Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-mp689 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T18:57:55.677Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The diplomatic burden of pandemics: lessons from malaria

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 July 2021

Benjamin E. Bagozzi Open the ORCID record for Benjamin E. Bagozzi [Opens in a new window]  and
Ore Koren
Benjamin E. Bagozzi*
Affiliation:
Department of Political Science and International Relations, University of Delaware, 405 Smith Hall, 18 Amstel Ave, Newark, DE 19716, USA
Ore Koren
Affiliation:
Department of Political Science, Indiana University, Woodburn Hall 362, 1100 E 7th St, Bloomington, IN 47406, USA
*
*Corresponding author. Email: bagozzib@udel.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This note seeks to understand the extent of the disruptions to international relations caused by pandemics, focusing on one globally-endemic disease: malaria. We posit that longstanding diseases such as malaria have the potential to undermine the political ties of nation states, as well as the many benefits of these connections. Our argument is tested empirically using both directed-dyadic and monadic data, while incorporating methods that account for endogeneity and other relevant concerns. We find that the geographic malaria rates of a country not only serve to historically discourage foreign governments from establishing diplomatic outposts on a country's soil, but also lead to an aggregate decrease in the total diplomatic missions that a country receives. We then discuss the current implications of these findings.

Keywords

Environmental politics and policyforeign policyinternational relations
Type
Research Note
Information
Political Science Research and Methods , Volume 11 , Issue 1 , January 2023 , pp. 214 - 221
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the European Political Science Association

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abu-Raddad, LJ, Patnaik, P and Kublin, JG (2006) Dual infection with HIV and malaria fuels the spread of both diseases in sub-Saharan Africa. Science 314, 1603–1606.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Acemoglu, D, Johnson, S and Robinson, JA (2001) The colonial origins of comparative development: an empirical investigation. American Economic Review 91, 1369–1401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bagozzi, BE and Berliner, D (2018) The politics of scrutiny in human rights monitoring: evidence from structural topic models of U.S. State Department Human Rights Reports. Political Science Research and Methods 6, 662–677.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bagozzi, BE and Landis, ST (2015) The stabilizing effects of international politics on bilateral trade flows. Foreign Policy Analysis 11, 151–171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bayer, R (2006) Diplomatic Exchange Data set, v2006.1. Available at http://correlatesofwar.org.Google Scholar
Blundell, R and Bond, S (1998) Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models. Journal of econometrics 87, 115–143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonds, MH, Keenan, DC, Rohani, P and Sachs, JD (2010) Poverty trap formed by the ecology of infectious diseases. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277, 1185–1192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cervellati, M, Sunde, U and Valmori, S (2017) Pathogens, weather shocks and civil conflicts. The Economic Journal 127, 2581–2616.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Orellana, P (2017) When diplomacy identifies terrorism: subjects, identity and agency in the 'War on Terror' in Mali. In Romaniuk, SN, Grice, F, Irrera, D and Webb, S (eds). The Palgrave Handbook of Global Counterterrorism Policy. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature, Cham, Switzerland. pp. 1021–1040.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dorman, AM and Kennedy, G (2008) War & Diplomacy: From World War I to the War on Terrorism. Dulles: Potomac Books.Google Scholar
Gallup, JL and Sachs, JD (2001) The economic burdon of malaria. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine Hygiene 64, 85–96.Google Scholar
Gallup, JL, Mellinger, AD and Sachs, JD (2001) Harvard Center for International Development: Malaria Datasets. Harvard Center for International Development (CID). Available at http://www.cid.harvard.edu/ciddata/geographydata.htm.Google Scholar
Gertz, G, Jandhyala, S and Poulsen, LNS (2018) Legalization, diplomacy, and development: do investment treaties de-politicize investment disputes? World Development 107, 239–252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Global Preparedness Monitoring Board (GPSMB) (2019) A WORLD AT RISK: Annual report on global preparedness for health emergencies. World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Gratien, C (2017) The Ottoman Quagmire: malaria, swamps, and settlement in the late Ottoman Mediterranean. International Journal of Middle East Studies 49, 583–604.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hatchett, RJ, Mecher, CE and Lipsitch, M (2007) Public health interventions and epidemic intensity during the 1918 influenza pandemic. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104, 7582–7587.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, J-R (2016) Malaria and Colonialism in Korea, c. 1876–c. 1945. Social History of Medicine 29, 360–383.Google Scholar
Kinne, BJ (2014) Dependent diplomacy: signaling, strategy, and prestige in the diplomatic network. International Studies Quarterly 58, 247–259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neumayer, E (2008) Distance, power and ideology: diplomatic representation in a world of nation-states. Area 40, 228–236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rose, AK (2007) The foreign service and foreign trade: embassies as export promotion. The World Economy 30, 22–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruhe, C (2020) Impeding fatal violence through third-party diplomacy: The effect of mediation on conflict intensity. Journal of Peace Research. 0022343320930072.Google Scholar
Sachs, J and Malaney, P (2002) The economic and social burden of malaria. Nature 415, 680–685.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization (WHO) (2015) Global technical strategy for malaria 2016–2030. Technical report.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (WHO) (2020) UPDATE ON THE E-2020 INITIATIVE OF 21 MALARIA-ELIMINATING COUNTRIES. World Health Organization. Available at https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/273633/WHO-CDS-GMP-2018.13-eng.pdf?ua=1.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: Link

Bagozzi and Koren Dataset

Dataset

https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/HWJIS3
Link
Supplementary material: PDF

Bagozzi and Koren supplementary material

Appendix

Download Bagozzi and Koren supplementary material(PDF)
PDF 221.6 KB