Arch Clin Infect Dis
Arch Clin Infect Dis

article information

Archives of Clinical Infectious Diseases: Vol.17, issue 3; e131750
published online: September 20, 2022
article type: Editorial
received: September 13, 2022
accepted: September 13, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5812/archcid-131750
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Influenza and COVID-19 Co-infection

authors:

avatar Masoud Mardani ORCID 1 , avatar Mohammad Javad Nasiri ORCID 1 , *

Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

how to cite: Mardani M, Nasiri M J. Influenza and COVID-19 Co-infection. Arch Clin Infect Dis. 2022;17(3):e131750. https://doi.org/10.5812/archcid-131750.

Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, there have been concerns about the possibility of an influenza outbreak in the middle of the COVID-19 pandemic, and co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza viruses in a single host was not far from expected (1). Patients with simultaneous positive tests for both COVID-19 and influenza were reported recently in the ongoing surge of Omicron-associated COVID-19 cases, which was alarming to health systems (2). A recent study conducted by Pawlowski et al. Analyzed epidemiological data to evaluate trends in COVID-19 and influenza co-infection across the entire United States about trends in SARS-CoV-2 and influenza strain prevalence showed that confirmed co-infections are rare due to lower laboratory testing rates. However, co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and influenza is not more frequent than expected (3).

Although the COVID-19 and Influenza co-infection rate is low, the importance of such co-infection may complicate the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of COVID-19, especially in high-risk individuals like the elderly and children (who have considerably higher rates of co-infection) (4) cannot be ignored (2).

Diagnosing such co-infections could be challenging due to the clinical manifestations and paraclinical similarities between the two infections (5, 6). Also, the dynamic of infection of each pathogen adds to the challenge of COVID-19 diagnosis, especially when the patient may test negative for COVID-19 but positive for other viruses and then turns SARS-CoV-2 positive. This leads to COVID-19 under diagnosis, causing a delay in medical treatment (7). The mean incubation and viral shedding periods of influenza viruses are shorter than SARS-CoV-2 virus (8, 9). It is likely that in some patients who have co-infection, the influenza virus is no longer detectable when the SARS-CoV-2 infection is diagnosed, and the time window of co-detectability may be too short of identifying the co-infection (10).

The treatment can also be challenging since co-infection can lead to complications and increased virulence and severity of the disease (11). In a systematic review conducted by Shah et al., co-infected patients were treated with antiviral agents, antibacterial drugs, or a combination of both. The antiviral drug of choice for most of the patients was oseltamivir. Moreover, they showed that for effective treatment, it is imperative to conduct proper tests quickly to differentiate between the two viruses or establish co-infection (12).

Likewise, from a public health standpoint, SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus co-infection combined with variable clinical prognosis poses a greater challenge. A systematic review by Krumbein et al. revealed that a higher case-fatality rate was associated with COVID-19 and other viruses’ co-infection (13). This is consistent with other studies showing a positive relation between co-infection and increased mortality risk and severity of the disease in these patients (11, 14). However, there are studies like the systematic review conducted by Guan et al. revealing that COVID-19 and Influenza co-infection did not affect overall mortality or critical outcomes involving shock, being admitted to ICU, or requiring ventilatory support in co-infected patients in comparison to COVID-19 mono-infection and the associations detected from different regions and samples were controversial (15). These contradictory results show the need for further well-designed controlled studies with adjustment of confounding factors like influenza strains, the order of infection, and other concomitant infections and comorbidities.

With the influenza season upon us, exploring the relationship between influenza vaccination and COVID-19 susceptibility is also important. Studies showed that one of the simplest ways to prevent co-infection is to get vaccinated against influenza, especially in the at-risk population (16). Also, studies report more benefits to influenza vaccination, such as the significantly lower odds of testing positive for COVID-19 in patients who got an influenza vaccine compared to those who did not receive the vaccine. In addition, in patients who tested positive for COVID-19, those vaccinated against influenza had considerably better clinical outcomes (17, 18).

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