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The change in pediatric subject symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic in China: an increase in cardiac consultation

Italian Journal of Pediatrics volume 48, Article number: 198 (2022) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

It is reported that the adverse impact of nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) on the mental health of children and adolescents may lead to psychologically related disorders during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) period. Subject symptoms such as chest pain, chest tightness, and palpitation may be related to increased stress and anxiety in children and adolescents. The present research aimed to determine the number of pediatric consults and etiology of subject symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic period and compared it with the same timelines in 2019 and 2021 to discuss the impact of different periods on the organic disease onset of children with subject symptoms, especially in cardiac involvement.

Methods

Children who visited Qingdao Women and Children’s Hospital, Qingdao University between January 23 to April 30, 2019 (pre-COVID-19 period), January 23 to April 30, 2020 (COVID-19 period), and January 23 to April 30, 2021 (post-COVID-19 period) presenting chest pain, chest tightness, and palpitation were recruited. Information to determine gender, age, medical history, department for the initial visit, clinical manifestations, time from the latest onset to the visit, and diagnosis were recorded.

Result

A total of 891 patients were enrolled in the present study (514 males; median age: 7.72). One hundred twenty-three patients presented during the pre-COVID-19 period while 130 during the COVID-19 period, nevertheless, the number substantially increased during the post-COVID-19 period (n = 638). Cardiac etiology accounted for 1.68% (n = 15) of the patient population, including arrhythmias (n = 10, 1.12%), myocarditis (n = 4, 0.44%), and atrial septal defect (n = 1, 0.11%). There was no significant difference among groups in the distribution of organic etiology. The median time from the latest onset to the visit during the pre-COVID-19 period was 7 days compared to 10 days during the COVID-19 period and 3 days during the post-COVID period.

Conclusion

During the post-COVID-19 period, the median time from the latest onset to the visit was significantly shorter than that in the pre-COVID-19 period or COVID-19 period. The pediatric consult of children with subject symptoms presented increased substantially during the post-COVID-19 period, while there was no significant difference in the number of patients involving the cardiac disease. Clinicians ought to be more careful to screen heart diseases to prevent missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis during special periods.

Introduction

Since the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in December 2019 [1], effective nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) have been enforced to reduce the transmission in China, including the closure of public places, the mandatory wearing of the mask, and restrictions on home activity [2]. Despite NPIs being essential, it exerts adverse effects on mental health that could cause clinical manifestations related to the psychology of children and adolescents [3,4,5,6].

Chest pain, chest tightness, and palpitation are the cluster of subject symptoms that can be a strained experience for parents due to the acute onset and obvious clinical manifestations, which account for more than 5.2% of all pediatric cardiology consult [7,8,9]. These symptoms can be the complaints of children with congenital heart disease (CHD) or peri−/myocarditis, but also occur in children with non-organic etiology [10]. The association between children and adolescents presenting in subject symptoms with increasing levels of stress and anxiety has been reported already [11,12,13].

During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, strict NPIs had been implemented in Qingdao till 2021 when NPIs were gradually relaxed. Schools and businesses have reopened successively, and people with negative results of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays for COVID-19 in 48 h have been allowed to attend limited public gatherings. However, measures including body distance and wearing masks in public places are still mandatory. Therefore, we sought to determine the number of pediatric consultations and etiology of subject symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic period and compared it with the same timelines in 2019 and 2021.

Methods

Patient population

The study was conducted at Qingdao Women and Children’s Hospital, Qingdao University, China. The hospital is a provincial regional children’s medical center with a representative of the regional population. Patients with complaints of chest pain, chest tightness, and palpitation were included from January 23 to April 30, 2019, January 23 to April 30, 2020, and January 23 to April 30, 2021. All patients were evaluated by pediatric cardiologists. Information to determine sex, age, medical history, family history, history of drug allergy, clinic manifestations, associated symptoms, and diagnosis were recorded. Those who have suffered from COVID-19 or taken drugs related to COVID-19 were excluded. RT-PCR assays of COVID-19 was tested for patients who visited the hospital in 2020 and 2021.

Statistical analysis

Continuous variables (ages, time from the latest onset to the visit) were presented as median with the interquartile range (IQR). Categorical variables (sex, department for initial visit, clinic manifestations, diagnosis) were expressed as a percentage. Patients were divided into three groups: the pre-COVID-19 period (January 23 to April 30, 2019), the COVID-19 period (January 23 to April 30, 2020), and the post-COVID-19 period (January 23 to April 30, 2021). The difference in categorical variables among groups was compared by the Pearson chi-square test, and the difference in continuous variables was compared by the rank-sum test. All data were analyzed by SPSS 25.0, and P value less than 0.05 was considered significant.

Results

Demographics and characteristics

Eight hundred ninety-one medical records of outpatients were collected (514 males; median age: 7.72). Of these, 123 (68 males; median age: 7.31) were allocated to the pre-COVID-19 period while 130 (69 males; median age: 7.71) were allocated to the COVID-19 period, and 638 (377 males; median age: 7.85) were allocated to the post-COVID-19 period according to the visit period. There was no significant difference among groups in the distribution of median age or sex. The median time from the latest onset to the visit of patients in the COVID-19 period was 10 days compared with 7 days in the pre-COVID-19 period, while a shorter median time was found in the post-COVID-19 period (3 days). During the pre-COVID period, 35.77% (n = 44) of patients complained about chest pain, while the proportion rose to 44.20% (n = 282) in the post-COVID-19 period. There were significant differences in the distribution of symptoms among the groups. Similarly, there was no significantly different among groups in number of children with concomitant symptoms in respiratory (20.32%; 19.51%; 18.50%), gastrointestinal (7.31%; 5.38%; 5.60%), syncope (3.25%; 6.92%; 5.33%) and rash (0.81%; 0.77%; 0.47%), except those accompanying with fever (13.82%; 0.00%; 0.00%). There was no significant difference among groups in the number of children with a history of surgery, chronic disease, positive family history, and drug allergy. (Table 1). Trends in the number of patients monthly were shown in Fig. 1.

Table 1 Demographics and clinic manifestation of the research population. N = 891
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Fig. 1
figure 1

Number of children visits monthly

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Etiology

Organic etiology including cardiac, respiratory, and musculoskeletal accounted for 2.69% (n = 24) of the 891 patients. Cardiac etiology accounted for 1.68% (n = 15) of the patient population, including arrhythmias (n = 10, 1.12%), myocarditis (n = 4, 0.44%), and atrial septal defect (n = 1, 0.11%) (Fig. 2). The proportion of children with organic etiology in the groups was 4.06% (n = 5), 1.54% (n = 2), and 2.66% (n = 17), respectively. There was no significant difference among groups in the distribution of organic etiology (Table 2).

Fig. 2
figure 2

The organic etiology of patients. N = 24

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Table 2 The frequency of children with organic etiology
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Laboratory examination

Patients who visited during 2020 and 2021 included in the present study had negative results of RT-PCR assays for COVID-19.

Discussions

People in China have cooperated well with public preventive measures, however, such measures may also exert an adverse effect on human health. Jin et al. reported that the number of patients with allergic rhinitis and acute pharyngitis in the department of otolaryngology increased significantly from February to April 2020 compared to the previous 3 years [14]. Other studies with different inclusion times also showed an increase in pediatric consults [15, 16]. From our research, no significant increase was observed in the number of patients during the COVID-19 period compared with the pre-COVID-19 period, but it is important to note that the number increased substantially during the post-COVID-19 period. We speculated that the result may be related to the higher psychological distress and the medical care avoidance behavior during the COVID-19 period [17, 18]. Besides, researchers in several regions have pointed out the distinct decrease in the incidence of the acute coronary syndrome and pulmonary infection, while the incidence of stress cardiomyopathy increased affected by the epidemic [4, 19, 20]. In addition, the possible effect of seasonal variation in the attack of subject symptoms was explained by comparison with the control group in the corresponding period in 2019 and 2020. Besides, we found that the patient consults increased monthly in each group, nevertheless, we only focused on the impact of symptoms onset during the COVID-19 period and did not make further research on this trend.

After evaluation by the cardiologist and other pediatricians, 97.31% of the children with subject symptoms were considered non-organic etiology attacks. Similar to other studies, our results showed that only 1.68% of the patient population were diagnosed with cardiac etiology, which confirmed that most symptoms are not likely to reflect an underlying cardiac disease [21, 22]. Moreover, we found that there was no significant difference among the groups in the distribution of cardiac etiology in total clients, which indicates that the increase in subject symptoms of children may not possibly directly influence the etiology. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in concomitant symptoms and medical history of children among the three periods except for the children with fever. Due to the children who visited the hospital was required to maintain normal body temperature during the post−/COVID-19 period, we were unable to make a reasonable comparison in children with fever. However, excluding the impact of season and the population of children, it could be determined that the number of children with symptoms of suspected cardiac involvement increased in the post-COVID-19 period with no increase or decrease in the etiology related to cardiac disease. This trend has undoubtedly increased the workload of clinicians. Therefore, clinicians ought to be more careful to screen heart diseases to prevent missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis. Auxiliary examination such as echocardiography (Echo) needs to be performed targeted rather than universal. American College of Cardiology (ACC) has established an Appropriate Use Criteria (AUC) for Echo in patients with chest pain or palpitations [23], and be proven effective by other studies [24,25,26]. More research is demanded to be carried out to determine the diagnostic process of these subjects.

Compared with children in the other groups, our study showed that the median time from the latest onset to the visit was prolonged during the COVID-19 period. The delay has also been found in other studies. Yoshimoto [27] et al. pointed out that delay in reperfusion therapy increased from March 2019 to February 2020 compared with March 2020 to February 2021 in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Fardman [28] et al. reported that compared with March 9 to April 30, 2018, the total ischemic time of patients with ST-elevated myocardial infarction admitted to the hospital during the parallel phase in 2020 was prolonged. Interestingly, we found that during the post-COVID-19 period, the median time from the latest onset to the visit was significantly shorter than that in the pre-COVID-19 period or COVID-19 period. This disparity may be related to the attention paid to children by their parents during the post-COVID-19 period [29]. In special periods, parents may be more careful or nervous about symptoms of suspected cardiac involvement in children. We encourage attention due to the symptoms that may be related to cardiac diseases and COVID-19, however, clinicians ought to comfort children and parents properly after confirming the exclusion of organic diseases to relieve the stress and anxiety [30].

Considering that there was no psychological evaluation, we did not discuss the association between psychological stress and presenting subject symptoms in children. Therefore, we have not made a further study for the increased number of children during the post-COVID-19 period, which is the deficiency of the research.

Conclusions

The present study reported that increase in pediatric consults of children with subject symptoms presented during the post-COVID-19 period with a less median time from the latest onset to the visit to the pediatric center. Similar to previous studies, the majority of subject symptoms in children were shown in favor of non-organic etiology. Despite the substantial increase in the number of patients during the post-COVID-19 period, there was no significant difference in patients involving cardiac disease. Clinicians ought to be more careful to screen heart diseases to prevent missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis when the number of children with subject symptoms increases during the post-COVID-19 period.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Abbreviations

COVID-19:

Coronavirus disease 2019

NPIs:

Nonpharmaceutical interventions

RT-PCR:

Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction

IQR:

Interquartile range

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Acknowledgements

We sincerely thank the Heart Center group for its pivotal contribution to our study.

For the Heart Center group: Na L, Yingchao Z, Zhanhui D, Sibao W, Shuai G.

Funding

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Heart Center, Qingdao Women and Children’s Hospital, Qingdao University, 6 Tongfu Road, Shibei District, Qingdao, 266034, Shandong, China

    Yaqi Tang, Shujing Ma, Gang Luo, Zhixian Ji, Shuiyan Zhao, Yue Cao & Silin Pan

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  1. Yaqi Tang
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Contributions

YT proposed the conception and design of the study, the processing, and statistics of the majority of data, and wrote the paper. SM, GL, SZ, and YC contributed to the analysis and interpretation of data. ZJ and SP contributed to the clinical section censorship of the full text. All authors have given the final approval of the version to be published.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Silin Pan.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The study protocol conforms to the ethical guidelines of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki and has been approved and informed by the institutional review board of the ethics committee of the Qingdao Women and Children’s Hospital. Informed consent from the participants and their guardians was waived.

Consent for publication

Informed consent was obtained from all patients’ parents.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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Tang, Y., Ma, S., Luo, G. et al. The change in pediatric subject symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic in China: an increase in cardiac consultation. Ital J Pediatr 48, 198 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-022-01384-6

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Italian Journal of Pediatrics

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