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International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy

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History of Epizootics, Epidemics and Evolution of Coronaviruses

Maminiaina Olivier Fridolin, Razafindrafara Mirantsoa Suzanne
Received: 3 September 2021    Accepted: 4 October 2021    Published: 15 October 2021
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Abstract

Coronavirus (CoV), which causes animal diseases, has become a human health concern. Prior to 2003, CoV caused respiratory diseases and enteric disorders, but after 2003, CoV caused three acute respiratory syndromes, resulting in significant human deaths. Since then, research on CoV has multiplied, leading to a deeper knowledge of the species. It is in this context that this article reviews the history, the biological aspect, the evolution and the crossing of the CoV species barrier. This review shows that CoVs are formed by a large genome (27 to 33 kb) and by structural proteins (spike S, hemagglutinin esterase HE and membran protein M). Various coronaviruses have been described in a wide range of species including chickens (IBV-CoV), pigs (PHE-CoV, PED-CoV, TGE-CoV PR-CoV, PD-CoV, SADS-CoV), cattle (BCoV), cats (FCoV), dogs (CCoV), and humans (HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-HKU1, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV2). Birds and bats are the main reservoirs of CoVs, but due to the low fidelity of the replication complex, CoVs have the ability to adapt to various species. Due to the crossing of the species barrier, CoVs have a wide host range resulting in the emergence of various strains worldwide. This information can help researchers develop intervention strategies to prevent the re-emergence of CoVs in the future.

DOI 10.11648/j.ijidt.20210604.13
Published in International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy (Volume 6, Issue 4, December 2021)
Page(s) 132-145
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group
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Keywords

Coronavirus, Bats, tMRCA, Viral Evolution, Animal Host, Intermediate Host

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    Maminiaina Olivier Fridolin, Razafindrafara Mirantsoa Suzanne. (2021). History of Epizootics, Epidemics and Evolution of Coronaviruses. International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy, 6(4), 132-145. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijidt.20210604.13

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    Maminiaina Olivier Fridolin; Razafindrafara Mirantsoa Suzanne. History of Epizootics, Epidemics and Evolution of Coronaviruses. Int. J. Infect. Dis. Ther. 2021, 6(4), 132-145. doi: 10.11648/j.ijidt.20210604.13

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    Maminiaina Olivier Fridolin, Razafindrafara Mirantsoa Suzanne. History of Epizootics, Epidemics and Evolution of Coronaviruses. Int J Infect Dis Ther. 2021;6(4):132-145. doi: 10.11648/j.ijidt.20210604.13

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ijidt.20210604.13,
  author = {Maminiaina Olivier Fridolin and Razafindrafara Mirantsoa Suzanne},
  title = {History of Epizootics, Epidemics and Evolution of Coronaviruses},
  journal = {International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy},
  volume = {6},
  number = {4},
  pages = {132-145},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijidt.20210604.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijidt.20210604.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijidt.20210604.13},
  abstract = {Coronavirus (CoV), which causes animal diseases, has become a human health concern. Prior to 2003, CoV caused respiratory diseases and enteric disorders, but after 2003, CoV caused three acute respiratory syndromes, resulting in significant human deaths. Since then, research on CoV has multiplied, leading to a deeper knowledge of the species. It is in this context that this article reviews the history, the biological aspect, the evolution and the crossing of the CoV species barrier. This review shows that CoVs are formed by a large genome (27 to 33 kb) and by structural proteins (spike S, hemagglutinin esterase HE and membran protein M). Various coronaviruses have been described in a wide range of species including chickens (IBV-CoV), pigs (PHE-CoV, PED-CoV, TGE-CoV PR-CoV, PD-CoV, SADS-CoV), cattle (BCoV), cats (FCoV), dogs (CCoV), and humans (HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-HKU1, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV2). Birds and bats are the main reservoirs of CoVs, but due to the low fidelity of the replication complex, CoVs have the ability to adapt to various species. Due to the crossing of the species barrier, CoVs have a wide host range resulting in the emergence of various strains worldwide. This information can help researchers develop intervention strategies to prevent the re-emergence of CoVs in the future.},
 year = {2021}
}

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  • TY  - JOUR
T1  - History of Epizootics, Epidemics and Evolution of Coronaviruses
AU  - Maminiaina Olivier Fridolin
AU  - Razafindrafara Mirantsoa Suzanne
Y1  - 2021/10/15
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijidt.20210604.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijidt.20210604.13
T2  - International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy
JF  - International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy
JO  - International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy
SP  - 132
EP  - 145
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2578-966X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijidt.20210604.13
AB  - Coronavirus (CoV), which causes animal diseases, has become a human health concern. Prior to 2003, CoV caused respiratory diseases and enteric disorders, but after 2003, CoV caused three acute respiratory syndromes, resulting in significant human deaths. Since then, research on CoV has multiplied, leading to a deeper knowledge of the species. It is in this context that this article reviews the history, the biological aspect, the evolution and the crossing of the CoV species barrier. This review shows that CoVs are formed by a large genome (27 to 33 kb) and by structural proteins (spike S, hemagglutinin esterase HE and membran protein M). Various coronaviruses have been described in a wide range of species including chickens (IBV-CoV), pigs (PHE-CoV, PED-CoV, TGE-CoV PR-CoV, PD-CoV, SADS-CoV), cattle (BCoV), cats (FCoV), dogs (CCoV), and humans (HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-HKU1, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV2). Birds and bats are the main reservoirs of CoVs, but due to the low fidelity of the replication complex, CoVs have the ability to adapt to various species. Due to the crossing of the species barrier, CoVs have a wide host range resulting in the emergence of various strains worldwide. This information can help researchers develop intervention strategies to prevent the re-emergence of CoVs in the future.
VL  - 6
IS  - 4
ER  -

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Author Information

  • Maminiaina Olivier Fridolin

    Malagasy Institute of Veterinary Vaccines (IMVAVET), Antananarivo, Madagascar; National Centre of Applied Research for Rural Development, Department of Zootechnical, Veterinary and Fish Research (FOFIFA-DRZVP), Antananarivo, Madagascar; Department of Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Antananarivo, Madagascar

  • Razafindrafara Mirantsoa Suzanne

    Malagasy Institute of Veterinary Vaccines (IMVAVET), Antananarivo, Madagascar; National Centre of Applied Research for Rural Development, Department of Zootechnical, Veterinary and Fish Research (FOFIFA-DRZVP), Antananarivo, Madagascar

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