Review
The immune-neuroendocrine system in COVID-19, advanced age and rheumatic diseases

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102946Get rights and content

Abstract

  • The immune-neuroendocrine system is essential to maintain homeostasis specially during stress situations. COVID-19 infection, produce stress, and activates the immune–neuroendocrine system. During the COVID-19 pandemic, multiple studies indicate that the most vulnerable populations are older adults and patients with comorbidities including autoimmune rheumatic diseases. These patients suffer from extremely important situation that favors the inflammatory hyper response due to an inadequate reaction of the immune-neuroendocrine system. This review aims to analyze the findings of the effect of COVID-19 on the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal, hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal, hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid, hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axes, and central nervous system, as well as the response to this viral infection in older adults and patients with rheumatic diseases and perspectives about this subject.

Keywords

COVID-19
Immune-neuroendocrine system
Older people
Autoimmune rheumatic diseases

Cited by (0)

View Abstract