Treść głównego artykułu

Abstrakt

Pandemia COVID-19 postawiła duże wyzwania polityczne przed krajami rozwijającymi się, w których zasoby operacyjne i możliwości polityczne są ograniczone. Jednak niektóre z tych krajów radzą sobie lepiej niż inne i wydaje się, że część tego sukcesu można przypisać wykorzystaniu ostrożnych instrumentów polityki publicznej w ramach spójnych kombinacji interwencji publicznych. W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono studium przypadku dotyczące pandemii COVID-19 w Pakistanie i rozważono następujące aspekty kombinacji polityki publicznej: 1) polio i infrastruktura wsparcia obszarów wiejskich wdrożona w celu wykrywania COVID-19 oraz budowania świadomości na ten temat; 2) utworzenie krajowego operacyjnego centrum dowodzenia w celu scentralizowania procesu decyzyjnego prowadzonego w czasie rzeczywistym; 3) wykorzystanie największego programu wspierania dochodów do zorganizowania pomocy dla ubogich; 4) optymalnie ukierunkowane (inteligentne) lockdowny. Wyniki badania sugerują, że kraje rozwijające się - pomimo ograniczonych zasobów - mogą odpowiednio zareagować na pandemię poprzez dostosowanie istniejących instrumentów politycznych i stworzenie nowych w ramach spójnej kombinacji polityki publicznej.

Słowa kluczowe

COVID-19 pandemia reakcja polityczna kraje rozwijające się wartość publiczna Pakistan kombinacja polityki publicznej instrumenty polityczne COVID-19 pandemic policy response developing countries public value Pakistan policy mix policy instruments

Szczegóły artykułu

Jak cytować
Chohan, U. W. (2022) „Analiza dostosowania polityk publicznych w reakcji na COVID- 19 w krajach rozwijających się. Studium przypadku Pakistanu”, Studia z Polityki Publicznej, 9(2(34), s. 9–30. doi: 10.33119/KSzPP/2022.2.1.

Metrics

Referencje

  1. ADB (Asian Development Bank) (2020). Proposed Loan and Administration of Grant to Islamic Republic of Pakistan: Emergency Assistance for Fighting the COVID-19 Pandemic. Manila: ADB. Project Number: 54181-001, https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-documents/54181/54181-001-rrp-en.pdf (accessed: 20.07.2021).
  2. Adolph, C., Amano, K., Bang-Jensen, B., Fullman, N., & Wilkerson, J. (2021). Pandemic politics: Timing state-level social distancing responses to COVID-19. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 46 (2): 211-233.
  3. Ahmed, S. H. (2020, Feb 11). Pakistan's economy battling a host of challenges. Express Tribune.
  4. Ansell, C., Boin., A., & Keller, A. (2010). Managing Transboundary Crises: Identifying the Building Blocks of an Effective Response System. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management 18 (4): 195-207.
  5. Ansell, C., Sorensen, E., & Torfing, J. (2020). The COVID-19 Pandemic as a Game Changer for Public Administration and Leadership? The Need for Robust Governance Responses to Turbulent Problems. Public Management Review 23 (7): 949-960.
  6. Anthony, C., Thomas, T. J., Berg, B. M., Burke, R. V., & Upperman, J. S. (2017). Factors associated with preparedness of the US healthcare system to respond to a pediatric surge during an infectious disease pandemic: Is our nation prepared? American Journal of Disaster Medicine, 12 (4): 203-226.
  7. Ashfaq, M., & Bashir, M. (2020). Pakistan: making a "COVID budget" in a struggling economy. Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management, 33 (1): 69-77.
  8. Ashford, N. A., Hall, R. P., Arango-Quiroga, J., Metaxas, K. A., & Showalter, A. L. (2020). Addressing inequality: the first step beyond COVID-19 and towards sustainability. Sustainability, 12 (13): 5404.
  9. Błędowski, P. (2014). Polityka społeczna jako specjalność nauk o polityce publicznej - próba charakterystyki. Studia z Polityki Publicznej, 3 (3): 9-23.
  10. Bosi, S., Camacho, C., & Desmarchelier, D. (2021). Optimal lockdown in altruistic economies. Journal of Mathematical Economics, 93: 102488.
  11. Byszewski, G. (2018). Wprowadzenie sieci szpitali z punktu widzenia polityki publicznej. Studia z Polityki Publicznej, 18 (2): 25-36.
  12. Capano, G., & Howlett, M. (2020). The knowns and unknowns of policy instrument analysis: Policy tools and the current research agenda on policy mixes. Sage Open, 10 (1): 1-21.
  13. Capano, G., Howlett, M., Jarvis, D. S., Ramesh, M., Goyal, N. (2020). Mobilizing policy (in) capacity to fight COVID-19: Understanding variations in state responses. Policy and Society, 39 (3): 285-308.
  14. Capano, G., & Woo, J. J. (2017). Resilience and robustness in policy design: A critical appraisal. Policy Sciences, 50 (3): 399-426.
  15. Chapman, R. (2003). A policy mix for environmentally sustainable development-learning from the Dutch experience. New Zealand Journal of Environmental Law, 7: 29.
  16. Chohan, U. W. (2019). Public value and budgeting: International perspectives. Abingdon, OX: Routledge.
  17. Chohan, U. W. (2020a). The Lives or Livelihoods? The Coronavirus Dilemma for Administrations. CASS Working Papers on Economics and National Affairs. Islamabad: CASS. Working Paper ID: EC021UC.
  18. Chohan, U. W. (2020b). Forecasting the economic impact of coronavirus on developing countries: case of Pakistan. CASS Working Papers on Economics and National Affairs. Islamabad: CASS. Working Paper ID: EC016UC.
  19. Chohan, U. W. (2020c, Sept 1). Coronavirus v. Pakistan: Early Successes in the Epidemiological Battle. CASS, https://casstt.com/post/coronavirus-v-pakistan-early-successes-in-the-epidemiological-battle/247 (accessed: 20.07.2021).
  20. Chohan, U. W. (2020d). Modern Monetary Theory (MMT): A General Introduction. CASS Working Papers on Economics and National Affairs. Islamabad: CASS. Working Paper ID: EC017UC.
  21. Chohan, U. W. (2021). Coronavirus & Vaccine Nationalism. CASS Working Papers on Economics and National Affairs. Islamabad: CASS. Working Article ID: EC030UC.
  22. Chohan, U. W. (2022). The return of keynesianism? exploring path dependency and ideational change in post-covid fiscal policy. Policy and Society, 41 (1): 68-82. DOI: 10.1093/polsoc/puab013.
  23. Daugbjerg, C. (2009). Sequencing in public policy: The evolution of the CAP over a decade. Journal of European Public Policy, 16 (2): 395-411.
  24. Davis, G. (2000). Policy capacity and the future of governance. Sydney: Allen & Unwin.
  25. Del Río, P. (2010). Analysing the interactions between renewable energy promotion and energy efficiency support schemes: The impact of different instruments and design elements. Energy Policy, 38 (9): 4978-4989
  26. Dimian, G. C., Apostu, S. A., Vasilescu, M. D., Aceleanu, M I., & Jablonsky, J. (2021). Vulnerability and resilience in health crises. Evidence from European countries. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 27 (4): 783-810.
  27. Dolowitz, D. P., & Marsh, D. (2000). Learning from abroad: The role of policy transfer in contemporary policy-making. Governance, 13 (1): 5-23.
  28. Fu, Y., Jin, H., Xiang, H., & Wang, N. (2021). Optimal lockdown policy for vaccination during COVID-19 pandemic. Finance Research Letters, 102123.
  29. Gerard, F., Imbert, C., & Orkin, K. (2020). Social protection response to the COVID-19 crisis: options for developing countries. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 36 (1): S281-S296.
  30. Ghaffar, A., Alanazi, S., Alruwaili, M., Sattar, M. U., Ali, W., Humayun, M., Siddiqui, S. Y., Ahmad, F., & Khan, M. A. (2021). Multi-Stage Intelligent Smart Lockdown using SIR Model to Control COVID 19. Intelligent Automation and Soft Computing, 28 (2): 429-445.
  31. Ghaffar, A., Munir, M., Aziz, O., Alhajj, R., & Sanaullah, A. (2020). An Assessment of the Smart COVID-19 Approach to Lockdown and its Empirical Evidence. Empirical Economic Review, 3 (2): 31-61.
  32. Grabosky, P. (1995). Counterproductive regulation. International Journal of the Sociology of Law, 23: 347-369.
  33. Hafeez, M. (2014). Poor Healthcare in Pakistan. Harvard International Review, 35 (4): 52.
  34. Hall, P. A. (1993). Policy Paradigms, Social Learning, and the State: The Case of Economic Policymaking in Britain. Comparative Politics, 25 (3): 275.
  35. Hartley, K., & Jarvis, D. S. (2020). Policymaking in a low-trust state: legitimacy, state capacity, and responses to COVID-19 in Hong Kong. Policy and Society, 39 (3): 403-423.
  36. Hassan, A., Mahmood, K., & Bukhsh, H. A. (2017). Healthcare system of Pakistan. IJARP, 1 (4): 170-3.
  37. Hennicke, P. (2004). Scenarios for a robust policy mix: The final report of the German study commission on sustainable energy supply. Energy Policy, 32 (15): 1673-1678.
  38. Howlett, M. (1991). Policy instruments, policy styles, and policy implementation: National approaches to theories of instrument choice. Policy Studies Journal, 19 (2): 1-21.
  39. Howlett, M. (2005). What is a policy instrument? Policy tools, policy mixes and policy styles. In: P. Eliadis, M. Hill, Howlett M. (Eds.), Designing Government: From Instruments to Governance (pp. 31-50), Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.
  40. Howlett, M. (2011). Designing public policies: Principles and instruments. Abingdon, OX: Routledge.
  41. Howlett, M., & Del Rio, P. (2015). The parameters of policy portfolios: Verticality and horizontality in design spaces and their consequences for policy mix formulation. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 33 (5): 1233-1245
  42. Howlett, M., & Rayner, J. (2007). Design principles for policy mixes: Cohesion and coherence in 'new governance arrangements'. Policy and Society, 26 (4): 1-18.
  43. Hussain, Y., Muhammad, K., Umer, M. F., Omarkhail, A., Khan, S., Kamran, M., Rashid, H., & Khan, Z. (2021). Coronavirus disease 2019 in 5 neighboring limited-resource countries: A financial and health threat. Value in Health Regional Issues, 24: 114-116.
  44. IMF (International Monetary Fund) (2021). Fiscal Monitor: Database of Country Fiscal Measures in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Washington, DC: IMF.
  45. Ittefaq, M., Hussain, S. A., & Fatima, M. (2020). COVID-19 and social-politics of medical misinformation on social media in Pakistan. Media Asia, 47 (1-2): 75-80.
  46. Jabeen, N., Jadoon, Z. I., Mubashar, U. E., & Salman, Y. (2016). Revisiting Public Policy Making Process and Strategies in Pakistan: A Governance Perspective. South Asian Studies, 31 (2): 17-26.
  47. Johns Hopkins University (2021). Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Research Centre. Database. https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html (accessed: 20.07.2021).
  48. Kern, F., & Howlett, M. (2009). Implementing transition management as policy reforms: A case study of the Dutch energy sector. Policy Sciences, 42 (4): 391-408.
  49. Khalid, A., & Ali, S. (2020). COVID-19 and its Challenges for the Healthcare System in Pakistan. Asian Bioethics Review, 12 (4): 551-564.
  50. Knill, C., Steinbacher, C., & Steinebach, Y. (2021). Balancing Trade-Offs between Policy Responsiveness and Effectiveness: The Impact of Vertical Policy-Process Integration on Policy Accumulation. Public Administration Review, 81 (1): 157-160.
  51. Koontz, T. M., & Thomas, C. W. (2012). Measuring the performance of public-private partnerships: A systematic method for distinguishing outputs from outcomes. Public Performance & Management Review, 35 (4): 769-786.
  52. Lee, S., Hwang, C., & Moon, M. J. (2020). Policy learning and crisis policy-making: Quadruple-loop learning and COVID-19 responses in South Korea. Policy and Society, 39 (3): 363-381.
  53. Legutko-Kobus, P. (2018). Partycypacja jako element programowania rozwoju lokalnego. Studia z Polityki Publicznej, 19 (3): 45-58.
  54. Mangwat R. (2020, June 4). New algorithm shows alarming number of COVID-19 deaths in Pakistan by August 10. GEO TV.
  55. Maor, M. (2019). Strategic policy overreaction as a risky policy investment. International Review of Public Policy, 1 (1): 46-64.
  56. May, P. J., Sapotichne, J., & Workman, S. (2006). Policy coherence and policy domains. Policy Studies Journal, 34 (3): 381-403
  57. Mei, C. (2020). Policy style, consistency and the effectiveness of the policy mix in China's fight against COVID-19. Policy and Society, 39 (3): 309-325.
  58. Migone, A. R. (2020). Trust, but customize: Federalism's impact on the Canadian COVID-19 response. Policy and Society, 39 (3): 382-402.
  59. MNHS (Ministry of National Health Services) (2020). National Action Plan for Corona virus disease (COVID-19) Pakistan. Islamabad: Ministry of National Health Services, Regulation and Coordination Division, https://www.nih.org.pk/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/COVID-19-NAP-V2-13-March-2020.pdf (accessed: 20.07.2021).
  60. Moore, M., & Khagram, S. (2004). On creating public value: What business might learn from government about strategic management. Harvard Kennedy School, Cambridge, MA, www.innovations.harvard.edu/creating-public-value-what-business-might-learn-government-about-strategic-management (accessed: 20.07.2021).
  61. Nair, S., & Howlett, M. (2017). Policy myopia as a source of policy failure: Adaptation and policy learning under deep uncertainty. Policy & Politics, 45 (1): 103-118.
  62. NCOC (National Command and Operation Centre) (2020). About Us, https://ncoc.gov.pk/ (accessed: 20.07.2021).
  63. O'Neill, A. (2021). Literacy rate in Pakistan. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/572781/literacy-rate-in-pakistan/ (accessed: 20.07.2021).
  64. Osborne, S. P. (2020). Public Service Logic: Creating Value for Public Service Users, Citizens, and Society Through Public Service Delivery. Abingdon, OX: Routledge.
  65. Osman, F. A. (2002). Public policy making: theories and their implications in developing countries. Asian Affairs, 24 (3): 37-52.
  66. Peter, O. J., Qureshi, S., Yusuf, A., Al-Shomrani, M., & Idowu, A. A. (2021). A new mathematical model of COVID-19 using real data from Pakistan. Results in Physics, 24 (4): 1040-1098.
  67. Peters, B. Guy. (2015). Pursuing Horizontal Management: The Politics of Public Sector Coordination. Kansas City, MO: Lawrence University Press of Kansas.
  68. Preston, L. E., & Post, J. E. (1981). Private management and public policy. California Management Review, 23 (3): 56-62.
  69. Pytlik, B. (2017). Budżet partycypacyjny w Polsce. Ewolucja i dylematy. Studia z Polityki Publicznej, 13 (1): 103-122.
  70. Rasul, G. (2020). A framework for improving policy priorities in managing COVID-19 challenges in developing countries. Frontiers in Public Health, 8 (4): 58-61.
  71. Rocco, P., Béland, D., & Waddan, A. (2020). Stuck in neutral? Federalism, policy instruments, and counter-cyclical responses to COVID-19 in the United States. Policy and Society, 39 (3): 458-477.
  72. Rogge, K. S., & Reichardt, K. (2016). Policy mixes for sustainability transitions: An extended concept and framework for analysis. Research Policy, 45 (8): 1620-1635.
  73. RSP (Rural Support Network Program) (2020). Pakistan's rural communities fight against Covid-19, http://www.RSP.org/index.php/pakistans-rural-communities-fight-covid-19/ (accessed: 20.07.2021).
  74. Saeed, U., Sherdil, K., Ashraf, U., Younas, I., Butt, H. J., & Ahmad, S. R. (2021). Identification of potential lockdown areas during COVID-19 transmission in Punjab, Pakistan. Public Health, 190: 42-51.
  75. Safdar, A. & Chohan, U. W. (2020). What Ails Pakistan's Economy? The Problems beyond Coronavirus. CASS Working Papers on Economics & National Affairs, Working Paper ID: EC019ASUC.
  76. Shah, P. T., & Xing, L. (2020). Puzzling increase and decrease in COVID-19 cases in Pakistan. New Microbes and New Infections, 38 (10): 91-93.
  77. Shakir, R., & Qadri, S. (2015). Public Policy Analysis under Military Governance in Pakistan: A Comparative Study of Two Contrasting Regimes. Public Policy, 5 (10): 48-54.
  78. Sharomi, O., & Malik, T. (2017). Optimal control in epidemiology. Annals of Operations Research, 251 (1-2): 55-71.
  79. Shi, W. W., & Tan, Y. S. (2012). Transmission dynamics and optimal control of an influenza model with quarantine and treatment. International Journal of Biomathematics, 5 (03): 1260011.
  80. Syeda, M. H. (2015). Making an impact analysis of social protection programs in Pakistan. Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan, 52 (1): 201-210.
  81. Szarfenberg, R. (2015). Konkretyzacja i koordynacja celów polityki publicznej w wielopoziomowym rządzeniu. Przykład celu Unii Europejskiej w zakresie ubóstwa. Studia z Polityki Publicznej, 6 (2): 41-56.
  82. The Economist (2021). Global Normalcy Index, https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/tracking-the-return-to-normalcy-after-covid-19 (accessed: 20.07.2021).
  83. Tosun, J., & Lang, A. (2017). Policy Integration: Mapping the Different Concepts. Policy Studies, 38 (6): 553-570.
  84. Trein, P. (2017). Coevolution of Policy Sectors: A Comparative Analysis of Healthcare and Public Health. Public Administration, 95 (3): 744-58.
  85. WHO (World Health Organization) (2020). How polio personnel are pivoting against COVID-19. Geneva: WHO, https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/how-polio-personnel-are-pivoting-against-covid-19 (accessed: 20.07.2021).
  86. Whoriskey, P., MacMillan, D., & O'Connell, J. (2020, Oct 5). 'Doomed to fail': Why a $ 4 trillion bailout couldn't revive the American economy. Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/business/coronavirus-bailout-spending/ (accessed: 20.07.2021).
  87. Woo, J. J. (2020). Policy capacity and Singapore's response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Policy and Society, 39 (3): 345-362.
  88. Wu, X., Ramesh, M., & Howlett, M. (2015). Policy capacity: A conceptual framework for understanding policy competences and capabilities. Policy and Society, 34 (3-4): 165-171.
  89. Yang, K. (2020). Unprecedented challenges, familiar paradoxes: COVID-19 and governance in a new normal state of risks. Public Administration Review. 80 (4): 657-664.
  90. Yusufzai, A. (2020). Efforts to eradicate polio virus in Pakistan and Afghanistan. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 4 (1): 17.