Candida spp. associated with COVID-19 and its Susceptibility to some Antifungals
Keywords:
COVID-19, Candidiasis, Antifungal, AmphotericinB, Itraconazole, Voriconazolem
Abstract
This study aimed to conduct a survey of the Candida species associated with COVID-19 viral infection in 150 patients who were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) in Al-Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital in Al-Diwaniyah City, Iraq, for a five-month period from October 2021 to February 2022. The results indicated the dominance of Candida spp. over the rest of the isolated fungal species, with 97 isolates (64.66%).
C. albicans was shown to be the most abundant species with a percentage of 55.67 percent (P 0.05), compared to the other Candida species that were isolated (Candida tropicalis 13.4 percent, Candida glabrata 12 percent, Candida krusie and Candida parapsilosis with 9.28 percent). In addition, we brought attention to the excellent action of the antifungals amphotericin B, itraconazole, and voriconazole, all of which have a high susceptibility rate.
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References
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[39] A. Arastehfar et al., "COVID-19-Associated Candidiasis (CAC): An Underestimated Complication in the Absence of Immunological Predispositions?," Journal of Fungi, vol. 6, no. 4, 2020, doi: 10.3390/jof6040211.
[40] A. Arastehfar et al., "Candidemia among Iranian patients with severe COVID-19 admitted to ICUs," Journal of Fungi, vol. 7, no. 4, p. 280, 2021.
[41] S. Antinori et al., "Tocilizumab for cytokine storm syndrome in COVID-19 pneumonia: an increased risk for candidemia?," Autoimmunity Reviews, vol. 19, no. 7, p. 102564, 2020/07/01/ 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102564.
[42] K. Z. Mamun, M. M. H. Magnet, M. Ahmed, H. Iqbal, and N. Mahboob, "Disk diffusion Method in Enriched Mueller Hinton agar for determining susceptibility of Candida isolates from various clinical specimens," Journal of Dhaka Medical College, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 28-33, 2020, doi: 10.3329/jdmc.v28i1.45753.
[43] S. Giri and A. Kindo, "Evaluation of antifungal susceptibility testing in Candida isolates by Candifast and disk-diffusion method," Indian Journal of Pathology and Microbiology, vol. 57, no. 4, 2014, doi: 10.4103/0377-4929.142680.
[44] M. A. Pfaller, L. Boyken, S. A. Messer, S. Tendolkar, R. J. Hollis, and D. J. Diekema, "Comparison of results of voriconazole disk diffusion testing for Candida species with results from a central reference laboratory in the ARTEMIS global antifungal surveillance program," (in eng), J Clin Microbiol, vol. 43, no. 10, pp. 5208-13, Oct 2005, doi: 10.1128/jcm.43.10.5208-5213.2005.
[45] A. Kothari and V. Sagar, "Epidemiology of candida bloodstream infections in a tertiary care institute in India," (in eng), Indian J Med Microbiol, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 171-2, Apr-Jun 2009, doi: 10.4103/0255-0857.49440.
[46] Z. Nasrollahi et al., "Fluconazole Resistance Candida albicans in Females With Recurrent Vaginitis and Pir1 Overexpression," (in eng), Jundishapur journal of microbiology, vol. 8, no. 9, pp. e21468-e21468, 2015, doi: 10.5812/jjm.21468.
[47] E. Berkow and S. Lockhart, "Fluconazole resistance in Candida species: a current perspective," Infect Drug Resist, vol. Volume 10, pp. 237-245, 2017, doi: 10.2147/idr.S118892.
[2] J. Singh and J. Singh, "COVID-19 and its impact on society," Electronic Research Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, vol. 2, 2020.
[3] C. Huang et al., "Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China," The lancet, vol. 395, no. 10223, pp. 497-506, 2020.
[4] D. Raoult, A. Zumla, F. Locatelli, G. Ippolito, and G. Kroemer, "Coronavirus infections: Epidemiological, clinical and immunological features and hypotheses," Cell stress, vol. 4, no. 4, p. 66, 2020.
[5] J. Pemán et al., "Fungal co-infection in COVID-19 patients: Should we be concerned?," Revista Iberoamericana de Micología, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 41-46, 2020/04/01/ 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riam.2020.07.001.
[6] N. C. f. E. a. Z. I. D. N. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases (DFWED). "Candidiasis." (accessed April 15, 2022).
[7] T. Avni, L. Leibovici, and M. Paul, "PCR diagnosis of invasive candidiasis: systematic review and meta-analysis," J Clin Microbiol, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 665-70, Feb 2011, doi: 10.1128/JCM.01602-10.
[8] P. Sudbery, N. Gow, and J. Berman, "The distinct morphogenic states of Candida albicans," (in eng), Trends Microbiol, vol. 12, no. 7, pp. 317-24, Jul 2004, doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2004.05.008.
[9] D. Diekema, S. Arbefeville, L. Boyken, J. Kroeger, and M. Pfaller, "The changing epidemiology of healthcare-associated candidemia over three decades," (in eng), Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 45-8, May 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2012.02.001.
[10] L. E. J. Puebla, "Fungal infections in immunosuppressed patients," immunodeficiency, 2012.
[11] A. Riad, E. Gomaa, B. Hockova, and M. Klugar, "Oral candidiasis of COVID‐19 patients: Case report and review of evidence," Journal of cosmetic dermatology, vol. 20, no. 6, p. 1580, 2021.
[12] S. Fanello, J. P. Bouchara, N. Jousset, V. Delbos, and A. M. LeFlohic, "Nosocomial Candida albicans acquisition in a geriatric unit: epidemiology and evidence for person-to-person transmission," (in eng), J Hosp Infect, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 46-52, Jan 2001, doi: 10.1053/jhin.2000.0849.
[13] N. Ahmed et al., "COVID-19-Associated Candidiasis: Possible Patho-Mechanism, Predisposing Factors, and Prevention Strategies," Curr Microbiol, vol. 79, no. 5, p. 127, Mar 14 2022, doi: 10.1007/s00284-022-02824-6.
[14] L. S. Jeronimo, R. P. E. Lima, T. Y. U. Suzuki, J. A. C. Discacciati, and C. L. B. Bhering, "Oral candidiasis and covid-19 in users of removable dentures: is special oral care needed?," Gerontology, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 80-85, 2022.
[15] C. H. Pashley et al., "Routine processing procedures for isolating filamentous fungi from respiratory sputum samples may underestimate fungal prevalence," Medical mycology, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 433-438, 2012.
[16] R. M. Atlas, "Principles of Microbiology. Mosby-Year Book," Inc., St-Louis, USA, 1995.
[17] S. Kidd, C. L. Halliday, H. Alexiou, and D. H. Ellis, Descriptions of Medical Fungi. CutCut Digital, 2016.
[18] T. Matare, P. Nziramasanga, L. Gwanzura, and V. Robertson, "Experimental Germ Tube Induction in Candida albicans: An Evaluation of the Effect of Sodium Bicarbonate on Morphogenesis and Comparison with Pooled Human Serum," (in eng), BioMed research international, vol. 2017, pp. 1976273-1976273, 2017, doi: 10.1155/2017/1976273.
[19] B. Böttcher, C. Pöllath, P. Staib, B. Hube, and S. Brunke, "Candida species Rewired Hyphae Developmental Programs for Chlamydospore Formation," (in English), Frontiers in Microbiology, Original Research vol. 7, 2016-October-27 2016, doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01697.
[20] A. N. B. Ellepola, L. P. Samaranayake, and Z. U. Khan, "Extracellular phospholipase production of oral Candida albicans isolates from smokers, diabetics, asthmatics, denture wearers and healthy individuals following brief exposure to polyene, echinocandin and azole antimycotics," (in eng), Braz J Microbiol, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 911-916, Oct-Dec 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.06.009.
[21] M. T. Hedayati, Z. Taheri, T. Galinimoghadam, S. R. Aghili, J. Yazdani Cherati, and E. Mosayebi, "Isolation of different species of Candida in patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis from sari, iran," (in eng), Jundishapur journal of microbiology, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. e15992-e15992, 2015, doi: 10.5812/jjm.8(4)2015.15992.
[22] M. E. Hamid et al., "Candida and other yeasts of clinical importance in Aseer region, southern Saudi Arabia. Presentation of isolates from the routine laboratory setting," (in eng), Saudi Med J, vol. 35, no. 10, pp. 1210-4, Oct 2014.
[23] R. A. Alkhuzaie, "Detection on Resistant Genes to some antifungal in Candida spp. that causing Candidiasis," Master Master, Biology, College of Science, University of Al-Qadisiyah, 2014.
[24] T. Wibawa, Praseno, and A. T. Aman, "Virulence of Candida albicans isolated from HIV infected and non infected individuals," SpringerPlus, vol. 4, no. 1, 2015, doi: 10.1186/s40064-015-1215-0.
[25] N. I. Alidami, "Isolation and diagnosis of candida types that cause oral thrush in children and study of the effect of types of local honey to control it," Master Master, University of Al-Qadisiyah, College of Science, 2012.
[26] S. Jain, B. Swain, and S. Kabi, "Comparison of Manual and Automated Method for Speciation and Antifungal Susceptibility of Candida Species Causing Blood Stream Infection in Critically ill Patients," Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 2020, doi: 10.7860/jcdr/2020/43642.13703.
[27] S. Khadka, P. Regmi, S. Giri, P. K. Shah, and S. K. Mishra, "Identification of Candida species using CHROM agar," International Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 10-13, 2016.
[28] T. Matare, P. Nziramasanga, L. Gwanzura, and V. Robertson, "Experimental Germ Tube Induction in Candida albicans: An Evaluation of the Effect of Sodium Bicarbonate on Morphogenesis and Comparison with Pooled Human Serum," BioMed Research International, vol. 2017, p. 1976273, 2017/06/05 2017. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1976273.
[29] S. Ganguly et al., "Zap1 control of cell-cell signaling in Candida albicans biofilms," Eukaryotic cell, vol. 10, no. 11, pp. 1448-1454, 2011.
[30] P. Raghunath, K. Seshu Kumari, and K. Subbannayya, "SST broth, a new serum free germ tube induction medium for identification of Candida albicans," World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol. 30, no. 7, pp. 1955-1958, 2014.
[31] L. S. Devi and M. Maheshwari, "Speciation of Candida species isolated from clinical specimens by using Chrom agar and conventional methods," International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 1-5, 2014.
[32] D. H. Navarathna, R. U. Pathirana, M. S. Lionakis, K. W. Nickerson, and D. D. Roberts, "Candida albicans ISW2 regulates chlamydospore suspensor cell formation and virulence in vivo in a mouse model of disseminated candidiasis," PloS one, vol. 11, no. 10, p. e0164449, 2016.
[33] S. Oksuz et al., "Phospholipase and proteinase activities in different Candida species isolated from anatomically distinct sites of healthy adults," Japanese journal of infectious diseases, vol. 60, no. 5, p. 280, 2007.
[34] H. N. Alshukri, "Genotyping of vaginal Candidiasis isolates by simple and random PCR and restriction PCR products.," Master Master, College of Science for women, University of Babylon, 2013.
[35] V. Lahkar, L. Saikia, S. J. Patgiri, R. Nath, and P. P. Das, "Estimation of biofilm, proteinase & phospholipase production of the Candida species isolated from the oropharyngeal samples in HIV-infected patients," (in eng), Indian J Med Res, vol. 145, no. 5, pp. 635-640, May 2017, doi: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_1773_14.
[36] M. T. Hedayati, Z. Taheri, T. Galinimoghadam, S. R. Aghili, J. Yazdani Cherati, and E. Mosayebi, "Isolation of different species of Candida in patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis from sari, iran," (in eng), Jundishapur J Microbiol, vol. 8, no. 4, p. e15992, Apr 2015, doi: 10.5812/jjm.8(4)2015.15992.
[37] D. P. Singh, R. Kumar Verma, S. Sarswat, and S. Saraswat, "Non-Candida albicans Candida species: virulence factors and species identification in India," (in eng), Curr Med Mycol, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 8-13, Jun 2021.
[38] M. Salehi et al., "Oropharyngeal candidiasis in hospitalised COVID‐19 patients from Iran: Species identification and antifungal susceptibility pattern," Mycoses, vol. 63, no. 8, pp. 771-778, 2020.
[39] A. Arastehfar et al., "COVID-19-Associated Candidiasis (CAC): An Underestimated Complication in the Absence of Immunological Predispositions?," Journal of Fungi, vol. 6, no. 4, 2020, doi: 10.3390/jof6040211.
[40] A. Arastehfar et al., "Candidemia among Iranian patients with severe COVID-19 admitted to ICUs," Journal of Fungi, vol. 7, no. 4, p. 280, 2021.
[41] S. Antinori et al., "Tocilizumab for cytokine storm syndrome in COVID-19 pneumonia: an increased risk for candidemia?," Autoimmunity Reviews, vol. 19, no. 7, p. 102564, 2020/07/01/ 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102564.
[42] K. Z. Mamun, M. M. H. Magnet, M. Ahmed, H. Iqbal, and N. Mahboob, "Disk diffusion Method in Enriched Mueller Hinton agar for determining susceptibility of Candida isolates from various clinical specimens," Journal of Dhaka Medical College, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 28-33, 2020, doi: 10.3329/jdmc.v28i1.45753.
[43] S. Giri and A. Kindo, "Evaluation of antifungal susceptibility testing in Candida isolates by Candifast and disk-diffusion method," Indian Journal of Pathology and Microbiology, vol. 57, no. 4, 2014, doi: 10.4103/0377-4929.142680.
[44] M. A. Pfaller, L. Boyken, S. A. Messer, S. Tendolkar, R. J. Hollis, and D. J. Diekema, "Comparison of results of voriconazole disk diffusion testing for Candida species with results from a central reference laboratory in the ARTEMIS global antifungal surveillance program," (in eng), J Clin Microbiol, vol. 43, no. 10, pp. 5208-13, Oct 2005, doi: 10.1128/jcm.43.10.5208-5213.2005.
[45] A. Kothari and V. Sagar, "Epidemiology of candida bloodstream infections in a tertiary care institute in India," (in eng), Indian J Med Microbiol, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 171-2, Apr-Jun 2009, doi: 10.4103/0255-0857.49440.
[46] Z. Nasrollahi et al., "Fluconazole Resistance Candida albicans in Females With Recurrent Vaginitis and Pir1 Overexpression," (in eng), Jundishapur journal of microbiology, vol. 8, no. 9, pp. e21468-e21468, 2015, doi: 10.5812/jjm.21468.
[47] E. Berkow and S. Lockhart, "Fluconazole resistance in Candida species: a current perspective," Infect Drug Resist, vol. Volume 10, pp. 237-245, 2017, doi: 10.2147/idr.S118892.
Published
2022-07-08
How to Cite
Alkhuzaie, M., & Jasim, N. O. (2022). Candida spp. associated with COVID-19 and its Susceptibility to some Antifungals. Al-Qadisiyah Journal of Pure Science, 27(1), bio 26-38. https://doi.org/10.29350/qjps.2022.27.1.1517
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Copyright (c) 2022 Mohammed Alkhuzaie, Neeran Obied Jasim
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