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Abstract

Swine influenza is an acute respiratory disease of swine caused by swine influenza A virus (SwIAV). The ability of SwIAV to spread bidirectionally from animals to humans (zoonotic), and from humans to animals (reverse zoonotic), drives coinfection that can result in gene segment exchange and elevates the risk of generating viruses with pandemic potential. Compared to human-origin influenza A viruses, current data indicate a greater diversity amongst circulating SwIAVs, with three major subtypes (classified by haemagglutinin and neuraminidase) circulating globally in swine (H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2). The lack of protection afforded by human seasonal influenza vaccines against SwIAVs exacerbates the risk associated with reassortment of human, swine and potentially avian viruses. As such, global monitoring of SwIAVs is important for both human and animal health as they represent a true ‘One Health’ challenge with pandemic potential.

Funding
This study was supported by the:
  • Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (Award 75N93021C00015)
    • Principle Award Recipient: NicolaS Lewis
  • Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, UK Government (Award SV3041)
    • Principle Award Recipient: RowenaDE Hansen
  • Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, UK Government (Award SE2217)
    • Principle Award Recipient: HelenE Everett
  • Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, UK Government (Award SE2213)
    • Principle Award Recipient: AshleyCharles Banyard
  • This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. This article was made open access via a Publish and Read agreement between the Microbiology Society and the corresponding author’s institution.
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/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.001623
2023-01-20
2024-03-29
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