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Volume 28, Number 4—April 2022
Research Letter

Amplification Artifact in SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Sequences Carrying P681R Mutation, New York, USA

Author affiliations: NYU Langone Health, New York, New York, USA (A. Heguy, D. Dimartino, C. Marier, P. Zappile, E. Guzman); NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York (A. Heguy, R. Duerr, G. Wang); New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA (J. Plitnick, A. Russell, D.M. Lamson, K. St. George); State University of New York at Albany, Albany (K. St. George)

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Abstract

Of 379 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 samples collected in New York, USA, we detected 86 Omicron variant sequences containing Delta variant mutation P681R. Probable explanations were co-infection with 2 viruses or contamination/amplification artifact. Repeated library preparation with fewer cycles showed the P681R calls were artifactual. Unusual mutations should be interpreted with caution.

The recently emerged Omicron variant of severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (1) is highly transmissible and partially immune evasive (2). Omicron contributes to the recent surges in coronavirus disease (COVID-19) case numbers, even in locations with highly vaccinated populations and vaccination requirements for indoor dining and events, such as New York, New York, USA. During our ongoing SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance using full-genome sequencing with random sample selection from positive cases at NYU Langone Health, a large metropolitan healthcare system, we observed a rapid rise in Omicron and displacement of Delta. We analyzed a subset of 379 Omicron sequences, which we deposited in GISAID (https://www.gisaid.org), all BA.1 sublineage, from cases detected during November 30, 2021–January 5, 2022.

Detailed methods were recently described (3). In brief, we used the xGen SARS-CoV-2 Amp Panel 96rxn (Integrated DNA Technologies [IDT], https://eu.idtdna.com) and 18 or 24 cycles for the multiplex PCR step of library amplification. Of the 379 samples, amplified using 24 cycles regardless of cycle threshold (Ct), we detected 86 with P681R, a key Delta mutation associated with increased transmissibility, fusogenicity, and pathogenicity (4), distinct from the P681H mutation of Omicron. The presence of P681R in Omicron was cause for concern because it could be associated with higher pathogenicity/transmissibility.

Figure

Integrated Genome Viewer (https://software.broadinstitute.org) plots of sequencing coverage of the entire length of the spike gene (3,821 nt, x-axis) of 3 representative sequences of the Omicron variant and 3 representative sequences of the Delta variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, processed in the same batch. The y-axis for each sequence is 250,000 reads. Although coverage plots are basically identical for other regions of the spike gene, coverage of the P681 position is the highest for Delta and one of the lowest for Omicron.

Figure. Integrated Genome Viewer (https://software.broadinstitute.org) plots of sequencing coverage of the entire length of the spike gene (3,821 nt, x-axis) of 3 representative sequences of the Omicron variant and...

Closer examination indicated that the Omicron sequences with P681R contained varying numbers of P681H reads (median frequency of P681R call, a G at nucleotide position 23604, was 0.79 [range 0.43–0.98]). This observation could indicate either co-infection with Omicron and Delta or contamination/artifact of sample processing and library preparation. We also observed that sequences with P681R were from samples with higher Cts according to real-time detection assays compared with those with P681H, (open reading frame, TaqPath COVID-19 Combo Kit, Applied Biosystems, https://www.thermofisher.com) (median Ct = 22 for P681H and 28 for P681R; p<7.0803 × 10–37). We also observed that coverage of nt 23604 was higher when the call was G (Delta context) than when the call was A (Omicron context) (Figure). These observations are consistent with contamination of Omicron samples with lower Ct by Delta sequences, possibly exacerbated by overamplification and preference of the polymerase for the specific amplicon flanked by primers at positions 23534 and 23641 (covid19 genome_200–29703_s20720_D_32 in the IDT xGen kit).

To investigate further, we repeated the library preparation and sequencing on 13 random samples previously assigned as P681R and 13 assigned as P681H as controls and changed 2 parameters: reverse transcriptase (RT) and PCR cycles. We prepared 10 samples with SuperScript IV Reverse RT (recommended by IDT xGen kit) and 3 samples with Maxima H Minus First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (ThermoFisher Scientific, https://www.thermofisher.com). To exclude the possibility that a high number of cycles could exacerbate cross-contamination of samples with low viral load, we ran either 18 or 24 cycles for the multiplex PCR step of library amplification. We also sent residual portions of 12 nasopharyngeal swab specimens to the New York State Department of Health (Albany, NY, USA) for comparative sequencing with a different platform and chemistry. The Department of Health performed RNA extraction with an easyMAG (bioMérieux, https://www.biomerieux.com) and library preparation and sequencing with an Ion Chef and Ion S5 XL System, using the Ion AmpliSeq SARS-CoV-2 Insight Research Assay with 27 cycles (ThermoFisher Scientific). Repeating the library preparations and resequencing by different methods produced sequences with no P681R calls, except for 2 samples that showed P681R with 24 PCR cycles and P681H with 18 cycles (Table), indicating that a high number of PCR cycles can introduce false mutation calls. Our combined experiments also confirmed that these were not errors induced by reverse transcriptase during the cDNA synthesis step.

We then reprocessed the remaining 61 samples with P681R, using the xGen kit with 18 cycles of amplification. A total of 59 samples showed P681H on this repeated testing; only 2 still showed P681R, 1 at 0.52 frequency (down from 0.98) and 1 at 0.94, exactly as the previous sequence, suggesting a true P681R call, possibly co-infection with Delta, because the Ct for this sample was low (Ct = 17). We performed an additional RNA extraction, library preparation, and sequencing for this sample; the P681R persisted at frequency 0.84, suggesting that this sample represents co-infection.

We conclude that the foremost reason for detecting P681R in our Omicron samples was contamination with Delta amplicons and artifactual mixed base pair calls, resulting from preferential coverage of that specific position and amplicon in the context of Delta but not Omicron. Although non–amplicon-based approaches such as capture-hybridization libraries using SARS-CoV-2 baits generally lead to more even coverage, and amplicon-based methods are known to result in dropouts because of new mutations in different variants, amplicon methods have been widely adopted by genomic surveillance laboratories under pressure for faster turnaround and high volumes, especially during large waves of infection. We urge laboratories to confirm unusual mutation findings by repeating libraries and sequencing or by using alternative protocols, or both, to avoid artifacts and ensure accurate sequences in databases such as GISAID, which are used by the global scientific community.

Dr. Heguy is director of the Genome Technology Center at NYU Langone Health and professor at the Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine. She has been involved in SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance since the start of the pandemic, and her laboratory has submitted >6,000 sequences to GISAID.

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Acknowledgment

We thank the clinical laboratory technicians, especially Joanna Fung, for assistance with testing, saving, and retrieving specimens. We also thank Joan Cangiarella for her continuous support of genomic surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 at NYU Langone Health, including provision of institutional funding for this study. In addition, we thank Benjamin Rambo Martin, Kristine Lacek, and John Barnes for helpful comments and Katarzyna Wilk for verifying our coverage findings around the P681 position.

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References

  1. Viana  R, Moyo  S, Amoako  DG, Tegally  H, Scheepers  C, Althaus  CL, et al. Rapid epidemic expansion of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in southern Africa. Nature. 2022. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. Cele  S, Jackson  L, Khoury  DS, Khan  K, Moyo-Gwete  T, Tegally  H, et al. NGS-SA; COMMIT-KZN Team. Omicron extensively but incompletely escapes Pfizer BNT162b2 neutralization. Nature. 2021; Epub ahead of print. DOIGoogle Scholar
  3. Duerr  R, Dimartino  D, Marier  C, Zappile  P, Wang  G, Lighter  J, et al. Dominance of Alpha and Iota variants in SARS-CoV-2 vaccine breakthrough infections in New York City. J Clin Invest. 2021;131:e152702. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Saito  A, Irie  T, Suzuki  R, Maemura  T, Nasser  H, Uriu  K, et al. Genotype to Phenotype Japan (G2P-Japan) Consortium. Enhanced fusogenicity and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 Delta P681R mutation. Nature. 2021; Epub ahead of print. DOIGoogle Scholar

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Cite This Article

DOI: 10.3201/eid2804.220146

Original Publication Date: February 03, 2022

Table of Contents – Volume 28, Number 4—April 2022

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Adriana Heguy, Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, Genome Technology Center, NYU Langone Health, 550 First Ave, MSB 294A, New York, NY 10016, USA

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Page created: January 26, 2022
Page updated: March 19, 2022
Page reviewed: March 19, 2022
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
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