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Open Access

Peer-reviewed

Research Article

Inventory study of an early pandemic COVID-19 cohort in South-Eastern Sweden, focusing on neurological manifestations

  • Doryaneh Ahmadpour,

    Roles Writing – review & editing

    Affiliations Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden, Department of Medical Specialists, Institute of Neurology, Motala Hospital, Motala, Sweden

    ⨯
  • Anna Kristoffersson,

    Roles Data curation, Project administration

    Affiliation Department of Medical Specialists, Institute of Neurology, Motala Hospital, Motala, Sweden

    ⨯
  • Mats Fredrikson,

    Roles Validation

    Affiliation Forum Östergötland, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden

    ⨯
  • Yumin Huang-Link,

    Roles Writing – review & editing

    Affiliation Department of Neurology, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden

    ⨯
  • Anne Eriksson,

    Roles Project administration

    Affiliation Department of Medical Specialists, Institute of Medicine, Motala Hospital, Motala, Sweden

    ⨯
  • Ellen Iacobaeus,

    Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

    Affiliation Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

    ⨯
  • Anne-Marie Landtblom,

    Roles Writing – review & editing

    Affiliations Department of Neurology, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

    ⨯
  • Sara Haghighi

    Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

    Sara.Haghighi.Mobarhan.Smith@regionostergotland.se

    Affiliations Department of Medical Specialists, Institute of Neurology, Motala Hospital, Motala, Sweden, Department of Neurology, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden

    ⨯

Abstract

Background

Neurological manifestations in patients with COVID-19 have been reported previously as outcomes of the infection.

The purpose of current study was to investigate the occurrence of neurological signs and symptoms in COVID-19 patients, in the county of Östergötland in southeastern Sweden.

Methods

This is a retrospective, observational cohort study. Data were collected between March 2020 and June 2020. Information was extracted from medical records by a trained research assistant and physician and all data were validated by a senior neurologist.

Results

Seventy-four percent of patients developed at least one neurological symptom during the acute phase of the infection. Headache (43%) was the most common neurological symptom, followed by anosmia and/or ageusia (33%), confusion (28%), hallucinations (17%), dizziness (16%), sleep disorders in terms of insomnia and OSAS (Obstructive Sleep Apnea) (9%), myopathy and neuropathy (8%) and numbness and tingling (5%). Patients treated in the ICU had a higher male presentation (73%). Several risk factors in terms of co-morbidities, were identified. Hypertension (54.5%), depression and anxiety (51%), sleep disorders in terms of insomnia and OSAS (30%), cardiovascular morbidity (28%), autoimmune diseases (25%), chronic lung diseases (24%) and diabetes mellitus type 2 (23%) founded as possible risk factors.

Conclusion

Neurological symptoms were found in the vast majority (74%) of the patients. Accordingly, attention to neurological, mental and sleep disturbances is warranted with involvement of neurological expertise, in order to avoid further complications and long-term neurological effect of COVID-19. Furthermore, risk factors for more severe COVID-19, in terms of possible co-morbidities that identified in this study should get appropriate attention to optimizing treatment strategies in COVID-19 patients.

Citation: Ahmadpour D, Kristoffersson A, Fredrikson M, Huang-Link Y, Eriksson A, Iacobaeus E, et al. (2023) Inventory study of an early pandemic COVID-19 cohort in South-Eastern Sweden, focusing on neurological manifestations. PLoS ONE 18(1): e0280376. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280376

Editor: Marta A. Kisiel, Uppsala Universitet, SWEDEN

Received: October 20, 2022; Accepted: December 27, 2022; Published: January 13, 2023

Copyright: © 2023 Ahmadpour et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Data Availability: It is not possible to share a minimal data set for ethical and legal reasons. In accord with the Swedish legislation on research ethics, the study participants were guaranteed that the data only would be available to, and managed by the researchers. This condition was approved by the Swedish Research Ethics Authority. Consequently, researchers who meet the criteria to access confidential information, and who have acquired ethical approval to do so, may request the data by contacting the registrar (registrator@regionostergotland.se).

Funding: The author(s) received no specific funding for this work.

Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Introduction

Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses causing disease in many species including humans. The first identified severe disease in humans caused by coronaviruses was Severe Acute Respiratory syndrome (SARS) emerging in 2002 with a 9.5% mortality rate, followed by Middle East Respiratory Syndrome [1–3] emerging in 2012 with a 34.4% mortality rate [4, 5]. The latest severe disease caused by coronaviruses reported first in Wuhan, China in December 2019 caused severe acute respiratory disease COVID-19 [6]. The most common symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection are fever, cough, fatigue, shortness of breath, and muscle soreness [7]. Rhinorrhea, chest tightness, sore throat, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, ageusia, and anosmia have also commonly been reported among infected persons [8]. While some patients only experience a mild fever, mild fatigue, or even no symptoms [9, 10], severe illness with acute respiratory distress syndrome, respiratory failure, multiple organ failure and death has occurred in other patients [11].

Previous studies addressed the association of obesity and age with COVID-19 severity and poor prognosis [12, 13]. Underlying comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, and renal disease are also associated with detrimental outcomes [14, 15]. In addition, neurological manifestations related to COVID-19 have been reported. Fatigue, myalgia, anosmia, ageusia and headache are common neurologic symptoms observed in COVID-19 patients. Dizziness, acute confusion/delirium, agitation, stroke, hypoxic ischemic injury, seizures, coma, and encephalitis have also been reported [16–19].

Here we present a retrospective, observational cohort on data collected from March -June 2020 at two medical centers in Östergötland County, Sweden including 196 consecutive patients with laboratory confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19.

Materials and methods

Study population

A total of 690 patients were diagnosed with COVID-19 during March 2020 to June 2020 in Östergötland county, including 68 patients at Motala Hospital, and 522 patients from other parts of the county. All adult patients (>18 years) with COVID-19 regardless of if they were treated as outpatients or inpatients with COVID-19 as a primary diagnosis or co-diagnosis, were retrospectively identified through a local diagnosis registry. Patients with negative PCR, deceased patients, presence of protected personal data or a diagnosis of frontal lobe dementia were excluded which resulted in 434 patients eligible for inclusion in the study. We sent a letter to 434 COVID-19 patients (384 patients from Medicine center and 50 patients from Motala Hospital) with information about the aims of study and study procedure and all patients provided informed written consent to have data from their medical records in research. We received 197 consent letters (signed the informed consent) and 196 patients were included in the current study after fulfilling inclusion criteria (Fig 1). All data were fully anonymized and all data handled in according to Data Protection ACT (Personal Data Act, 1998:204).

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Fig 1.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280376.g001

Demographic and clinical data including neurological symptoms of each study patients were extracted from electronic records by a trained research assistant and physician and collected data were checked by a senior neurologist through medical chart review. Neurological symptoms and signs were categorized as attributed to the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, or musculoskeletal system.

Statistics

Mean and standard deviation were calculated for continuous variables (e.g., age) and were summarized using descriptive statistics. Categorical variables were summarized as absolute frequencies and percentages. The software used for statistical analysis was Stata v17.1, StataCorp LLC, College Station, USA.

Ethics statement

The Linköping Medical Ethics Committee gave their approval to the study (Dnr 2020–02591). The study was conducted in agreement with the declaration of Helsinki (64th WMA General Assembly, Fortaleza, Brazil, October 2013).

Results

Baseline demographics

A total number of 196 patients (105 /91 male vs female) with COVID-19 were enrolled during the study. The age of patients ranged from 25 to 92 years, with an average age of 62 years. Eighty-six patients out of 196 were over 65 years old. This population was predominantly Nordic European and the average BMI was 29,5. Ongoing or history of past smoking was reported in 57%, ongoing /past use of oral tobacco (snuff) was detected in 40% and 23% had a history of chronic alcohol overconsumption (Table 1).

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Table 1. Characteristics of the study patients.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280376.t001

The most common pre-existing and concurrent comorbidities found in the medical files were hypertension, depression and anxiety, sleep disorders in terms of insomnia and OSAS, cardio- or cerebrovascular disease, autoimmune diseases (S1 Table), chronic lung diseases mainly in form of Asthma and/or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), diabetes mellitus type 2 and Allergic Rhinitis/Pollen allergy (Table 1).

Clinical COVID-19 related signs, symptoms and outcome

All COVID-19 related clinical manifestations are listed in Table 2.

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Table 2. Overall symptoms under first and/or second medical care seek.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280376.t002

The most common symptom was fever, followed by cough, need of oxygen supply, dyspnea, gastrointestinal symptoms and bacterial or fungal infections. Among 196 patients, 175 (89%) needed hospitalization during the COVID-19 infection with an average medical care period of 16 days and a mean time-period of 18 days in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) (Table 2).

Among ICU patients, 33 (73%) versus 12 (27%) were male respective female with an average age of 62 (S2 Table). 82% of ICU patients were intubated. Cardiovascular disease as comorbidity were seen more often in ICU patients compared to non-ICU patients (p<0.005). Otherwise, all demographic variables, including the frequency and type of co-morbidities, were comparable in the patients admitted to the ICU and the non-ICU patients. The duration of medical care at ICU had not any impact on disease severity.

Neurological manifestations

A total of 145 out of 196 patients (74%) developed at least one neurological symptom during hospitalization for COVID-19 (Table 3).

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Table 3. Neurological manifestations.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280376.t003

The most common neurological symptom was headache followed by anosmia and/or ageusia, confusion, hallucinations, dizziness, and disturbance of sleep in terms of insomnia and OSAS. Twelve patients (8%) experienced myopathy and/or neuropathy (Table 3), including three with clinical and electrophysiological verified critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy among the ICU patients.

The presence of neurological symptoms overall and/or a specific neurological symptom did not correlate with COVID-19 severity with regard to duration of hospital stay and/or need of ICU care. Furthermore, none of the co-morbidities were correlated with occurrence of a specific neurological symptom or presence of neurological symptoms overall.

Discussion

This retrospective study on 196 symptomatic COVID-19 patients, revealed 145 patients (74%) with at least one neurological symptom such as headache, anosmia and/or ageusia. More severe neurological and mental complications such as confusion and hallucination were almost exclusively observed in mid-older patients (average age of 67).

Many other studies have also reported similar neurological symptoms of which the incidence of overall neurological manifestations has varied broadly from 36% [20] to 73% [21]. Another recent study reported a yet higher frequency, of 84% of neurological symptoms in COVID-19 infected individuals compared to the present study [22]. The high prevalence of neurological manifestations associated with COVID-19 is suggested to be either indirect consequence of thrombotic complication, inflammation, hypoxia, dysregulation of blood pressure, or a direct cause of neurotropic properties of the virus itself [23, 24]. However, more research needs to be performed to understand the pathogenic mechanisms behind neurological disorders.

Similar to our study, the most common neurological symptoms previously reported have been headache, anosmia and/or ageusia [25, 26]. In some studies, with severe cases, stroke, seizure, and encephalopathy has also been reported as neurological symptoms [27]. Moreover, although confusion and hallucination has been considered as atypical and unusual presentation of COVID-19 [28], many independent studies have described these symptoms as a recurrent neurologic manifestation of COVID-19 [29, 30]. In our study, 28% of the patients with neurological and mental manifestations showed confusion and 17% of patients experienced hallucination.

It is also acknowledged that certain underlying host factors and medical conditions pose a greater risk for a more severe COVID 19 disease course. Males have been reported to have a higher likelihood for more severe outcome of COVID-19 [31], which is in line with our study, showing that 73% of ICU patients were males (S2 Table). Previous studies have identified overweight and obesity as risk factors for COVID-19 associated hospitalization and death [32, 33], the risk for hospitalization and ICU admission was lowest among healthy BMIs (18.5–24.9 kg/m2) but dramatically increased with overweight (25–29.9 kg/m2) and obesity [33]. Interestingly and in line with previous studies, the mean BMI of the current COVID-19 cohort was 29,5 (Table 1). Several studies [25, 34–36] have reported hypertension as the most common comorbidity among COVID-19 patients and as a lead risk factor for developing severe COVID-19 [37], which has been suggested to be associated with upregulation of ACE2 gene expression, encoding for the receptor used by SARS-CoV-2 [38, 39]. Here, our study also highlighted a broad spectrum of comorbidities in the COVID-19 patients, of which the most common comorbidity was hypertension (54.5%). Interestingly, the second most common comorbidity in the present COVID-19 patients was depression and anxiety (51%, Table 1). This is in line with several other studies highlighting the impact of pre-existing mental disorders and increased probability of developing COVID-19 [40–42].

We also observed a high incidence (30%) of sleep disturbance in terms of insomnia and OSAS among the preceding and concurrent comorbidities in the study cohort, which may indicate that such symptoms are a risk factor to consider (Table 1). The frequency of insomnia in our material is not different from the expected prevalence, but OSAS most certainly exceeds than what is expected. Interestingly, in line with our study, a previous American study covering 5400 COVID-19 infected patients found that people with a pre-existing sleep disorders have more severe outcomes from COVID-19 [43]. However, another study conducted by Goldstein et al, on 572 adult patients hospitalized for COVID-19, reported no significant contribution of sleep disorders to outcomes of the illness [44].

In addition to cardio- and cerebrovascular disease and diabetes mellitus type 2, our data also suggests that autoimmune diseases may have some impact on the risk for COVID-19 (Table 1 and S1 Table). An interesting background in this respect are studies of MS, with differences in the outcome related to the choice of immunomodulating drugs [45, 46]. In our material, however, the presence of autoimmune disease and immunoactive therapy made no difference regarding the outcome of the infection, taken from comparison between severe versus non severe COVID-19 disease (ICU versus non- ICU patients). An impact by autoimmune disease has previously been reported [47], which has been suggested to be associated with glucocorticoid administration.

In addition, a study from the Queen Mary University in London [48] suggested that persons with a prior allergic disease, particularly asthma have a lower risk to develop severe COVID-19, perhaps because the expression of ACE2 is lower in people with allergic asthma and allergic sensitization [39]. However, in our study, asthma, and allergic rhinitis stand up as a comorbidity with relatively high incidences (23% respective 16%) (Table 1). Earlier data has also suggested a higher rate of asthma in patients hospitalized for severe COVID-19 illness [49], although this data as well as our study does not specify whether the asthma is allergic. There are also other studies [50, 51] reporting none significant impact of respiratory allergy on severity of COVID-19.

The current study has several limitations. This is a regional study conducted in a relatively homogeneous cohort. This per se, together with a small number of patients limit our understanding of the true extensiveness of neurological problems associated with COVID-19. Additionally, the study cohort was collected during the very early pandemic when treatment regimen and knowledge of COVID-19 was limited which might have rendered this population particularly vulnerable for a more severe disease course. Despite limitations, our findings are quite well consistent and in line with previous reported neurological manifestations and comorbidities by other groups, and supports the conclusion that neurological manifestations are an important cause of COVID-19, and even suggested to be a primary feature of COVID-19 disease [52] and possibly a risk factor for mortality [53], despite the fact that mechanism behind neurological symptoms are still unknown, which needs to be further elucidated.

Conclusion

Neurological symptoms were found in 74% of the COVID-19 patients. Several risk factors in terms of co-morbidities, i.e., preceding, and concurrent diseases, were identified which gives an interesting background for further studies on the topic in order to optimizing care for COVID 19-patients in the future including identifying risk groups that should get appropriate attention. This study is planned for a long-term follow up, giving further opportunity to determine the impact of such risk factors in the long-term outcome as well as the odds for post COVID syndrome.

Supporting information

S1 Table. S1 Table shows the characteristics of patients with autoimmune disease, the disease and the treatment where applicable.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280376.s001

(DOCX)

S2 Table. S2 Table shows the characteristics of ICU versus non-ICU patients.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280376.s002

(DOCX)

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