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2022, Academia Letters
International journal of health sciences
COVID-19 pandemic and its prevalence in northern areas of PakistanObjectives: This study aimed to find the prevalence of COVID-19 in Northern Areas of Pakistan. This research will help researchers better understand the outbreak's tendencies and provide an estimate of the region's epidemiological stage. Material & Methods: This Cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted at Anwar Hospital, Anwar Clinical Laboratory, Saidu Sharif Swat (KP) Pakistan. Samples of all suspected COVID-19 patients who come for COVID-19 screening were included from March 2020 to 18 September 2021. COVID-19 screening was done using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Results: A sample of 2537 suspected COVID-19 patients were screened in this study. A total of 970 cases were positive and 1567 were negative by PCR. The prevalence of COVID-19 was 38.23%. All participants ages ranged from 9 to 70 years. Conclusion: As indicated by this study the prevalence of COVID-19 is high due to lack of awareness regarding SARS-CoV-2 infection transmission among the general popul...
The International Journal of Frontier Sciences
Mortality Analysis of COVID-19 Confirmed Cases in Pakistan2020 •
Introduction: COVID-19, a novel disease, appeared in December 2019 in China and rapidly spread across the world. Till the second week of April 2020, high incidence (2.9/100,000) and cases fatality rates (1.7%) were observed in Pakistan. This study was conducted to determine the temporal and spatial distribution of the first 100 deaths attributed to COVID-19 in Pakistan and their associated demographic factors. Method: A record review of the first 100 deaths reported among RT-PCR confirmed COVID-19 cases was conducted. Demographic, epidemiological, and risk factors information was obtained associated comorbidities and clinical signs and symptoms were recorded and frequencies were determined. Results: A total of 100 mortalities with an overall case fatality rate of 1.67% (CFR) were analyzed. The median age of patients was 64.5 years (IQR: 54-70) with 75% (n=75) males. Among all deaths reported, 71 (71%) cases had one or more documented comorbidities at the time of diagnosis. The most...
Anaesthesia, Pain & Intensive Care
COVID-19 pandemic and precautionary measures in PakistanThe current outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has attained the dimensions of a pandemic and World Health Organization (WHO) has declared it a global emergency and given it a name of COVID-19. It may remain asymptomatic, but usually presents as influenza-like symptoms initially. It spreads from zoonotic sources, which are still under investigation. Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) is the only available diagnostic and confirmatory lab assay for SARS-CoV-2. There is no specific antiviral drug or vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, hence infected and suspected cases are dependent on supportive treatment along with few anti-HIV drugs. Evidence suggests that, in Pakistan, all cases have returned from Iran and Saudi Arabia after pilgrimage. The number of patients has been increasing gradually. Almost all of the neighboring countries of Pakistan are suffering from an outbreak. So, a big threat is there. Pakistani health authorities need to take cri...
Pakistan Postgraduate Medical Journal
COVID-19: Outbreak, Transmission, Diagnosis, Potential Treatment and Situation in Pakistan2020 •
2021 •
Background: COVID-19 is a severe respiratory disease, started in China. For diagnosis, we need swabs from different regions of respiratory tract. Nasopharyngeal swab is the preferred method. Rt-PCR for Corona virus is the gold standard lab test for diagnosis. Objective: To determine frequency of positive PCR tests and complications in total number of nasopharyngeal samples taken at ENT department of Allied Hospital, Faisalabad Pakistan. Study Design: Descriptive cross-sectional study. Settings: ENT department, Allied Hospital, Faisalabad Pakistan. Duration: 1st May 2020 to 31st August 2020. Methodology: Nasopharyngeal swabs of suspected cases, their contacts, and healthcare workers were taken at ENT department of Allied Hospital. All samples were sent to BSL-LAB. The complication related to procedure were also noted. The result was labelled as detected and non-detected. Results: Total sample taken were 2909 out of which 627 (22%) cases were positive for Corona virus while 2282 (78%)...
The World Health Organisation declared Covid-19 as a pandemic on 11th March 2020. The main approach to tackle Covid-19 worldwide is to screen and provide supportive care to patients. For screening purpose RT-qPCR based test are used as an initial detections assay. The test is expensive, time consuming and not suitable for mass scale screening/ confirmation requirement. A recent advancement is development of Immunoassay procedures (liquid Phase tests or bed side 10-20minute strip test). In order to help and accelerate bringing life to normal after lock down, Pakistan is in dire need to develop and adopt the immunoassay procedures for mass scale screening and confirmation of COVID-19 infection. It is cheap and easy to perform without a lab requirement.
Virology & Immunology Journal
Molecular Analysis of Covid-19 Patient Real Time PCR and their Medicational Clinical TrialsThe corona name derived from their crown like spike proteins attach with cell receptors. It belongs to corona viradae family and nideo virales order, envelop virus, size range 65-125nm and positive single standard RNA between 26.4 to 31.7 kb and contain7096 amino acid. There are four subtypes that have been detected these are alpha, beta, gamma and delta. The 267 covid -19 blood and nasopharyngeal samples were collected from Multan region. RNA extraction from nasopharyngeal samples and run the PCR. The blood samples use for clinical tests, Lactate dehydrogenase, serum ferritin level, D-Dimer, TG, cholesterol, thyphoidot, HDL, lymphocyte count and CRP. The 127 (47.21%) out of 267 patients were covid-19 PCR positive and showed the amplification ORF1ab, E and N gene while140 individuals were covid-19 PCR negative and not showed the amplification of ORF1ab, E and N gene. The patients with negative Covid-19 PCR, the other analysis tests such as lactate dehydrogenase, HDL, ferritin, ESR,C...
Frontiers in Public Health
Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of COVID-19: A Retrospective Multi-Center Study in Pakistan2021 •
The emergence of a pathogen responsible for a mysterious respiratory disease was identified in China and later called a novel coronavirus. This disease was named COVID-19. The present study seeks to determine the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in Pakistan. This report will exhibit a linkage between epidemiology and clinical aspects which in turn can be helpful to prevent the transmission of the virus in Pakistan. A retrospective, multiple center study was performed by collecting the data from patients' with their demographics, epidemiological status, history of co-morbid conditions, and clinical manifestations of the disease. The data was collected from 31 public-sector and 2 private hospitals across Pakistan by on-field healthcare workers. A Chi-square test was applied to assess the relationship between categorical data entries. A total of 194 medical records were examined. The median age of these patients was found to be 34 years. A total of 53.6% act...
Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health
Progress of COVID-19 Epidemic in PakistanThe outbreak of corona virus initiated as pneumonia of unknown cause in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, which has been now spreading rapidly out of Wuhan to other countries. On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared coronavirus outbreak as the sixth public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC), and on March 11, 2020, the WHO announced coronavirus as pandemic. Coronavirus is thought to be increasing in Pakistan. The first case of coronavirus was reported from Karachi on February 26, 2020, with estimated populace of Pakistan as 204.65 million. Successively, the virus spreads into various regions nationwide and has currently become an epidemic. The WHO has warned Pakistan that the country could encounter great challenge against the outbreak of coronavirus in the coming days. This short communication is conducted to shed light on the epidemic of coronavirus in the country. It would aid in emphasizing the up-to-date situation in a nutshell and the measu...
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