Review ArticleMelatonin interferes with COVID-19 at several distinct ROS-related steps
Graphical abstract
The proposed pathway of SAR-CoV-2 infection associated with an uncontrolled immune response and cytokine storm generating MPO and ROS resulting in decreased NO and vasoconstriction, decreased O2 and hypoxia, and vitamin B12 deficiency through tetrapyrrole ring destruction, and the prevention by melatonin.
Keywords
COVID-19
Melatonin
Mammalian peroxidase
Reactive oxygen species
Inflammation
Hemoprotein
Sleep
Abbreviations
MPO
myeloperoxidase
ROS
reactive oxygen species
O2•-
superoxide
H2O2
hydrogen peroxide
•OH
hydroxyl radical
ONOO−
and peroxynitrite
NETs
neutrophil extracellular traps
HOCl
hypochlorous acid
NOS
nitric oxide synthase
NO
nitric oxide
Hb
hemoglobin
iNOS
inducible nitric oxide synthase
Fe
iron
H4B
tetrahydrobiopterin
NOHA
N-hydroxyarginine
CAT
catalase
CNCl
cyanogen chloride
Co
cobalt
MMP
matrix metalloproteinase
HSA
human serum albumin
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These authors contributed equally to this manuscript.
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