Mucormycosis: An Epidemic Associated with Pandemic- A Systematic Review
Abstract
Different infections have been presenting danger to mankind every once in a while and in 2019 a serious respiratory illness (COVID-19) reported in Wuhan, Hubei province of China, became a threat to general wellbeing not only in China but all the nations throughout the world. COVID-19 disease which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is found to be associated with a wide range of opportunistic fungal and bacterial infections. Candidial and aspergillus infections leading to mucormycosis and orbital compartment syndrome have been reported to be the main co-infections in COVID-19 patients, which must be recognized and treated promptly to avoid any morbidity and mortality. Low oxygen environment, acidic medium, high glucose, decreased phagocytic activity and increased ferritin levels in addition to prolonged hospitalization with or without mechanical ventilators are considered as the main risk factors. Thus, the main aim of the article is to briefly survey and discuss about the types, causes, methods to prevent and treatment modalities of main co-morbidity of COVID 19 i.e. mucormycosis.
Downloads
References
Mehta S, Pandey A. Rhino-orbital mucormycosis associated with COVID-19. Cureus 2020;12(9):e10726. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.10726
Werthman-Ehrenreich A. Mucormycosis with orbital compartment syndrome in a patient with COVID-19. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 2021;42:264-e5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2020.09.032
Jin Y, Ji W, Yang H, Chen S, Zhang W, Duan G. Endothelial activation and dysfunction in Covid-19: From basic mechanisms to potential therapeutic approaches. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2020;5(1):293. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-020-00454-7
Grosse C, Grosse A, Salzer HJF, Dunser MW, Motz R, Langer R. Analysis of cardiopulmonary findings in Covid-19 fatalities: High incidence of pulmonary artery thrombi and acute suppurative bronchopneumonia. Cardiovasc. Pathol. 2020, 49, 107263.
Spellberg B, Edwards Jr J, Ibrahim A. Novel perspectives on mucormycosis: pathophysiology, presentation, and management. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2005;18(3):556-69.
Kameshwaran S, Sriram N, Darla R, Manimekalai P, Dhanalakshmi M. Symptoms and treatment strategy of black fungus in Covid-19 patients. Int J of Pharmacology and Clin Research 2021; 5(2):24-7.
Sugar AM. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, editors. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. Fifth ed. New York, USA: Churchill Livingstone; 2000.
Larsen K, von Buchwald C, Ellefsen B, Francis D. Unexpected expansive paranasal sinus mucormycosis. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. 2003;65(1):57-60. https://doi.org/10.1159/000068657
Times of India. Mucormycosis Symptoms: How to identify signs and symptoms of mucormycosis, aka black fungus infection in COVID cases. (Online Article). Available from: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/health-news/coronavirus-black-fungus-how-to-identify-signsand-symptoms-of-mucormycosis-aka-black-fungus-infection-in-covid-cases/photostory/82567426.cms [Last Accessed on 15th May, 2021]
Sreenivas S. Mucormycosis: What to Know. (Online Article). Available from: https://www.webmd.com/lung/mucormycosis-black-fungus-infection. [Last Accessed on 15th May, 2021]
Alekseyev K, Didenko L, Chaudhry B. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis and COVID-19 pneumonia. Journal of Medical Cases 2021;12(3):85. https://doi.org/10.14740/jmc3637
Mehta S, Pandey A. Rhino-orbital mucormycosis associated with COVID-19. Cureus 2020;12(9). e10726. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.10726
Hanley B, Naresh KN, Roufosse C, et al. Histopathological findings and viral tropism in UK patients with severe fatal COVID-19: a post-mortem study. Lancet Microbe 2020;1(6):e245e53. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2666-5247(20)30115-4
Placik DA, Taylor WL, Wnuk NM. Bronchopleural fistula development in the setting of novel therapies for acute respiratory distress syndrome in SARSCoV- 2 pneumonia. Radiol Case Rep. 2020;15(11):2378e81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radcr.2020.09.026
Monte Junior ESD, Santos MELD, Ribeiro IB, et al. Rare and fatal gastrointestinal mucormycosis (zygomycosis) in a COVID-19 patient: a case report. Clin Endosc 2020;53(6):746-9. https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2020.180.
Zurl C, Hoenigl M, Schulz E, et al. Autopsy proven pulmonary mucormycosis due to Rhizopus microsporus in a critically ill COVID-19 patient with underlying hematological malignancy. J Fungi (Basel). 2021;7(2):88. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7020088.
Sarkar S, Gokhale T, Choudhury SS, Deb AK. COVID-19 and orbital mucormycosis. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2021;69(4):1002-4. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijo.IJO_3763_20
Sharma S, Grover M, Bhargava S, Samdani S, Kataria T. Post coronavirus disease mucormycosis: a deadly addition to the pandemic spectrum. J Laryngol Otol. 2021;135(4):442-7. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022215121000992
Veisi A, Bagheri A, Eshaghi M, Rikhtehgar MH, Rezaei Kanavi M, Farjad R. Rhino-orbital mucormycosis during steroid therapy in COVID-19 patients: a case report. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2021: 11206721211009450. https://doi.org/10.1177/11206721211009450
Garg D, Muthu V, Sehgal IS, Ramachandran R, et al. Coronavirus disease (Covid-19) associated mucormycosis (CAM): case report and systematic review of literature. Mycopathologia 2021;186(2):289-98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-021-00528-2
Mishra N, Mutya VSS, Thomas A, et al. A case series of invasive mucormycosis in patients with COVID-19 infection. Int J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2021;7(5):867-70. https://doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20211583
Satish D, Joy D, Ross A, Balasubramanya. Mucormycosis coinfection associated with global COVID-19: a case series from India. Int J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2021;7(5):815-20. https://doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20211574
Johnson AK, Ghazarian Z, Cendrowski KD, Persichino JG. Pulmonary aspergillosis and mucormycosis in a patient with COVID-19. Med Mycol Case Rep. 2021;32:64-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mmcr.2021.03.006
Sen M, Lahane S, Lahane TP, et al. Mucor in a viral land: a tale of two pathogens. Indian J Ophthalmol 2021;69:244-52. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijo.IJO_3774_20.
Sargin F, Akbulut M, Karaduman S, Sungurtekin H. Severe rhinocerebral mucormycosis case developed after COVID 19. J Bacteriol Parasitol. 2021;12(1):386.
Sugar AM. Mucormycosis. Clin Infect Dis. 1992;14:S126-9. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinids/14.supplement_1.s126
Smith HW, Kirchner JA. Cerebral mucor-mycosis: a report of 3 cases. Arch Otolaryngol. 1950;68:715-26. https://doi.org/10.1001/archotol.1958.00730020739010
Prakash H, Ghosh AK, Rudramurthy SM, Singh P, Xess I, Savio J, et al. A prospective multicenter study on mucormycosis in India: epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Med Mycol. 2019;57:395-402. https://doi.org/10.1093/mmy/myy060
Patel A, Kaur H, Xess I, et al. A multicentre observational study on the epidemiology, risk factors, management and outcomes of mucormycosis in India. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020;26(7). 944.e9-944.e15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2019.11.021
Singh AK, Singh R, Joshi SR, Misra A. Mucormycosis in COVID-19: a systematic review of cases reported worldwide and in India. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews. 2021;15(4):102146. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.dsx.2021.05.019
Copyright (c) 2021 Mir Tabish Syeed et al.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
