Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Coronaviruses

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 2666-7967
ISSN (Online): 2666-7975

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Mini-Review Article

Nutritional Intervention for the Treatment and Prevention Against Novel Coronavirus-19

Author(s): Abdul Wahab and Fahad Hassan Shah*

Volume 2, Issue 2, 2021

Published on: 06 October, 2020

Page: [209 - 214] Pages: 6

DOI: 10.2174/2666796701999201006194042

Abstract

Introduction: The ongoing pandemic of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS COV-2) has jeopardized people’s health and the global economy. The infection caused by these viruses inflicts immunosuppression and an unprecedented range of symptoms leading to mortality. At this stage, there are no countermeasures or medicines to overcome rapid disease proliferation and aberrant immunological response.

Objectives: The study aims to determine different immunomodulatory therapeutics that could be potential agents to alleviate viral and other lethal infections and possibly rejuvenate immunological and tissue repair response against this disease.

Methods: A review of the literature was performed by screening different scientific databases to procure various immunomodulatory therapies for the treatment of SAR COV-2.

Results: A comprehensive literature review indicated that different foods rich in vitamins (A-D), selenium and iron can enhance immunological response against various deleterious infections, whereas different nutritious drinks that include hydrogen-enriched water and green tea alleviate inflammation and elicit wound healing properties. Black cumin seeds and Garlic have a myriad of biological activities due to abundant bioactive phytochemicals that play an important role in the elimination of various bacterial and viral infections.

Conclusion: These foods/supplements are relatively safe to consume and possess high toxicity profile and could be a potential nutritional intervention in order to create adequate immunity within a population to fight against this prevailing infection.

Keywords: Novel coronavirus 19, immunity, nutrition, treatment, prevention, therapeutics, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2

[1]
Perlman S. Another decade, another coronavirus. Mass Medical Soc 2020; 382: 760-2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMe2001126]
[2]
Jordan RE, Adab P. Who is most likely to be infected with SARSCoV-2? Lancet Infect Dis 2020; S1473-3099(20): 30395-9..
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30395-9] [PMID: 32422197]
[3]
Morey JN, Boggero IA, Scott AB, Segerstrom SC. Current directions in stress and human immune function. Curr Opin Psychol 2015; 5: 13-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.03.007] [PMID: 26086030]
[4]
Wang Z, Yang B, Li Q, et al. Clinical features of 69 cases with Coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 71(15): 769-77.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa272]
[5]
Eliezer M, Hautefort C, Hamel A-L, et al. Sudden and complete olfactory loss function as a possible symptom of COVID-19. JAMA Otolaryngol Neck Surg 2020; 146(7): 674-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamaoto.2020.0832]
[6]
Rothan HA, Byrareddy SN. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. J Autoimmun 2020; 109102433
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102433] [PMID: 32113704]
[7]
Zaim S, Chong JH, Sankaranarayanan V, Harky A. COVID-19 and multi-organ response. Curr Probl Cardiol 2020; 45(8)100618
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2020.100618] [PMID: 32439197]
[8]
Liu Y, Yan L-M, Wan L, et al. Viral dynamics in mild and severe cases of COVID-19. Lancet Infect Dis 2020; 20(6): 656-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30232-2]
[9]
Bennadi D. Self-medication: a current challenge. J Basic Clin Pharm 2013; 5(1): 19-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0976-0105.128253] [PMID: 24808684]
[10]
Shimizu K. 2019-nCoV, fake news, and racism. Lancet 2020; 395(10225): 685-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30357-3] [PMID: 32059801]
[11]
Tasnim S, Hossain MM, Mazumder H. Impact of rumors or misinformation on coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in social media. J Prev Med Public Health 2020; 53(3): 171-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.20.094.]
[12]
Mizuno K, Sasaki AT, Ebisu K, et al. Hydrogen-rich water for improvements of mood, anxiety, and autonomic nerve function in daily life. Med Gas Res 2018; 7(4): 247-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2045-9912.222448] [PMID: 29497485]
[13]
Ohta S. Molecular hydrogen as a preventive and therapeutic medical gas: initiation, development and potential of hydrogen medicine. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 144(1): 1-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.04.006] [PMID: 24769081]
[14]
LeBaron TW, McCullough ML, Ruppman KH Sr. A novel functional beverage for COVID-19 and other conditions: hypothesis and preliminary data, increased blood flow, and wound healing. J Transl Sci 2020; 6: 1-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15761/JTS.1000380]
[15]
Ishibashi T. Molecular hydrogen: new antioxidant and anti-inflammatory therapy for rheumatoid arthritis and related diseases. Curr Pharm Des 2013; 19(35): 6375-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/13816128113199990507] [PMID: 23859555]
[16]
Ge L, Yang M, Yang N-N, Yin XX, Song WG. Molecular hydrogen: a preventive and therapeutic medical gas for various diseases. Oncotarget 2017; 8(60): 102653-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.21130] [PMID: 29254278]
[17]
Tanumihardjo SA, Russell RM, Stephensen CB, et al. Biomarkers of Nutrition for Development (BOND)-Vitamin A review. J Nutr 2016; 146(9): 1816S-48S.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/jn.115.229708] [PMID: 27511929]
[18]
Chua W-J, Hansen TH. Immunology: vitamins prime immunity. Nature 2012; 491(7426): 680-1.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/491680a] [PMID: 23192143]
[19]
Kheirouri S, Alizadeh M. Decreased serum and mucosa immunoglobulin A levels in vitamin Aand zinc-deficient mice. Cent Eur J Immunol 2014; 39(2): 165-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/ceji.2014.43716] [PMID: 26155118]
[20]
Akhtar S, Ahmed A, Randhawa MA, et al. Prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in South Asia: causes, outcomes, and possible remedies. J Health Popul Nutr 2013; 31(4): 413-23.
[PMID: 24592582]
[21]
Mora JR, Iwata M, von Andrian UH. Vitamin effects on the immune system: vitamins A and D take centre stage. Nat Rev Immunol 2008; 8(9): 685-98.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2378] [PMID: 19172691]
[22]
Kaur A. Biological functions of Vitamin B complex and effects on human health in both excess and deficiency levels. PharmaTutor 2015; 3(11): 40-7.
[23]
Gombart AF, Pierre A, Maggini S. A review of micronutrients and the immune system-working in harmony to reduce the risk of infection. Nutrients 2020; 12(1)E236
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12010236] [PMID: 31963293]
[24]
Kennedy DOB. Vitamins and the brain: mechanisms, dose and efficacy--a review. Nutrients 2016; 8(2): 68.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu8020068] [PMID: 26828517]
[25]
Keil SD, Bowen R, Marschner S. Inactivation of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in plasma products using a riboflavin-based and ultraviolet light-based photochemical treatment. Transfusion 2016; 56(12): 2948-52.
[26]
Jones HD, Yoo J, Crother TR, et al. Nicotinamide exacerbates hypoxemia in ventilator-induced lung injury independent of neutrophil infiltration. PLoS One 2015; 10(4)e0123460
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0123460]
[27]
Pawlowska E, Szczepanska J, Blasiak J. Pro- and antioxidant effects of Vitamin C in cancer in correspondence to its dietary and pharmacological concentrations. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2019; 20197286737
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7286737] [PMID: 31934267]
[28]
Figueroa-Méndez R, Rivas-Arancibia S. Vitamin C in health and disease: its role in the metabolism of cells and redox state in the brain. Front Physiol 2015; 6: 397.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2015.00397] [PMID: 26779027]
[29]
Sram RJ, Binkova B, Rossner P Jr. Vitamin C for DNA damage prevention. Mutat Res 2012; 733(1-2): 39-49.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2011.12.001] [PMID: 22178550]
[30]
Moores J. Vitamin C: a wound healing perspective. Br J Community Nurs 2013; 18(12): 6-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjcn.2013.18.Sup12.S6]]
[31]
Carr AC, Maggini S. Vitamin C and immune function. Nutrients 2017; 9(11): 1211.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu9111211] [PMID: 29099763]
[32]
Driel ML. Van , Beller EM, Thielemans E, et al Oral vitamin C supplements to prevent and treat acute upper respiratory tract infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019; 2019(3)CD013292
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013292]
[33]
Padayatty SJ, Levine M. Vitamin C: the known and the unknown and Goldilocks. Oral Dis 2016; 22(6): 463-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/odi.12446] [PMID: 26808119]
[34]
Carr AC. A new clinical trial to test high-dose vitamin C in patients with COVID-19. Crit Care 2020; 24(1): 133.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-02851-4] [PMID: 32264963]
[35]
Christakos S, Hewison M, Gardner DG, et al. Vitamin D: beyond bone. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1287(1): 45-58.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12129] [PMID: 23682710]
[36]
Aranow C. Vitamin D and the immune system. J Investig Med 2011; 59(6): 881-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/JIM.0b013e31821b8755] [PMID: 21527855]
[37]
Chirumbolo S, Bjørklund G, Sboarina A, Vella A. The role of vitamin D in the immune system as a pro-survival molecule. Clin Ther 2017; 39(5): 894-916.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2017.03.021] [PMID: 28438353]
[38]
Haussler MR, Whitfield GK, Kaneko I, et al. Molecular mechanisms of vitamin D action. Calcif Tissue Int 2013; 92(2): 77-98.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00223-012-9619-0] [PMID: 22782502]
[39]
Gunville CF, Mourani PM, Ginde AA. The role of vitamin D in prevention and treatment of infection. Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets 2013; 12(4): 239-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/18715281113129990046] [PMID: 23782205]
[40]
Grant BW, Lahore H, McDonnell LS, et al. Evidence that Vitamin D supplementation could reduce risk of influenza and COVID-19 infections and deaths. Nutrients 2020; 12(4): 988.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12040988]
[41]
Laird E, Rhodes J, Kenny RA. Vitamin D and inflammation: potential implications for severity of COVID-19. Ir Med J 2020; 113(5): 81-9.
[PMID: 32603576]
[42]
D’Avolio A, Avataneo V, Manca A, et al. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are lower in patients with positive PCR for SARS-CoV-2. Nutrients 2020; 12(5)E1359
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12051359] [PMID: 32397511]
[43]
Fairweather-Tait SJ, Bao Y, Broadley MR, et al. Selenium in human health and disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 14(7): 1337-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ars.2010.3275] [PMID: 20812787]
[44]
Rayman MP. Selenium and human health. Lancet 2012; 379(9822): 1256-68.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61452-9] [PMID: 22381456]
[45]
Roman M, Jitaru P, Barbante C. Selenium biochemistry and its role for human health. Metallomics 2014; 6(1): 25-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C3MT00185G] [PMID: 24185753]
[46]
Beck MA, Shi Q, Morris VC, Levander OA. Rapid genomic evolution of a non-virulent coxsackievirus B3 in selenium-deficient mice results in selection of identical virulent isolates. Nat Med 1995; 1(5): 433-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0595-433] [PMID: 7585090]
[47]
Beck MA, Nelson HK, Shi Q, et al. Selenium deficiency increases the pathology of an influenza virus infection. FASEB J 2001; 15(8): 1481-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fj.00-0721fje] [PMID: 11387264]
[48]
Huang Z, Rose AH, Hoffmann PR. The role of selenium in inflammation and immunity: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 16(7): 705-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ars.2011.4145] [PMID: 21955027]
[49]
Jayawardena R, Sooriyaarachchi P, Chourdakis M, et al. Enhancing immunity in viral infections, with special emphasis on COVID-19: a review. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2020; 14(4): 367-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.015]
[50]
Cherayil BJ. Iron and immunity: immunological consequences of iron deficiency and overload. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2010; 58(6): 407-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00005-010-0095-9] [PMID: 20878249]
[51]
Nairz M, Haschka D, Demetz E, Weiss G. Iron at the interface of immunity and infection. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5: 152.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2014.00152] [PMID: 25076907]
[52]
Constantinescu-Aruxandei D, Frîncu RM, Capră L, Oancea F. Selenium analysis and speciation in dietary supplements based on next-generation selenium ingredients. Nutrients 2018; 10(10): 1466.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10101466] [PMID: 30304813]
[53]
Jayaweera JAAS, Reyes M, Joseph A. Childhood iron deficiency anemia leads to recurrent respiratory tract infections and gastroenteritis. Sci Rep 2019; 9(1): 12637.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-49122-z] [PMID: 31477792]
[54]
Mikaili P, Maadirad S, Moloudizargari M, Aghajanshakeri S, Sarahroodi S. Therapeutic uses and pharmacological properties of garlic, shallot, and their biologically active compounds. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2013; 16(10): 1031-48.
[PMID: 24379960]
[55]
Zhang Y, Liu X, Ruan J, Zhuang X, Zhang X, Li Z. Phytochemicals of garlic: promising candidates for cancer therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 123109730
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109730] [PMID: 31877551]
[56]
Arreola R, Quintero-Fabián S, López-Roa RI, et al. Immunomodulation and anti-inflammatory effects of garlic compounds. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015401630
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/401630] [PMID: 25961060]
[57]
Koch HP, Lawson LD. Garlic: the science and therapeutic application of Allium sativum L and related species. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 1996.
[58]
Alhashim M, Lombardo J. Mechanism of action of topical garlic on wound healing. Dermatol Surg 2018; 44(5): 630-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/DSS.0000000000001382] [PMID: 29077629]
[59]
Bayan L, Koulivand PH, Gorji A. Garlic: a review of potential therapeutic effects. Avicenna J Phytomed 2014; 4(1): 1-14.
[PMID: 25050296]
[60]
Avula A, Nalleballe K, Narula N, et al. COVID-19 presenting as stroke. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 87: 115-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.077] [PMID: 32360439]
[61]
Clerkin KJ, Fried JA, Raikhelkar J, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2020; 141(20): 1648-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.046941]
[62]
Reygaert WC. Green tea catechins: their use in treating and preventing infectious diseases. BioMed Res Int 2018; 20189105261
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9105261] [PMID: 30105263]
[63]
Suzuki T, Miyoshi N, Hayakawa S, et al. Health benefits of tea consumption.In: Beverage impacts on health and nutrition. Springer 2016; pp. 49-67.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23672-8_4]
[64]
Xu J, Xu Z, Zheng W. A review of the antiviral role of green tea catechins. Molecules 2017; 22(8)E1337
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules22081337] [PMID: 28805687]
[65]
Mak JCW. Potential role of green tea catechins in various disease therapies: progress and promise. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2012; 39(3): 265-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1681.2012.05673.x] [PMID: 22229384]
[66]
Srinivasan K. Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) and black cumin (Nigella sativa) seeds: traditional uses, chemical constituents, and nutraceutical effects. Food Qual Saf 2018; 2(1): 1-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fqsafe/fyx031]
[67]
Ahmad A, Husain A, Mujeeb M, et al. A review on therapeutic potential of Nigella sativa: a miracle herb. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2013; 3(5): 337-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60075-1] [PMID: 23646296]
[68]
Yimer EM, Tuem KB, Karim A, et al. Nigella sativa L (Black Cumin): a promising natural remedy for wide range of illnesses. Evid Based Complem Altern Med 2019; 20191528635
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1528635]
[69]
Forouzanfar F, Bazzaz BSF, Hosseinzadeh H. Black cumin (Nigella sativa) and its constituent (thymoquinone): a review on antimicrobial effects. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2014; 17(12): 929-38.
[PMID: 25859296]
[70]
Salman S, Shah FH, Idrees J, et al. Virtual screening of immunomodulatory medicinal compounds as promising anti-SARS-COV-2 inhibitors. Future Virol 2020; 15(5): 1.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fvl-2020-0079]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
14
1
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy