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Türkiye'de COVID-19 Pandemisi Sonrası Dönemde Çocuk Sağlığına Yönelik Sağlık Politikaları Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 23 Sayı: Special Issue, 94 - 105, 30.03.2021

Özlem Durgun

https://doi.org/10.18678/dtfd.861559
Cited By: 2

Öz

Amaç: Koronavirüs hastalığı 2019 (coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19) pandemisi tüm dünyada olduğu gibi Türkiye’de de her sosyoekonomik düzeyde birey yanında dezavantajlı kesimler olarak adlandırılan çocuklar ve engelliler üzerinde de önemli olumsuz etkiler ortaya koymuştur. Özellikle çocuklar sosyoekonomik durumu düşük olan ailelerde en dezavantajlı grubu oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada bu çocukların durumu analiz edilmiştir. Bunun yanında, COVID-19 pandemi döneminde sağlık politikalarında çocuklara yönelik olanlarının performansları da değerlendirilmiştir.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu çalışmada çeşitli ülkelerde ve Türkiye’de yayınlanan istatistiklerden yararlanılmıştır.
Bulgular: Salgınların özellikle çocuklarda önemli fiziksel ve psikolojik sorunlara neden olabilme ihtimali bulunmaktadır. Bilhassa oyun çağındaki çocukların yaşıtları ile bir araya gelememesi nedeniyle yaşadıkları sosyal uzaklaşma yanında, ebeveynleri çalışmak zorundayken evde kilitli kalmanın orta ve uzun vadede ne gibi etkilere yol açacağı henüz bilinmemektedir. Buna ek olarak, hastalık dolayısıyla yakın ve uzak çevrede yaşanan ölümler olması yanında hastalığa yakalanma korkusunun da çocukların psikolojik gelişimleri üzerine olumsuz etkiler yaratma ihtimali oldukça yüksek görünmektedir. Bu nedenle gelecek nesillerin sağlığını korumak amacıyla günümüz çocuklarının sağlığına yönelik uygulanan politikalar önem kazanmaktadır.
Sonuç: Sağlık ve eğitim hakkı evrensel olarak her çocuğa verilmelidir. Ancak gelişmekte olan ülkelerde gelir dağılımındaki bozukluklar, işsizlik gibi nedenlerle aileler çocuklarına yeterli desteği sağlayamamaktadırlar. Devlet ve kurumların yardımları da yeterli gelmediğinde veya düzenli yapılamadığında çocuklar aileye destek olmak için çalışmak zorunda kalmaktadırlar.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sağlık Harcamaları Salgın Çocuk Gelişimi

Kaynakça

  • Eissa N. Pandemic preparedness and public health expenditure. Economies. 2020;8(3):60.
  • Scherer P, Devaux M. The challenge of financing health care in the current crisis: An analysis based on the OECD data. OECD Health Working Papers. 2010;49. doi: 10.1787/5kmfkgr0nb20-en.
  • Makin AJ, Layton A. The global fiscal response to COVID-19: Risks and repercussions. Econ Anal Policy. 2021;69:340-9.
  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Health at a glance 2019: OECD indicators. Paris: OECD Publishing; 2019.
  • imf.org [Internet]. International Monetary Fund. World economic outlook, January 2020, tentative stabilization, sluggish recovery? Available from: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2020/01/20/weo-update-january2020.
  • Bodrud-Doza M, Shammi M, Bahlman L, Islam ARMT, Rahman MM. Psychosocial and socio-economic crisis in Bangladesh due to COVID-19 pandemic: A perception-based assessment. Front Public Health. 2020;8:341
  • Mayer JD, Lewis ND. An inevitable pandemic: geographic insights into the COVID-19 global health emergency. Eurasian Geogr Econ. 2020;61(4-5):404-22.
  • De Ceukelaire W, Bodini C. We need strong public health care to contain the global corona pandemic. Int J Health Serv. 2020;50(3):276-7.
  • Stevenson E, Barrios L, Cordell R, Delozier D, Gorman S, Koenig LJ, Odom E, Polder J, Randolph J, Shimabukuro T, Singleton C. Pandemic influenza planning: addressing the needs of children. Am J Public Health. 2009;99(Suppl 2):S255-60.
  • Saxena R, Saxena SK. Preparing children for pandemics. In: Saxena SK, ed. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapeutics. Singapore: Springer; 2020. p.187-198.
  • Bhatia A, Fabbri C, Cerna-Turoff I, Tanton C, Knight L, Turner E, et al. COVID-19 response measures and violence against children. Bull World Health Organ. 2020;98(9):583-583A.
  • İşlek E, Özatkan Y, Bilir MK, Arı HO, Çelik H, Yıldırım HH. COVID-19 pandemi yönetiminde Türkiye örneği: Sağlık politikası uygulamaları ve stratejileri. Ankara: TÜSPE Yayınları; 2020.
  • Kara E. The function of the social service workforce during the COVID-19 pandemic in disadvantaged groups. Turkish Journal of Social Work Research. 2020;4(1):28-34.
  • Yorgancıoğlu A. Yaşlılık ve COVID-19. In: İtil O, Altınışık Ergur G, Köktürk N, Havlucu Y, Akgün M, Aykaç N, eds. COVID-19 pandemisi ve sağlığın sosyal bileşenleri. Ankara: Türk Toraks Derneği COVID-19 E-Kitapları Serisi; 2020. p.25-7.
  • Bambra C, Riordan R, Ford J, Matthews F. The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2020;74(11):964-8.
  • Marais BJ, Sorrell TC. Pathways to COVID-19 ‘community protection.’ Int J Infect Dis. 2020;96:496-9.
  • Gupta M, Jain R, Taneja S, Chaudhary G, Khari M, Verdú E. Real-time measurement of the uncertain epidemiological appearances of COVID-19 infections. Appl Soft Comput. 2020;[Epub ahead of print]. doi: 10.1016/j.asoc.2020.107039
  • Stanton R, To QG, Khalesi S, Williams SL, Alley SJ, Thwaite TL, et al. Depression, anxiety and stress during COVID-19: Associations with changes in physical activity, sleep, tobacco and alcohol use in Australian adults. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(11):4065.
  • Riphagen S, Gomez X, Gonzalez-Martinez C, Wilkinson N, Theocharis P. Hyperinflammatory shock in children during COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet. 2020;395(10237):1607-8.
  • unicef.org [Internet]. United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund. COVID-19: Children at heightened risk of abuse, neglect, exploitation and violence amidst intensifying containment measures, 2020. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/ guineabissau/press-releases/covid-19-children-heightened-risk-abuse-neglect-exploitation-and-violence-amidst
  • Sumner A, Hoy C, Ortiz-Juarez E. Estimates of the impact of COVID-19 on global poverty. WIDER Working Paper. 2020;43. doi: 10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2020/800-9
  • oecd.org [Internet]. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). COVID-19: Protecting people and societies. [Cited: 2021 Feb 7]. Available from: https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/ view/?ref=126_126985-nv145m3l96&title=COVID-19-Protecting-people-and-societies
  • ec.europa.eu [Internet]. Eurostat. Income quintile share ratio (S80/S20) by sex. TESSI180. Available from: https://data.europa.eu/euodp/en/data/dataset/y8Mgn2mKRKGE2tmmfMr0A
  • ec.europa.eu [Internet]. Eurostat. Households - statistics on disposable income, saving and investment. Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Households_-_statistics_on_disposable_income,_saving_and_investment
  • unicef.org [Internet]. United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund. Child poverty. [Cited: 2020 May 16]. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/social-policy/child-poverty
  • Slack KS, Holl JL, Mcdaniel M, Yoo J, Bolger K. Understanding the risks of child neglect: An exploration of poverty and parenting characteristics. Child Maltreat. 2004;9(4):395-408.
  • Rajmil L, Fernandez de Sanmamed MJ, Choonara I, Faresjö T, Hjern A, Kozyrskyj AL, et al. Impact of the 2008 economic and financial crisis on child health: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014;11(6):6528-46.
  • imf.org [Internet]. International Monetary Fund. World economic outlook, April 2020: The great lockdown Available from: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/ WEO/Issues/2020/04/14/weo-april-2020.
  • Begum A, Sangeetha S, Sridevi G. Awareness of stress among children during lockdown-a survey. Int J Pharm Res. 2020;12:2082-92.
  • Bobo E, Lin L, Acquaviva E, Caci H, Franc N, Gamon L, et al. How do children and adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) experience lockdown during the COVID-19 outbreak? Encephale. 2020;46(3S):S85-S92.
  • United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund. Global overview: Child malnutrition regional trends. UNICEF; 2019.
  • un.org [Internet]. United Nations. Policy brief: The impact of COVID-19 on children, April 2020. Available from: https://unsdg.un.org/resources/policy-brief-impact-covid-19-children
  • Kang KT, Jain N. Health care providers must be alert for violence against children during the pandemic. CMAJ. 2020;192(28):E814.
  • tuik.gov.tr [Internet]. Turkish Statistical Institute. Çocuk İstatistikleri. [Cited: 2021 Feb 14]. Available from: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p= Istatistiklerle-Cocuk-2019-33733
  • ilo.org [Internet]. International Labour Organization ILO. COVID-19 impact on child labour and forced labour: The response of the IPEC+Flagship programme, 2020. Available from: https://www.ilo.org/global/ about-the-ilo/how-the-ilo-works/flagships/ipec-plus/WCMS_745287/lang--en/index.htm
  • Gül T, Öztürk M. A conceptual study for the reasons of child work. Journal of Süleyman Demirel University Institute of Social Sciences. 2020;37:130-48.
  • Çetin İ. Poverty and poverty indicators: A comparison of Turkey and OECD countries. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University Journal of the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences. 2020;22(2):510-32.
  • Durgun Ö. Gelişmiş ülkelerde çocuk yoksulluğu-Teorik ve güncel bir bakış. Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık; 2019.
  • Erkul E. Sosyal demokrat refah devletlerinde çocuklara yönelik sosyal koruma istatistiklerinin incelenmesi. Çocuk ve Medeniyet. 2020;5(9):137-57.
  • unicef.org [Internet]. United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund. Averting a lost COVID generation, a six-point plan to respond, recover and reimagine a post-pandemic world for every child, 2020. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/reports/averting-lost-generation-covid19-world-childrens-day-2020-brief
  • Örün H, Topal E. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü, 25. coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) güncellemesi, hassas grupları koruma. Sağlık ve Toplum. 2020;30(Özel Sayı):186-8.
  • Vaughan E, Tinker T. Effective health risk communication about pandemic influenza for vulnerable populations. Am J Public Health. 2009;99(Suppl 2):S324-32.
  • who.org [Internet]. World Health Organization. WHO announces COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic, 2020 Mar 12. Available from: https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-emergencies/coronavirus-covid-19/news/news/2020/3/who-announces-covid-19-outbreak-a-pandemic
  • saglik.gov.tr [Internet]. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health. COVID-19 information page. 2020 Mar 12. Available from: https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/
  • Budak F, Korkmaz Ş. An overall evaluation for the COVID-19 pandemic process: The case of Turkey. Journal of Social Research and Management. 2020;1(1):62-79.
  • Akoğlu G, Karaaslan BT. Possible psychosocial effects of the COVID-19 and isolation process on children. Izmir Katip Celebi University Faculty of Health Sciences Journal. 2020;5(2):99-103.
  • Rapoport E, Reisert H, Schoeman E, Adesman A. Reporting of child maltreatment during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in New York City from March to May 2020. Child Abuse Negl. 2020;[Epub ahead of print]. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104719
  • Baron EJ, Goldstein EG, Wallace CT. Suffering in silence: How COVID-19 school closures inhibit the reporting of child maltreatment. J Public Econ. 2020;190:104258.
  • Moncher FJ. Social isolation and child-abuse risk. Families in Society. 1995;76(7):421-33.

A Study in the Children’s Health-Oriented Health Policies After COVID-19 Pandemic Period in Turkey

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 23 Sayı: Special Issue, 94 - 105, 30.03.2021

Özlem Durgun

https://doi.org/10.18678/dtfd.861559
Cited By: 2

Öz

Aim: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic revealed significant negative effects on children and people with disabilities who are classified as socioeconomically disadvantaged groups in addition to individuals in Turkey as in the whole world. Especially, children constitute the most disadvantaged group in families with low socioeconomic status. The situation of these children was analyzed in the study. Also, the performance of health policies for children in COVID-19 pandemic period has been evaluated.
Material and Methods: This study was used in the statistics published in Turkey and in various countries.
Results: Outbreaks are likely to cause significant physical and psychological problems, especially in children. In particular, the medium and long-term effects of being locked up at home on children when their parents have to work are not known in addition to the social distancing that they experience due to the inability of children to come together with their peers. In addition to the deaths in the near and distant environment due to the disease, the fear of getting sick has also a high risk to form negative effects on the psychological development of children. For this reason, to protect the health of future generations, policies implemented for the health of today's children gain importance.
Conclusion: The right to health and education should be universally given to every child. But in developing countries, families cannot provide adequate support to their children for reasons such as unequal income distribution and unemployment. Children are forced to work to support their families when the help of government and institutions is insufficient or cannot be done regularly.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Health Expenditures Epidemic Child Development

Kaynakça

  • Eissa N. Pandemic preparedness and public health expenditure. Economies. 2020;8(3):60.
  • Scherer P, Devaux M. The challenge of financing health care in the current crisis: An analysis based on the OECD data. OECD Health Working Papers. 2010;49. doi: 10.1787/5kmfkgr0nb20-en.
  • Makin AJ, Layton A. The global fiscal response to COVID-19: Risks and repercussions. Econ Anal Policy. 2021;69:340-9.
  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Health at a glance 2019: OECD indicators. Paris: OECD Publishing; 2019.
  • imf.org [Internet]. International Monetary Fund. World economic outlook, January 2020, tentative stabilization, sluggish recovery? Available from: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2020/01/20/weo-update-january2020.
  • Bodrud-Doza M, Shammi M, Bahlman L, Islam ARMT, Rahman MM. Psychosocial and socio-economic crisis in Bangladesh due to COVID-19 pandemic: A perception-based assessment. Front Public Health. 2020;8:341
  • Mayer JD, Lewis ND. An inevitable pandemic: geographic insights into the COVID-19 global health emergency. Eurasian Geogr Econ. 2020;61(4-5):404-22.
  • De Ceukelaire W, Bodini C. We need strong public health care to contain the global corona pandemic. Int J Health Serv. 2020;50(3):276-7.
  • Stevenson E, Barrios L, Cordell R, Delozier D, Gorman S, Koenig LJ, Odom E, Polder J, Randolph J, Shimabukuro T, Singleton C. Pandemic influenza planning: addressing the needs of children. Am J Public Health. 2009;99(Suppl 2):S255-60.
  • Saxena R, Saxena SK. Preparing children for pandemics. In: Saxena SK, ed. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapeutics. Singapore: Springer; 2020. p.187-198.
  • Bhatia A, Fabbri C, Cerna-Turoff I, Tanton C, Knight L, Turner E, et al. COVID-19 response measures and violence against children. Bull World Health Organ. 2020;98(9):583-583A.
  • İşlek E, Özatkan Y, Bilir MK, Arı HO, Çelik H, Yıldırım HH. COVID-19 pandemi yönetiminde Türkiye örneği: Sağlık politikası uygulamaları ve stratejileri. Ankara: TÜSPE Yayınları; 2020.
  • Kara E. The function of the social service workforce during the COVID-19 pandemic in disadvantaged groups. Turkish Journal of Social Work Research. 2020;4(1):28-34.
  • Yorgancıoğlu A. Yaşlılık ve COVID-19. In: İtil O, Altınışık Ergur G, Köktürk N, Havlucu Y, Akgün M, Aykaç N, eds. COVID-19 pandemisi ve sağlığın sosyal bileşenleri. Ankara: Türk Toraks Derneği COVID-19 E-Kitapları Serisi; 2020. p.25-7.
  • Bambra C, Riordan R, Ford J, Matthews F. The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2020;74(11):964-8.
  • Marais BJ, Sorrell TC. Pathways to COVID-19 ‘community protection.’ Int J Infect Dis. 2020;96:496-9.
  • Gupta M, Jain R, Taneja S, Chaudhary G, Khari M, Verdú E. Real-time measurement of the uncertain epidemiological appearances of COVID-19 infections. Appl Soft Comput. 2020;[Epub ahead of print]. doi: 10.1016/j.asoc.2020.107039
  • Stanton R, To QG, Khalesi S, Williams SL, Alley SJ, Thwaite TL, et al. Depression, anxiety and stress during COVID-19: Associations with changes in physical activity, sleep, tobacco and alcohol use in Australian adults. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(11):4065.
  • Riphagen S, Gomez X, Gonzalez-Martinez C, Wilkinson N, Theocharis P. Hyperinflammatory shock in children during COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet. 2020;395(10237):1607-8.
  • unicef.org [Internet]. United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund. COVID-19: Children at heightened risk of abuse, neglect, exploitation and violence amidst intensifying containment measures, 2020. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/ guineabissau/press-releases/covid-19-children-heightened-risk-abuse-neglect-exploitation-and-violence-amidst
  • Sumner A, Hoy C, Ortiz-Juarez E. Estimates of the impact of COVID-19 on global poverty. WIDER Working Paper. 2020;43. doi: 10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2020/800-9
  • oecd.org [Internet]. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). COVID-19: Protecting people and societies. [Cited: 2021 Feb 7]. Available from: https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/ view/?ref=126_126985-nv145m3l96&title=COVID-19-Protecting-people-and-societies
  • ec.europa.eu [Internet]. Eurostat. Income quintile share ratio (S80/S20) by sex. TESSI180. Available from: https://data.europa.eu/euodp/en/data/dataset/y8Mgn2mKRKGE2tmmfMr0A
  • ec.europa.eu [Internet]. Eurostat. Households - statistics on disposable income, saving and investment. Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Households_-_statistics_on_disposable_income,_saving_and_investment
  • unicef.org [Internet]. United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund. Child poverty. [Cited: 2020 May 16]. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/social-policy/child-poverty
  • Slack KS, Holl JL, Mcdaniel M, Yoo J, Bolger K. Understanding the risks of child neglect: An exploration of poverty and parenting characteristics. Child Maltreat. 2004;9(4):395-408.
  • Rajmil L, Fernandez de Sanmamed MJ, Choonara I, Faresjö T, Hjern A, Kozyrskyj AL, et al. Impact of the 2008 economic and financial crisis on child health: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014;11(6):6528-46.
  • imf.org [Internet]. International Monetary Fund. World economic outlook, April 2020: The great lockdown Available from: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/ WEO/Issues/2020/04/14/weo-april-2020.
  • Begum A, Sangeetha S, Sridevi G. Awareness of stress among children during lockdown-a survey. Int J Pharm Res. 2020;12:2082-92.
  • Bobo E, Lin L, Acquaviva E, Caci H, Franc N, Gamon L, et al. How do children and adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) experience lockdown during the COVID-19 outbreak? Encephale. 2020;46(3S):S85-S92.
  • United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund. Global overview: Child malnutrition regional trends. UNICEF; 2019.
  • un.org [Internet]. United Nations. Policy brief: The impact of COVID-19 on children, April 2020. Available from: https://unsdg.un.org/resources/policy-brief-impact-covid-19-children
  • Kang KT, Jain N. Health care providers must be alert for violence against children during the pandemic. CMAJ. 2020;192(28):E814.
  • tuik.gov.tr [Internet]. Turkish Statistical Institute. Çocuk İstatistikleri. [Cited: 2021 Feb 14]. Available from: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p= Istatistiklerle-Cocuk-2019-33733
  • ilo.org [Internet]. International Labour Organization ILO. COVID-19 impact on child labour and forced labour: The response of the IPEC+Flagship programme, 2020. Available from: https://www.ilo.org/global/ about-the-ilo/how-the-ilo-works/flagships/ipec-plus/WCMS_745287/lang--en/index.htm
  • Gül T, Öztürk M. A conceptual study for the reasons of child work. Journal of Süleyman Demirel University Institute of Social Sciences. 2020;37:130-48.
  • Çetin İ. Poverty and poverty indicators: A comparison of Turkey and OECD countries. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University Journal of the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences. 2020;22(2):510-32.
  • Durgun Ö. Gelişmiş ülkelerde çocuk yoksulluğu-Teorik ve güncel bir bakış. Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık; 2019.
  • Erkul E. Sosyal demokrat refah devletlerinde çocuklara yönelik sosyal koruma istatistiklerinin incelenmesi. Çocuk ve Medeniyet. 2020;5(9):137-57.
  • unicef.org [Internet]. United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund. Averting a lost COVID generation, a six-point plan to respond, recover and reimagine a post-pandemic world for every child, 2020. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/reports/averting-lost-generation-covid19-world-childrens-day-2020-brief
  • Örün H, Topal E. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü, 25. coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) güncellemesi, hassas grupları koruma. Sağlık ve Toplum. 2020;30(Özel Sayı):186-8.
  • Vaughan E, Tinker T. Effective health risk communication about pandemic influenza for vulnerable populations. Am J Public Health. 2009;99(Suppl 2):S324-32.
  • who.org [Internet]. World Health Organization. WHO announces COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic, 2020 Mar 12. Available from: https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-emergencies/coronavirus-covid-19/news/news/2020/3/who-announces-covid-19-outbreak-a-pandemic
  • saglik.gov.tr [Internet]. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health. COVID-19 information page. 2020 Mar 12. Available from: https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/
  • Budak F, Korkmaz Ş. An overall evaluation for the COVID-19 pandemic process: The case of Turkey. Journal of Social Research and Management. 2020;1(1):62-79.
  • Akoğlu G, Karaaslan BT. Possible psychosocial effects of the COVID-19 and isolation process on children. Izmir Katip Celebi University Faculty of Health Sciences Journal. 2020;5(2):99-103.
  • Rapoport E, Reisert H, Schoeman E, Adesman A. Reporting of child maltreatment during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in New York City from March to May 2020. Child Abuse Negl. 2020;[Epub ahead of print]. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104719
  • Baron EJ, Goldstein EG, Wallace CT. Suffering in silence: How COVID-19 school closures inhibit the reporting of child maltreatment. J Public Econ. 2020;190:104258.
  • Moncher FJ. Social isolation and child-abuse risk. Families in Society. 1995;76(7):421-33.
Toplam 49 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Klinik Tıp Bilimleri
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Özlem Durgun 0000-0003-1404-0225

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Mart 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Ocak 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 23 Sayı: Special Issue

Kaynak Göster

APA Durgun, Ö. (2021). A Study in the Children’s Health-Oriented Health Policies After COVID-19 Pandemic Period in Turkey. Duzce Medical Journal, 23(Special Issue), 94-105. https://doi.org/10.18678/dtfd.861559
AMA Durgun Ö. A Study in the Children’s Health-Oriented Health Policies After COVID-19 Pandemic Period in Turkey. Duzce Med J. Mart 2021;23(Special Issue):94-105. doi:10.18678/dtfd.861559
Chicago Durgun, Özlem. “A Study in the Children’s Health-Oriented Health Policies After COVID-19 Pandemic Period in Turkey”. Duzce Medical Journal 23, sy. Special Issue (Mart 2021): 94-105. https://doi.org/10.18678/dtfd.861559.
EndNote Durgun Ö (01 Mart 2021) A Study in the Children’s Health-Oriented Health Policies After COVID-19 Pandemic Period in Turkey. Duzce Medical Journal 23 Special Issue 94–105.
IEEE Ö. Durgun, “A Study in the Children’s Health-Oriented Health Policies After COVID-19 Pandemic Period in Turkey”, Duzce Med J, c. 23, sy. Special Issue, ss. 94–105, 2021, doi: 10.18678/dtfd.861559.
ISNAD Durgun, Özlem. “A Study in the Children’s Health-Oriented Health Policies After COVID-19 Pandemic Period in Turkey”. Duzce Medical Journal 23/Special Issue (Mart 2021), 94-105. https://doi.org/10.18678/dtfd.861559.
JAMA Durgun Ö. A Study in the Children’s Health-Oriented Health Policies After COVID-19 Pandemic Period in Turkey. Duzce Med J. 2021;23:94–105.
MLA Durgun, Özlem. “A Study in the Children’s Health-Oriented Health Policies After COVID-19 Pandemic Period in Turkey”. Duzce Medical Journal, c. 23, sy. Special Issue, 2021, ss. 94-105, doi:10.18678/dtfd.861559.
Vancouver Durgun Ö. A Study in the Children’s Health-Oriented Health Policies After COVID-19 Pandemic Period in Turkey. Duzce Med J. 2021;23(Special Issue):94-105.

Cited By

A worldwide review of the impact of COVID-19 disruptions on learner development and resilience
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