COVID-19 Vaccinations and the Right to Health in Indonesia
Social Justice Analysis
Abstract
While the COVID-19 pandemic is far from the end, vaccinations have become an inevitable alternative in combating this pandemic. According to the WHO, COVID-19 vaccines are considered public goods. Consequently, they should be distributed equally to the citizens as the fulfillment of the right to health. This study aimed to analyze how COVID-19 vaccinations in Indonesia have been practiced. Also, it examined the government’s responsibility to ensure that COVID-19 vaccines are distributed equally in reflecting distributive justice by enquiring to what extent the government’s policy on independent vaccination relates to the fulfillment of human rights. This study used a legal research method based on a literature review. This study showed that some aspects of the vaccination are under distributive justice and welfare state. However, the Gotong Royong vaccination policy does not refer to distributive justice and the welfare state, resulting in injustice, discrimination, and economic inequality because it only provides certain privileged citizens access to vaccines. Therefore, the government needs to reconsider the Gotong Royong vaccination, focusing on accelerating the vaccination system for vulnerable individuals and groups.
KEYWORDS: COVID-19, Right to Health, Social Justice, Vulnerable Groups.
References
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Suharto, Edi, “Peta Dan Dinamika Welfare State Di Beberapa Negara : Pelajaran Apa yang Bisa Dipetik untuk Membangun Indonesia?” (2006) 1–15.
Sukmana, Oman, “Konsep dan Desain Negara Kesejahteraan (WelfareState)” (2016) 2:1 Jurnal Sospol 103–122.
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———, “Coronavirus (COVID-19) Vaccinations”, (2021), online:.
Waitzberg, Ruth & Bruce Rosen, “International Health Care System Profiles: Israel”, (2020), online: The Commonwealth Fund.
Waseso, Ratih, “Jubir Vaksinasi Covid-19 sebut vaksinasi gotong royong tak
dapat subsidi”, (2021), online: Kontan.co.id
Alfitri, A, “Ideologi Welfare State Dalam Dasar Negara Indonesia: Analisis Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Terkait Sistem Jaminan Sosial Nasional” (2012) 9:3 Jurnal Konstitusi 449–472.
Andersen, Jørgen Goul, Welfare States and Welfare State Theory (Aalborg: Centre for Comparative Welfare Studies, Department of Political Science, Aalborg University, 2012).
Angelucci, Manuela & Vincenzo Di Maro, “Program Evaluation and Spillover Effects: Impact-Evaluation Guidelines” (2010) May Inter-American Development Bank: Technical Notes 1–38.
AB Naafs, Michael, “Herd Immunity: A Realistic Target?” (2018) 9:2 Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research 1–5.
BBC News, "Covid: Vaccines running out in poorer nations, WHO says,"online:
Britton, Tom, Frank Ball & Pieter Trapman, “A mathematical model reveals the influence of population heterogeneity on herd immunity to SARS-CoV-2” (2020) 369:6505 Science 846–849.
Bloomberg, "The Who, What, When Of Vaccination In India: BQ Explains," (2021), online:
Christiani, Theresia Anita, “Normative and Empirical Research Methods:Their Usefulness and Relevance in the Study of Law as an Object” (2015) 219:1 Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 201–207.
Cowin, “CoWin, online
Czochor, Jennifer & Audrey Turchick, “Focus: Vaccine Introduction” (2014) 87:4 Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 401–402.
Djalante, Riyanti, et al., "Review and analysis of current responses to COVID-19 in Indonesia: Period of January to March 2020" (2020) 6:4 Progress in Disaster Science 1–9.
Fine, Paul, Ken Eames & David L Heymann, “Herd immunity: A rough guide” (2011) 52:7 Clinical Infectious Diseases 911–916.
Gal, John, “Immigration and the categorical welfare state in Israel” (2008) 82:4 Social Service Review 639–661.
Gal, John & Shavit Madhala, John Gal and Shavit Madhala, Israel’s Social Welfare System: An Overview (Jerusalem: Taub Center, 2018).
Inamdar, Nikhil & Aparna Alluri, “How India's vaccine drive went horribly wrong," (2021), online: BBC News
Isriawaty, Fheriyal Sri, “Tanggung Jawab Negara Dalam Pemenuhan Hak Atas Kesehatan Masyarakat Berdasarkan Undang Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia” (2015) 3:2 Jurnal Ilmu Hukum LegalOpinion 1–10.
Keren-Paz, Tsachi, Torts, Egalitarianism and Distributive Justice (London: Routledge, 2007).
Komite Penanganan COVID-19 dan Pemulihan Ekonomi Nasional, “Data Vaksinasi COVID-19 (Update 4 Maret 2021)”, (2021), online:
Kuhnle, Stein & Sven Hort, “The Developmental Welfare State in Scandinavia Lessons for the Developing World” (2004) 17 Social Policy and Development.
Lewin-Epstein, Noah, Amit Kaplan & Asaf Levanon, “Distributive Justice and Attitudes Towards the Welfare State” (2003) 16:1 Social Justice Research 1–44.
Masnun, Muh Ali, Eny Sulistyowati & Irfa Ronaboyd, “Pelindungan Hukum Atas Vaksin Covid-19 Dan Tanggung Jawab Negara Pemenuhan Vaksin Dalam Mewujudukan Negara Kesejahteraan” (2021) 17:1 DiH: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 35–47.
Muhammad Insa Ansari, “Penugasan Pemerintah pada Badan Usaha Milik Negara Sektor Ketenagalistrikan Dalam Perspektif Hukum Korporasi” (2018) 4:3 PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) 551–568.
Nagarajan, Rema & Shankar Raghuraman, “Covid-19: Very little of 25% vaccination quota for private hospitals flowing to rural India”, (2021), online: The Times of India
Puspita, Ratna, “Kemenkes: Kondisi Geografis Tantangan Distribusi Vaksin”, (2021), online: Republika.co.id
Rawls, John, A Theory of Justice (Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1971).
Razzolini, Laura, “Public Goods” (2003) The Encyclopedia of Public Choice 782–784.
Rosen, Bruce, Ruth Waitzberg & Avi Israeli, “Israel’s rapid rollout of vaccinations for COVID-19” (2021) 10:1 Israel Journal of Health Policy Research 1–14.
Sanche, Steven, et al., "High Contagiousness and Rapid Spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2” (2020) 26:7 Emerging Infectious Diseases 1470–1477.
Sari, Haryanti Puspa, “UPDATE: Tambah 21.807 Orang, Kasus Covid-19 Indonesia Capai 2.178.272”, (2021), online: Kompas.com
Schaffer Deroo, Sarah, Natalie J Pudalov & Linda Y Fu, “Planning for a COVID-19 Vaccination Program” (2020) 323:24 JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association 2458–2459.
Schmidt, Harald, “Vaccine Rationing and the Urgency of Social Justice in the Covid-19 Response” (2020) 50:3 Hastings Center Report 46–49.
Sheikh, Abu Baker, et al., "COVID-19 vaccination in developing nations: Challenges and opportunities for innovation” (2021) 13:2 Infectious Disease Reports 429–436.
Strangio, Sebastian, “Jokowi Receives First Shot as Indonesia Begins CoronaVac Roll-out”, (2021), online: The Diplomat
Suhardin, Yohanes, “Peranan Negara dan Hukum Dalam Memberantas Kemiskinan Dengan Mewujudkan Kesejahteraan Umum” (2012) 42:3 Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan 302–317.
Suharto, Edi, “Peta Dan Dinamika Welfare State Di Beberapa Negara : Pelajaran Apa yang Bisa Dipetik untuk Membangun Indonesia?” (2006) 1–15.
Sukmana, Oman, “Konsep dan Desain Negara Kesejahteraan (WelfareState)” (2016) 2:1 Jurnal Sospol 103–122.
Yudi Latif, Negara Paripurna: Historisitas, Rasionalitas, dan Aktualitas Pancasila (Jakarta: Gramedia, 2005).
Yunus, Muhammad, Cam Donaldson & Jean Luc Perron, “COVID-19 Vaccines A Global Common Good” (2020) 1:1 The Lancet Healthy Longevity 6–8.
———, “Coronavirus (COVID-19) Vaccinations”, (2021), online:
Waitzberg, Ruth & Bruce Rosen, “International Health Care System Profiles: Israel”, (2020), online: The Commonwealth Fund
Waseso, Ratih, “Jubir Vaksinasi Covid-19 sebut vaksinasi gotong royong tak
dapat subsidi”, (2021), online: Kontan.co.id
Published
2021-07-28
How to Cite
AZIZ, Muhammad Rafliansah; TAVARES, Muhammad Alfitras; AZHIMA, Chalisa Jasmine.
COVID-19 Vaccinations and the Right to Health in Indonesia.
Lentera Hukum, [S.l.], v. 8, n. 2, p. 211-240, july 2021.
ISSN 2621-3710.
Available at: <https://jurnal.unej.ac.id/index.php/ejlh/article/view/23515>. Date accessed: 19 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.19184/ejlh.v8i2.23515.
Section
Articles
