a focus on how it responds to coronavirus infection. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Journal of Travel Medicine
Duration of immune protection of SARS-CoV-2 natural infection against reinfection2022 •
Background: Both natural immunity and vaccine-induced immunity to COVID-19 may be useful to reduce the mortality/morbidity of this disease, but still a lot of controversy exists. Aims: This narrative review analyzes the literature about: a) the duration of natural immunity; b) cellular immunity; c) cross-reactivity; d) the duration of post-vaccination immune protection; e) the probability of reinfection and its clinical manifestations in the recovered patients; f) comparisons between vaccinated and unvaccinated in the possible reinfections; g) the role of hybrid immunity; h) the effectiveness of natural and vaccine-induced immunity against Omicron variant; i) comparative incidence of adverse effects after vaccination in recovered individuals vs. COVID-19-naïve subjects. Material and Methods: through multiple search engines we investigated COVID-19 literature related to the aims of the review, published since April 2020 through July 2022, including also the previous articles pertinen...
Immunological Investigations
Immune Responses to the Novel Coronavirus-2: Friend or Foe?2003 •
Avft Archivos Venezolanos De Farmacologia Y Terapeutica
Bacterias patógenas aisladas de teléfonos celulares del personal y alumnos de la Clínica Multidisciplinaria (CLIMUZAC) de la unidad Académica de Odontología de la UAZ2012 •
2015 •
Journal of Social Sciences
A Positive Experience of Diversity Management: The Influence of Leadership Style2012 •
2012 International Symposium on Communications and Information Technologies (ISCIT)
A compact AWPC antenna for DOA estimation2012 •
Journal of the American College of Nutrition
Does Creatine Supplementation Enhance Athletic Performance?1998 •
Thermal Science
Lab-scale investigation of Middle-Bosnia coals to achieve high-efficient and clean combustion technology2014 •
Physical Review Letters
Dynamic Jahn-Teller Effects in IsolatedC60−Studied by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in a Storage Ring2005 •
2013 •
Environment International
Genotoxicity of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields: Protocol for a systematic review of in vitro studies2021 •
2020 •
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics
Die Kornkammer des Ostens blockiert ihre Markt- und Wachstumschancen2014 •
Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
Challenges in Simultaneous Analysis of Hydrolytically Sensitive Ester drugs in Combined Dosage Forms2019 •
Materiali in tehnologije
Analysis of the surface-preparation effect on the hardness-measurement uncertainty of aluminium alloys2020 •
Libyan Studies
Bulla Regia II: Excavations in the Christian cemetery2023 •
Italian Journal of Food Safety
Food safety and sustainable nutrition workshops: educational experiences for primary school children in Turin, Italy2017 •
2006 •
Bolivian Studies Journal
Algunas reflexiones desde la acuarela de Mario Conde2012 •