Analysis of Perception, Reasons, and Motivations for COVID-19 Vaccination in People with Diabetes across Sub-Saharan Africa: A Mixed-Method Approach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Ethical Approval
2.3. Participants
2.4. Data Collection
2.5. Qualitative Responses
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Study Population
3.2. Information Related to COVID 19 and Vaccination Uptake
3.3. Association between Hesitancy or Refusal towards COVID-19 Vaccine and the Study Variables
3.4. Reasons for COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy or Refusal among Participants
3.5. Factors That Would Encourage Uptake of Vaccination in People with DM
4. Discussion
Limitations and Strengths
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Frequency n (%) |
---|---|
Demography | |
Age category in years | |
<35 | 10 (13.7) |
≥35 | 63 (86.3) |
Sex | |
Males | 48 (65.8) |
Females | 25 (34.2) |
Place of residenceǂ | |
Local | 62 (84.9) |
Diaspora | 9 (12.3) |
SSA region of origin | |
Central Africa | 7 (9.6) |
East Africa | 5 (6.8) |
Southern Africa | 30 (41.1) |
West Africa | 31 (42.5) |
Marital status | |
Not married | 20 (27.4) |
Married/de facto | 53 (72.6) |
Highest level of education | |
Secondary or less | 6 (8.2) |
University/diploma | 35 (48.0) |
Postgraduate (master’s/PhD) | 32 (43.8) |
Employment statusǂ | |
Unemployed | 14 (19.2) |
Employed | 58 (79.5) |
Religion | |
Non-Christians | 16 (21.9) |
Christians | 57 (78.1) |
Occupationǂ | |
Nonhealthcare sector | 48 (65.8) |
Healthcare sector | 23 (31.5) |
Smoking status | |
Current smoker | 9 (12.3) |
Ex-smoker | 11 (15.1) |
Nonsmoker | 53 (72.6) |
Previous vaccination | |
Yes | 64 (87.7) |
No/not sure | 9 (12.3) |
Variables | Frequency n (%) |
---|---|
Any chronic disease ǃ | |
Yes | 46 (63.0) |
No | 27 (37.0) |
Asthma ǂ | |
Yes | 6 (8.2) |
No | 59 (80.8) |
Hypertension ǂ | |
Yes | 34 (46.6) |
No | 36 (49.3) |
Sickle cell anemia ǂ | |
Yes | 1 (1.4) |
No | 67 (91.7) |
Obesity ǂ | |
Yes | 15 (20.5) |
No | 55 (75.3) |
Any heart condition ǂ | |
Yes | 8 (11.0) |
No | 62 (85.0) |
Kidney disease ǂ | |
Yes | 2 (2.7) |
No | 66 (91.8) |
Variables | Frequency (%) |
---|---|
Awareness of COVID-19 vaccination | |
Symptom of COVID-19 | |
Yes | 47 (64.4) |
No/not sure | 26 (35.6) |
Tested for COVID-19 | |
Yes | 34 (46.6) |
No | 38 (52.1) |
Tested positive for COVID-19 ǂ | |
Yes | 14 (41.2) |
No | 20 (58.8) |
Aware that COVID-19 vaccines have been developed | |
Yes | 71 (97.3) |
No | 1 (1.4) |
Have you been vaccinated against COVID-19 | |
Yes | 5 (6.8) |
No | 67 (91.8) |
Will you be willing to take COVID-19 vaccine when it becomes available in your country? | |
Yes (willing) | 48 (65.8) |
No/not sure (refusal/hesitancy) | 19 (26.0) |
Risk perception of COVID-19 vaccination | |
Do you think COVID-19 virus is real | |
Yes | 68 (93.2) |
No/not sure | 5 (6.8) |
COVID-19 vaccine can prevent COVID-19 infection and its complications | |
Strongly agree | 17 (23.3) |
Agree | 25 (34.2) |
Don’t know | 15 (20.5) |
Disagree | 8 (11.0) |
Strongly disagree | 1 (1.4) |
Perception of risk of dying from COVID-19 infection | |
Very high | 13 (17.8) |
High | 25 (34.2) |
Unlikely | 7 (9.6) |
Low | 18 (24.7) |
Very low | 8 (11.0) |
Perception of risk of becoming infected | |
Very high | 12 (16.4) |
High | 35 (47.9) |
Unlikely | 8 (11.0) |
Low | 16 (21.9) |
Very low | 2 (2.7) |
Variables | No/Not Sure | Yes | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||
Male | 7 (14.6) | 36 (75.0) | 0.008 |
Female | 12 (48.0) | 12 (48.0) | |
SSA region of origin | |||
Central Africa | 2 (28.6) | 5 (71.4) | 0.045 |
East Africa | 2 (40.0) | 3 (60.0) | |
Southern Africa | 5 (16.7) | 25 (83.3) | |
West Africa | 10 (32.3) | 15 (48.4) | |
Place of residence | |||
Diaspora | 3 (33.3) | 3 (33.3) | 0.009 |
Local | 15 (24.2) | 44 (71.0) | |
Have you been tested for COVID-19? | 7 (20.6) | 26 (76.5) | 0.006 |
Are you concerned about the vaccine safety? | 11 (64.7) | 5 (29.4) | <0.001 |
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Osuagwu, U.L.; Langsi, R.; Ovenseri-Ogbomo, G.; Mashige, K.P.; Abu, E.K.; Envuladu, E.A.; Goson, P.C.; Ekpenyong, B.N.; Oloruntoba, R.; Miner, C.A.; et al. Analysis of Perception, Reasons, and Motivations for COVID-19 Vaccination in People with Diabetes across Sub-Saharan Africa: A Mixed-Method Approach. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 7875. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137875
Osuagwu UL, Langsi R, Ovenseri-Ogbomo G, Mashige KP, Abu EK, Envuladu EA, Goson PC, Ekpenyong BN, Oloruntoba R, Miner CA, et al. Analysis of Perception, Reasons, and Motivations for COVID-19 Vaccination in People with Diabetes across Sub-Saharan Africa: A Mixed-Method Approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(13):7875. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137875
Chicago/Turabian StyleOsuagwu, Uchechukwu Levi, Raymond Langsi, Godwin Ovenseri-Ogbomo, Khathutshelo Percy Mashige, Emmanuel Kwasi Abu, Esther Awazzi Envuladu, Piwuna Christopher Goson, Bernadine Nsa Ekpenyong, Richard Oloruntoba, Chundung Asabe Miner, and et al. 2022. "Analysis of Perception, Reasons, and Motivations for COVID-19 Vaccination in People with Diabetes across Sub-Saharan Africa: A Mixed-Method Approach" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 13: 7875. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137875