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Abstract
COVID-19 emerged in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. Since the outbreak of this disease, various countries worldwide have strived to develop effective vaccines to prevent its spread and make them accessible to the public. Among these, seven vaccines have been approved by the World Health Organization: Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna, Johnson & Johnson, AstraZeneca, Sinopharm, Sinovac, and Covishield. Pfizer and Moderna vaccines demonstrated the highest efficacy, with rates of 95% and 94.5%, respectively, while Covishield and Sinovac showed the lowest efficacy, at 62% and 51%, respectively. Among these vaccines, the Johnson & Johnson vaccine was associated with severe side effects, including cerebral venous sinus thrombosis and blood clotting accompanied by reduced thrombocyte levels.
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References
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- Nagy A, Alhatlani B. An overview of current COVID-19 vaccine platforms. Computational and structural biotechnology journal. 2021 Jan 1;19:2508-17.
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- Conforme HG, Parrales DH. Eficacia y efectos secundarios de la vacuna Sinovac contra el covid-19 en el Ecuador. Dominio de las Ciencias. 2021;7(5):16-33.
- Jahan N, Rahman FI, Saha P, Ether SA, Roknuzzaman AS, Sarker R, Kalam KT, Haq K, Nyeen J, Himi HZ, Hossain MN. Side effects following administration of the first dose of Oxford-AstraZeneca’s Covishield vaccine in Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study. Infectious Disease Reports. 2021 Oct 11;13(4):888-901.
- Baraniuk C. Covid-19: What do we know about Sputnik V and other Russian vaccines?. bmj. 2021 Mar 19;372.
- Basavaraja CK, Sebastian J, Ravi MD, John SB. Adverse events following COVID-19 vaccination: first 90 days of experience from a tertiary care teaching hospital in South India. Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines and Immunotherapy. 2021 Nov;9:25151355211055833.
- Dunkle LM, Kotloff KL, Gay CL, Áñez G, Adelglass JM, Barrat Hernández AQ, Harper WL, Duncanson DM, McArthur MA, Florescu DF, McClelland RS. Efficacy and safety of NVX-CoV2373 in adults in the United States and Mexico. New England Journal of Medicine. 2022 Feb 10;386(6):531-43.
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References
Menni C, Klaser K, May A, Polidori L, Capdevila J, Louca P, Sudre CH, Nguyen LH, Drew DA, Merino J, Hu C. Vaccine side-effects and SARS-CoV-2 infection after vaccination in users of the COVID Symptom Study app in the UK: a prospective observational study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2021 Jul 1;21(7): 939-49.
Teo SP. Review of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines: BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273. Journal of pharmacy practice. 2021 Apr 12:08971900211009650.
Mondal S, Kundu D. Point and interval estimation of Weibull parameters based on joint progressively censored data. Sankhya b. 2019 Jun;81(1):1-25.
Frenck Jr RW, Klein NP, Kitchin N, Gurtman A, Absalon J, Lockhart S, Perez JL, Walter EB, Senders S, Bailey R, Swanson KA. Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of the BNT162b2 Covid-19 vaccine in adolescents. New England Journal of Medicine. 2021 Jul 15;385(3):239-50.
Chu VT, Yousaf AR, Chang K, Schwartz NG, McDaniel CJ, Lee SH, Szablewski CM, Brown M, Drenzek CL, Dirlikov E, Rose DA. Household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from children and adolescents. New England Journal of Medicine. 2021 Sep 2;385(10):954-6.
Meo SA, Bukhari IA, Akram J, Meo AS, Klonoff DC. COVID-19 vaccines: comparison of biological, pharmacological characteristics and adverse effects of Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna Vaccines. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2021:1663-9.
Garg I, Shekhar R, Sheikh AB, Pal S. COVID-19 vaccine in pregnant and lactating women: a review of existing evidence and practice guidelines. Infectious disease reports. 2021 Jul 31;13(3):685-99.
Nagy A, Alhatlani B. An overview of current COVID-19 vaccine platforms. Computational and structural biotechnology journal. 2021 Jan 1;19:2508-17.
Shimabukuro TT, Kim SY, Myers TR, Moro PL, Oduyebo T, Panagiotakopoulos L, Marquez PL, Olson CK, Liu R, Chang KT, Ellington SR. CDC v-safe COVID-19 pregnancy registry team. Preliminary findings of mRNA Covid-19 vaccine safety in pregnant persons. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(24):2273-82.
Bernal JL, Andrews N, Gower C, Robertson C, Stowe J, Tessier E, Simmons R, Cottrell S, Roberts R, O’Doherty M, Brown K. Effectiveness of the Pfizer-BioNTech and Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccines on covid-19 related symptoms, hospital admissions, and mortality in older adults in England: test negative case-control study. bmj. 2021 May 13;373.
Gower C. et al., “Effectiveness of Covid-19 Vaccines against the B.1.617.2 (Delta) Variant,”. study finds. 2021; 1–10.
Gray KJ, Bordt EA, Atyeo C, Deriso E, Akinwunmi B, Young N, Baez AM, Shook LL, Cvrk D, James K, De Guzman R. Coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine response in pregnant and lactating women: a cohort study. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 2021 Sep 1;225(3):303-e1.
Shay DK. Safety monitoring of the Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) COVID-19 vaccine—United States, March–April 2021. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report. 2021;70.
Sadoff J, Gray G, Vandebosch A, Cárdenas V, Shukarev G, Grinsztejn B, Goepfert PA, Truyers C, Fennema H, Spiessens B, Offergeld K. Safety and efficacy of single-dose Ad26. COV2. S vaccine against Covid-19. New England Journal of Medicine. 2021 Jun 10;384(23):2187-201.
Sharun K, Singh R, Dhama K. Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine (AZD1222) is ideal for resource-constrained low-and middle-income countries. Annals of Medicine and Surgery. 2021 May;65.
Voysey M, Clemens SA, Madhi SA, Weckx LY, Folegatti PM, Aley PK, Angus B, Baillie VL, Barnabas SL, Bhorat QE, Bibi S. Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK. The Lancet. 2021 Jan 9;397(10269):99-111.
SARI ZU, Fertilita S, Rasyid RS. HUBUNGAN DURASI TIDUR DAN INSOMNIA TERHADAP KADAR ANTIBODI PASCAVAKSINASI COVID-19 (Doctoral dissertation, Sriwijaya University). 2021.
Kerr JR, Freeman AL, Marteau TM, van der Linden S. Effect of information about COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness and side effects on behavioural intentions: two online experiments. Vaccines. 2021 Apr 13;9(4):379.
Saeed BQ, Al-Shahrabi R, Alhaj SS, Alkokhardi ZM, Adrees AO. Side effects and perceptions following Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccination. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2021 Oct 1;111:219-26.
Al Khames Aga QA, Alkhaffaf WH, Hatem TH, Nassir KF, Batineh Y, Dahham AT, Shaban D, Al Khames Aga LA, Agha MY, Traqchi M. Safety of COVID‐19 vaccines. Journal of medical virology. 2021 Dec;93(12):6588-94.
Conforme HG, Parrales DH. Eficacia y efectos secundarios de la vacuna Sinovac contra el covid-19 en el Ecuador. Dominio de las Ciencias. 2021;7(5):16-33.
Jahan N, Rahman FI, Saha P, Ether SA, Roknuzzaman AS, Sarker R, Kalam KT, Haq K, Nyeen J, Himi HZ, Hossain MN. Side effects following administration of the first dose of Oxford-AstraZeneca’s Covishield vaccine in Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study. Infectious Disease Reports. 2021 Oct 11;13(4):888-901.
Baraniuk C. Covid-19: What do we know about Sputnik V and other Russian vaccines?. bmj. 2021 Mar 19;372.
Basavaraja CK, Sebastian J, Ravi MD, John SB. Adverse events following COVID-19 vaccination: first 90 days of experience from a tertiary care teaching hospital in South India. Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines and Immunotherapy. 2021 Nov;9:25151355211055833.
Dunkle LM, Kotloff KL, Gay CL, Áñez G, Adelglass JM, Barrat Hernández AQ, Harper WL, Duncanson DM, McArthur MA, Florescu DF, McClelland RS. Efficacy and safety of NVX-CoV2373 in adults in the United States and Mexico. New England Journal of Medicine. 2022 Feb 10;386(6):531-43.
Helguera G. Evaluación clínica de una vacuna contra COVID-19 desde la perspectiva de un voluntario. MEDICINA (Buenos Aires). 2021 Mar;81(1):125-6.