Students’ Mathematics Anxiety at Distance and In-Person Learning Conditions during COVID-19 Pandemic: Are There Any Differences? An Exploratory Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Students’ Mathematics Anxiety
1.2. The Present Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Materials
- (1)
- What is your favorite school subject?—Possible answers: Italian, Mathematics, History, Geography, English, French, Art, Music, Technology.
- (2)
- What is your mark in math?—In the Italian school evaluation system, for all the taught subjects marks range between 0 (worst performance) and 10 (best performance), and they are obtained through written and oral tests. For more detail, we asked for the average mark in mathematics of the first four months of the school year.
- (3)
- Do you prefer distance or in-person learning?
- (4)
- Do you prefer distance or in-person math learning?
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Differences between DL and PL of Math on Anxiety, Mental States, and Metacognitive Awareness
3.2. Gender Differences on Anxiety, Considered Both in DL and PL
3.3. Differences between Students Who Prefer Math by Distance Learning or Math by In-Person Learning
3.4. Students’ Math Marks and MeMa Variables
3.5. Differences in Anxiety between Students Who Chose Their Favorite Subject
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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M | SD | t | p | d | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
DL math learning anxiety | 24.68 | 9.06 | −6.03 | 0.001 | −0.2 |
PL math learning anxiety | 26.03 | 10.00 | |||
DL math evaluation anxiety | 18.94 | 6.60 | −8.46 | 0.001 | −0.4 |
PL math evaluation anxiety | 20.47 | 6.87 | |||
DL generalized school anxiety | 11.19 | 3.80 | −8.58 | 0.001 | −0.4 |
PL generalized school anxiety | 12.15 | 4.00 | |||
DL mental states | 34.89 | 4.91 | −0.06 | 0.947 | −0.0 |
PL mental states | 34.90 | 5.24 | |||
DL metacognitive awareness | 10.88 | 2.65 | 2.97 | 0.003 | 0.1 |
PL metacognitive awareness | 10.66 | 2.85 |
LM D. P. | Mean | SD | t | p | d | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DL mental states | Math DL | 33.29 | 5.73 | −2.42 | 0.007 | −0.3 |
Math PL | 35.16 | 4.71 | ||||
PL mental states | Math DL | 31.42 | 5.73 | −5.71 | 0.001 | −0.8 |
Math PL | 35.49 | 4.92 | ||||
DL math learning anxiety | Math DL | 28.41 | 12.59 | 3.45 | 0.001 | 0.4 |
Math PL | 24.05 | 8.17 | ||||
PL math learning anxiety | Math DL | 32.00 | 13.71 | 5.11 | 0.001 | 0.7 |
Math PL | 25.01 | 8.85 | ||||
DL math evaluation anxiety | Math DL | 18.69 | 7.44 | −0.70 | 0.755 | −0.0 |
Math PL | 18.99 | 6.45 | ||||
PL math evaluation anxiety | Math DL | 21.05 | 7.84 | 0.48 | 0.481 | 0.1 |
Math PL | 20.37 | 6.70 | ||||
DL generalized school anxiety | Math DL | 11.71 | 4.27 | 1.14 | 0.253 | 0.2 |
Math PL | 11.10 | 3.72 | ||||
PL generalized school anxiety | Math DL | 12.90 | 4.43 | 1.56 | 0.118 | 0.2 |
Math PL | 12.02 | 3.91 | ||||
DL metacognitive awareness | Math DL | 9.86 | 2.89 | −3.22 | 0.001 | −0.4 |
Math PL | 11.06 | 2.57 | ||||
PL metacognitive awareness | Math DL | 9.59 | 3.16 | −3.14 | 0.002 | −0.4 |
Math PL | 10.84 | 2.76 |
N | M | SD | F | p | ŋ2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DL math learning anxiety | Human S | 118 | 26.36 | 9.36 | 7.75 | 0.001 | 0.05 | |
Scien S | 116 | 21.52 | 7.08 | |||||
Lang S | 88 | 24.74 | 9.06 | |||||
Art S | 83 | 26.66 | 10.00 | |||||
PL math learning anxiety | Human S | 118 | 28.74 | 10.80 | 11.91 | 0.001 | 0.08 | |
Scien S | 116 | 21.74 | 6.90 | |||||
Lang S | 88 | 26.24 | 9.91 | |||||
Art S | 83 | 27.95 | 10.72 | |||||
DL math evaluation anxiety | Human S | 118 | 20.30 | 6.21 | 7.42 | 0.001 | 0.05 | |
Scien S | 116 | 16.60 | 6.05 | |||||
Lang S | 88 | 19.69 | 6.80 | |||||
Art S | 83 | 19.49 | 6.90 | |||||
PL math evaluation anxiety | Human S | 118 | 22.20 | 6.64 | 10.86 | 0.001 | 0.07 | |
Scien S | 116 | 17.60 | 6.25 | |||||
Lang S | 88 | 21.66 | 6.41 | |||||
Art S | 83 | 20.73 | 7.35 | |||||
DL generalized school anxiety | Human S | 118 | 10.88 | 3.50 | 2.72 | 0.044 | 0.02 | |
Scien S | 116 | 10.71 | 3.45 | |||||
Lang S | 88 | 11.32 | 3.91 | |||||
Art S | 83 | 12.16 | 4.41 | |||||
PL generalized school anxiety | Human S | 118 | 11.97 | 3.82 | 2.64 | 0.049 | 0.01 | |
Scien S | 116 | 11.54 | 3.55 | |||||
Lang S | 88 | 12.25 | 4.11 | |||||
Art S | 83 | 13.12 | 4.54 |
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Pirrone, C.; Di Corrado, D.; Privitera, A.; Castellano, S.; Varrasi, S. Students’ Mathematics Anxiety at Distance and In-Person Learning Conditions during COVID-19 Pandemic: Are There Any Differences? An Exploratory Study. Educ. Sci. 2022, 12, 379. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12060379
Pirrone C, Di Corrado D, Privitera A, Castellano S, Varrasi S. Students’ Mathematics Anxiety at Distance and In-Person Learning Conditions during COVID-19 Pandemic: Are There Any Differences? An Exploratory Study. Education Sciences. 2022; 12(6):379. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12060379
Chicago/Turabian StylePirrone, Concetta, Donatella Di Corrado, Alessandra Privitera, Sabrina Castellano, and Simone Varrasi. 2022. "Students’ Mathematics Anxiety at Distance and In-Person Learning Conditions during COVID-19 Pandemic: Are There Any Differences? An Exploratory Study" Education Sciences 12, no. 6: 379. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12060379