Effect of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction on the Well-Being, Burnout and Stress of Italian Healthcare Professionals during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Sample and Procedures
2.2. Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Course
- -
- focus on the breath;
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- meditation on an object of interest for the person, focusing on its shape, size, color and smell;
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- mindful eating, focusing on a food, involving all the senses: smell, taste, touch, sight, and even sound;
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- attention paid to the sensations while walking on and when the feet touch the floor;
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- training in formal mindfulness meditation techniques involving simple stretches and postures (Mindfulness Yoga) and “Bodyscan” (a meditative practice increasing body awareness and sensations in a gradual mental scan from the feet to the head).
2.3. Assessments/Questionnaires
- -
- EE categorized into 0–18 (low), 19–26 (moderate), ≥27 (high);
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- DP divided into 0–5 (low), 6–9 (moderate), ≥10 (high);
- -
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Participants
- -
- control group I (CG I) = 15 subjects, mean age 42.1 ± 9.9, 12 women, 8 nurses, 5 physicians, 2 allied care professionals;
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- control group II (CG II) = 2 subjects, mean age 42.2 ± 4.1, 1 woman, 1 nurse, 1 physician;
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- control group III (CG III) = 11 subjects, mean age 39.2 ± 15.1, 10 women, 7 nurses, 2 physicians, 2 allied care professionals.
3.2. Psychological General Well-Being Index
3.2.1. Baseline Characteristics and Differences between Groups at Baseline
3.2.2. MBSR Effects on Psychological General Well-Being Index
3.3. Perceived Stress Scale
3.3.1. Baseline Characteristics and Differences between Groups at Baseline
3.3.2. MBSR Effects on Perceived Stress Scale
3.4. Maslach Burnout Inventory
3.4.1. Baseline Characteristics and Differences between Groups at Baseline
3.4.2. MBSR Effects on Maslach Burnout Inventory
3.5. Fear of COVID-19 in Group III
3.5.1. Baseline Characteristics and Differences between Groups at Baseline
3.5.2. MBSR Effects on “Fear of COVID-19”
4. Discussion
- In the baseline measures (T0), there was no statistical difference between the experimental and control groups, with all HCP groups exhibiting moderate stress;
- Wellbeing (total PGWBI) decreased with aging. Moreover, FCV-19S positively correlated with age in HCPs;
- MBSR was able to lower distress levels, except for increasing DP, while EE decreased in the MBSR groups trained after the pandemic onset (Group III);
- HCPs had fear of COVID-19 (FCV-19S), but levels significantly decreased after MSRB training.
5. Strengths and Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
DP | Depersonalization |
EE | Emotional exhaustion |
FCV-19S | Fear of COVID-19 Scale |
HCP | Healthcare professional |
MBI | Maslach Burnout Inventory |
MBSR | Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction |
PA | Personal or professional accomplishment |
PGWBI | Psychological General Well-Being Index |
PS | Perceived Stress |
PSS | Perceived Stress Scale |
WL | Waiting list |
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Variables | Group I | Group II | Group III | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Number | 17 | 18 | 15 | |
Women | 15 (88) | 15 (83) | 12 (80) | ns |
Age | 43.4 (7.3) | 44.8 (8.8) | 45.2 (15.1) | ns |
Occupation | ||||
Physicians | 2 (12) | 4 (22) | 3 (20) | ns |
Nurses | 9 (53) | 9 (51) | 9 (60) | |
Allied care professionals | 6 (35) | 4 (22) | 3 (20) |
Test | Group I Baseline | After MBSR | p Value | Group II Baseline | After MBSR | p Value | Group III Baseline | After MBSR | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PGWBI * | |||||||||
Anxiety | 15.9 (4.8) | 17.6 (2.6) | ns | 13.4 (4.4) | 14.5 (4.9) | ns | 13.7 (4.1) | 18.0 (3.4) | 0.0005 |
Depressed mood | 12.5 (2.9) | 12.9 (1.2) | ns | 10.8 (3.4) | 10.7 (3.6) | ns | 10.5 (2.0) | 12.4 (1.7) | 0.001 |
Positive wellbeing | 11.2 (4.1) | 12.4 (2.6) | ns | 9.2 (3.6) | 9.5 (4.5) | ns | 9.5 (3.2) | 11.9 (3.1) | 0.005 |
Self-control | 11.3 (2.4) | 11.4 (2.1) | ns | 8.9 (3.3) | 8.7 (3.6) | ns | 8.7 (3.1) | 11.7 (2.1) | 0.002 |
General health | 10.1 (1.5) | 12.1 (1.7) | 0.0004 | 9.2 (3.2) | 9.2 (3.7) | ns | 9.5 (3.0) | 11.4 (2.1) | 0.008 |
Vitality | 10.0 (2.2) | 10.8 (1.9) | ns | 8.9 (1.7) | 9.3 (2.1) | ns | 10.0 (2.1) | 10.9 (1.4) | ns |
Total score | 71.1 (14.6) | 77.2 (8.6) | 0.04 | 60.3 (15.7) | 61.8 (18.2) | ns | 61.9 (14.9) | 76.2 (11.6) | 0.0006 |
PSS | |||||||||
Total PSS | 18.0 (6.8) | 14.1 (5.6) | 0.03 | 20.9 (6.9) | 20.3 (7.4) | ns | 22.8 (4.6) | 13.3 (4.5) | 0.0001 |
MBI | |||||||||
Depersonalization | 4.9 (4.7) | 5.5 (5.5) | ns | 3.2 (3.4) | 4.0 (4.3) | 0.02 | 5.4 (5.8) | 6.1 (6.9) | 0.04 |
Accomplishment | 34.0 (6.4) | 34.1 (7.6) | ns | 35.0 (7.8) | 37.9 (4.5) | ns | 34.1 (6.7) | 35.6 (6.5) | ns |
Emotional exhaustion | 18.7 (7.9) | 18.3 (7.2) | ns | 21.5 (7.8) | 21.6 (10.2) | ns | 16.4 (8.6) | 8.6 (7.2) | 0.0007 |
Test | Group I Baseline | After MBSR | p Value | Group II Baseline | After MBSR | p Value | Group III Baseline | After MBSR | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PGWBI | ||||||||||
Total score | Moderate | 1 | 2 | ns | 6 | 4 | ns | 3 | 2 | 0.03 |
High | 3 | 0 | 6 | 3 | 5 | 0 | ||||
PSS | ||||||||||
Total PSS | Moderate | 11 | 9 | 0.049 | 13 | 10 | ns | 12 | 8 | 0.026 |
High | 3 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 0 | ||||
MBI | ||||||||||
Depersonalization | Moderate | 6 | 6 | ns | 1 | 3 | ns | 3 | 3 | ns |
High | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | ||||
Accomplishment | Moderate | 3 | 3 | ns | 4 | 4 | ns | 4 | 5 | ns |
High | 3 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | ||||
Emotional exhaustion | Moderate | 8 | 8 | ns | 7 | 5 | ns | 3 | 0 | ns |
High | 1 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 1 |
Baseline | Post MBSR Course | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | p Value | |
1. I am most afraid of the coronavirus | 3.8 | 1.0 | 3.0 | 1.3 | 0.015 |
2. It makes me uncomfortable to think about the coronavirus | 3.7 | 0.6 | 2.9 | 1.3 | 0.017 |
3. My hands become clammy when I think about the coronavirus | 1.6 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 0.5 | ns |
4. I am afraid of losing my life because of the coronavirus | 2.4 | 0.8 | 2.0 | 1.0 | ns |
5. When watching news and stories about the coronavirus on social media, I become nervous or anxious | 3.2 | 0.9 | 2.6 | 1.2 | ns |
6. I cannot sleep because I’m worrying about getting the coronavirus | 1.8 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 0.04 |
7. My heart rates or palpitates when I think about getting the coronavirus | 2.0 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 0.8 | 0.049 |
Total score | 18.5 | 4.3 | 14.4 | 5.1 | 0.009 |
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Marotta, M.; Gorini, F.; Parlanti, A.; Berti, S.; Vassalle, C. Effect of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction on the Well-Being, Burnout and Stress of Italian Healthcare Professionals during the COVID-19 Pandemic. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 3136. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11113136
Marotta M, Gorini F, Parlanti A, Berti S, Vassalle C. Effect of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction on the Well-Being, Burnout and Stress of Italian Healthcare Professionals during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2022; 11(11):3136. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11113136
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarotta, Marco, Francesca Gorini, Alessandra Parlanti, Sergio Berti, and Cristina Vassalle. 2022. "Effect of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction on the Well-Being, Burnout and Stress of Italian Healthcare Professionals during the COVID-19 Pandemic" Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 11: 3136. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11113136