Influence of Using Food Delivery Applications on Adult Saudi Female Dietary Habits and Preferences during COVID-19 Lockdown Restrictions: Attitude Survey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Subjects
2.2. Study Design and Participants
2.3. Questionnaire
2.4. Sample-Size Calculation
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics
3.2. Prevalence and Frequency of Using Food Delivery Applications and the Sociodemographic Characteristics of Adult Saudi Female User’s Patterns during COVID-19 Lockdown Period
3.3. The Influence of Caloric Information Posting in Food Delivery Applications on Participants’ Decision to Select Their Meals
3.4. The Influence of Fast-Food Advertising in Social Media Platforms on Using Food Delivery Applications and Changing Participants’ Eating Patterns
3.5. Association between Sociodemographic Characteristics and Changing Participants’ Eating Patterns When Using Food Delivery Applications
3.6. Influence of COVID-19 Pandemic on Using Food Delivery Applications
4. Discussion
4.1. Prevalence and Frequency of Using Food Delivery Applications and the Sociodemographic Patterns among Adult Saudi Female Users during COVID-19 Lockdown Period
4.2. Marital Status
4.3. Time of Day to Order Using FDAs
4.4. High-Calorie Food Choices Using FDAs
4.5. Fast-Food Advertising on Social Media Platforms and FDAs
4.6. Influence of Food Calorie Information on Using FDAs
4.7. Strength and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Statement/Question | Variable(s) | Number/Mean ± SD | Percent (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Age group (years) | 18 years | 838 | 22.9 |
>18–24 | 2380 | 64.9 | |
25–34 | 393 | 10.7 | |
35–44 | 50 | 1.4 | |
45 to 55 | 6 | 0.2 | |
Nationality | Saudi | 3667 | 100 |
Education level | High school and lower qualification | 1528 | 41.7 |
Undergraduate and postgraduate degrees | 2139 | 58.3 | |
Marital status | Single | 3358 | 91.5 |
Married | 309 | 8.4 | |
Divorced/widowed | 0 | 0 | |
Occupation | Employed | 138 | 3.8 |
Unemployed | 516 | 14.1 | |
Student | 3013 | 82.2 | |
Monthly income Saudi Riyals (SR) | Less than or equal to 1000 | 2953 | 80.5 |
More than 1000 to 5000 | 536 | 14.6 | |
More than 5000 | 178 | 4.9 | |
Region of residence | Middle | 1862 | 50.8 |
West | 793 | 21.6 | |
East | 438 | 11.9 | |
North | 297 | 8.1 | |
South | 276 | 7.5 | |
Do you suffer from any disease? | No | 3421 | 93.3 |
Diabetes | 48 | 1.3 | |
Anaemia | 66 | 1.8 | |
Asthma | 71 | 2 | |
Blood pressure | 35 | 1 | |
Heart disease | 22 | 0.6 | |
Do you consider yourself obese? | Yes | 733 | 20 |
No | 2934 | 80 | |
BMI group N= 3507 | <18.5 | 692 | 19.7 |
18.5–24.9 | 2024 | 57.7 | |
25.0–29.9 | 526 | 15 | |
>30 | 265 | 7.6 | |
Body Measurements | Weight (Kg) | 55.9 ± 12.7 | |
Height (cm) | 158.2 ± 5.9 | ||
BMI | 22.3 ± 4.8 | ||
Total answer | 3507 | 95.6 | |
Total no answer | 160 | 4.36 |
Questions | Variable(s) | Number of Responses | Percent (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Do you ever use any of the food ordering apps during COVID-19 lockdown? | Yes | 2666 | 72.7 |
No | 1001 | 27.3 | |
Have you ever used any of the food ordering apps during COVID-19 lockdown? (mostly) | via HungerStation and Marsoul | 1099 | 30 |
via HungerStation, Marsoul and Jahez | 537 | 14.6 | |
via HungerStation only | 522 | 14.2 | |
via Marsoul only | 277 | 7.6 | |
via HungerStation, Marsoul, Jahez and To you | 231 | 6.3 | |
What payment methods do you use when ordering food through apps? (mostly) | Cash on delivery | 795 | 21.7 |
Debit cards (Mada, Visa, Mastercard) on delivery | 677 | 18.4 | |
Debit cards (Mada, Visa, Mastercard) with Apple Pay on delivery | 1393 | 38 | |
Cash on delivery | 795 | 21.7 | |
What is your average spending per order using food ordering apps? | <50 SR | 1625 | 45.1 |
50–100 SR | 1652 | 44.3 | |
>100 SR | 344 | 9.4 | |
>200 SR | 46 | 1.3 | |
On average, how many days do you order food through apps? | Daily | 64 | 1.7 |
A few days a week | 892 | 24.3 | |
7 to 10 days a month | 1331 | 36.3 | |
1–2 days a month | 1380 | 37.6 | |
Where do you usually order from food ordering apps? | House | 3345 | 91.2 |
Workplace | 75 | 2 | |
Other | 246 | 6.7 | |
Do you get your order as a takeaway delivery or go to restaurants and cafes? | Ordering food delivery (takeaway) | 995 | 27.1 |
Go to restaurants and cafes (collecting myself) | 566 | 15.4 | |
Both | 2106 | 57.4 | |
What is your preferred time to order food? | Morning | 170 | 4.6 |
Afternoon | 159 | 4.3 | |
Evening | 430 | 11.8 | |
Dinner time | 1802 | 49.1 | |
Midnight | 1106 | 30.2 | |
What is the main factor determining your meal choice through food ordering applications? | Type of restaurant | 1431 | 39 |
Meal ingredients | 654 | 17.8 | |
Meal picture | 175 | 4.8 | |
Meal price | 644 | 17.6 | |
Delivery fees | 672 | 18.3 | |
Delivery time | 91 | 2.5 | |
When choosing a meal, do you pay attention to the number of calories written on the restaurant menu? | Yes | 482 | 13.1 |
No | 2205 | 60.1 | |
Sometimes | 980 | 26.7 | |
Do you avoid ordering high-calorie meals? | Yes | 370 | 10.1 |
No | 1967 | 53.6 | |
Sometimes | 1330 | 36.3 | |
When you choose a meal, do you read the description of the meal ingredients regarding the number of calories? | Yes | 662 | 18.1 |
No | 2254 | 61.5 | |
Sometimes | 751 | 20.5 | |
Is fast-food advertising in social media platforms encouraging you to order from food delivery applications? | Yes | 2157 | 58.8 |
No | 1510 | 41.2 | |
Has your eating pattern changed after using food delivery applications? | Yes | 1167 | 31.8 |
No | 2500 | 68.2 | |
What is the most important feature of using food delivery applications? | Application service quality | 545 | 14.9 |
Delivery charge | 1796 | 49 | |
Delivery speed | 1000 | 27.3 | |
Ease of payment | 326 | 8.9 | |
Does your psychological state affect the type of your meal? | Yes | 1552 | 42.3 |
No | 1058 | 28.9 | |
Sometimes | 1057 | 28.8 | |
Do you intend to reduce your use of food delivery applications in the future? | Yes | 2033 | 55.4 |
No | 1634 | 44.6 |
Questions | Age | Education Level | Income | BMI Group |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chi-Square Test p Value | ||||
Do you consider yourself obese? | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.761 | 0.000 |
What is the main factor determining your meal choice through food ordering applications? | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.071 |
Do you avoid ordering high-calorie meals? | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
When choosing a meal, do you pay attention to the number of calories written on the restaurant menu? | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Is fast-food advertising in social media platforms encouraging you to order from food delivery applications? | 0.247 | 0.359 | 0.839 | 0.364 |
Has your eating pattern changed after using food delivery applications? | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 |
What is the most important feature of using food delivery applications? | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Does your psychological state affect the type of your meal? | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.300 | 0.000 |
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Algheshairy, R.M.; Alhomaid, R.M.; Almujaydil, M.S.; Alharbi, H.F.; Alsanei, W.A. Influence of Using Food Delivery Applications on Adult Saudi Female Dietary Habits and Preferences during COVID-19 Lockdown Restrictions: Attitude Survey. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12770. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912770
Algheshairy RM, Alhomaid RM, Almujaydil MS, Alharbi HF, Alsanei WA. Influence of Using Food Delivery Applications on Adult Saudi Female Dietary Habits and Preferences during COVID-19 Lockdown Restrictions: Attitude Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12770. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912770
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlgheshairy, Reham M., Raghad M. Alhomaid, Mona S. Almujaydil, Hend F. Alharbi, and Woroud A. Alsanei. 2022. "Influence of Using Food Delivery Applications on Adult Saudi Female Dietary Habits and Preferences during COVID-19 Lockdown Restrictions: Attitude Survey" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12770. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912770