Skip to content
Licensed Unlicensed Requires Authentication Published by De Gruyter June 2, 2022

Synthesis, characterization, and theoretical investigation of 4-chloro-6(phenylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)asmino-4-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)thiazol-5-yl-diazenyl)phenyl as potential SARS-CoV-2 agent

  • Ededet A. Eno , Hitler Louis EMAIL logo , Tomsmith O. Unimuke , ThankGod C. Egemonye , Stephen A. Adalikwu , John A. Agwupuye , Diana O. Odey , Abu Solomon Abu , Ishegbe J. Eko , Chukwudubem E. Ifeatu and Tabe N. Ntui
From the journal Physical Sciences Reviews

Abstract

The synthesis of 4-chloro-6(phenylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino-4-(2,4 dichlorophenyl)thiazol-5-yl-diazenyl)phenyl is reported in this work with a detailed structural and molecular docking study on two SARS-COV-2 proteins: 3TNT and 6LU7. The studied compound has been synthesized by the condensation of cyanuric chloride with aniline and characterized with various spectroscopic techniques. The experimentally obtained spectroscopic data has been compared with theoretical calculated results achieved using high-level density functional theory (DFT) method. Stability, nature of bonding, and reactivity of the studied compound was evaluated at DFT/B3LYP/6-31 + (d) level of theory. Hyper-conjugative interaction persisting within the molecules which accounts for the bio-activity of the compound was evaluated from natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. Adsorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion and Toxicity (ADMET) properties of the experimentally synthesized compound was studied to evaluate the pharmacological as well as in silico molecular docking against SARS-CoV-2 receptors. The molecular docking result revealed that the investigated compound exhibited binding affinity of −9.3 and −8.8 for protein 3TNT and 6LU7 respectively. In conclusion, protein 3TNT with the best binding affinity for the ligand is the most suitable for treatment of SARS-CoV-2.


Corresponding author: Hitler Louis, Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria; and Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria, E-mail:

Acknowledgement

This work did not receive any financial support from any organization. However, the authors are thankful to everyone who has contributed to the successes of this work.

  1. Author contributions: Hitler Louis: Conceptualization, design, administration, software, and supervision, Abu S. Abu: writing-original draft, Investigation, formal analysis, and Data Curation, Ishegbe J. Eko: Formal analysis, and Methodology, Tomsmith O. Unimuke and Diana O. Odey: Investigation, Formal analysis, Validation, and writing-review & editing, Tabe N. Ntui: Writing-original draft and John A. Agwupuye: Review & editing.

  2. Research funding: None declared.

  3. Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest

  4. Data Availability: All data are contained herein the supporting information and the main manuscript.

References

1. Rajagopal, K, Dhandayutham, S, Nandhagopal, M, Narayanasamy, M, Elzagheid, MI, Rhyman, L, et al.. Thiazole derivatives: synthesis, characterization, biological and DFT studies. J Mol Struct 2022;1255:132374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132374.Search in Google Scholar

2. Al-Otaibi, JS, Mary, YS, Mary, YS. Theoretical insights into the solvation, electronic, chemical properties and molecular docking of some thiazole derivatives. Polycycl Aromat Comp 2022;56:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/10406638.2022.2030767.Search in Google Scholar

3. Elangovan, N, Thomas, R, Sowrirajan, S. Synthesis of Schiff base (E)-4-((2-hydroxy-3, 5-diiodobenzylidene) amino)-N-thiazole-2-yl) benzenesulfonamide with antimicrobial potential, structural features, experimental biological screening and quantum mechanical studies. J Mol Struct 2022;1250:131762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131762.Search in Google Scholar

4. Gümüş, M, Yakan, M, Koca, İ. Recent advances of thiazole hybrids in biological applications. Future Med Chem 2019;11:1979–98.10.4155/fmc-2018-0196Search in Google Scholar PubMed

5. Khamees, HA, Mohammed, YHE, Ananda, S, Al-Ostoot, FH, Sangappa, Y, Alghamdi, S, et al.. Effect of o-difluoro and p-methyl substituents on the structure, optical properties and anti-inflammatory activity of phenoxy thiazole acetamide derivatives: theoretical and experimental studies. J Mol Struct 2020;1199:127024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.127024.Search in Google Scholar

6. Ujan, R, Mahmood, HMK, Channar, PA, Ejaz, SA, Saeed, S, Saeed, A, et al.. N-(5-acetyl-4-methylthiazol-2-yl) arylamide derivatives as multi-target-directed ligands: design, synthesis, biochemical evaluation and computational analysis. J Chem Sci 2022;134:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12039-021-01998-z.Search in Google Scholar

7. Kassab, RM, Gomha, SM, Al-Hussain, SA, Dena, ASA, Abdel-Aziz, MM, Zaki, ME, et al.. Synthesis and in-silico simulation of some new bis-thiazole derivatives and their preliminary antimicrobial profile: investigation of hydrazonoyl chloride addition to hydroxy-functionalized bis-carbazones. Arab J Chem 2021;14:103396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103396.Search in Google Scholar

8. Bera, P, Aher, A, Brandao, P, Manna, SK, Bhattacharyya, I, Mondal, G, et al.. Anticancer activity, DNA binding and docking study of M (ii)-complexes (M= Zn, Cu and Ni) derived from a new pyrazine–thiazole ligand: synthesis, structure and DFT. New J Chem 2021;45:11999–2015. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0nj05883a.Search in Google Scholar

9. Sallam, HH, Mohammed, YHI, Al-Ostoot, FH, Akhileshwari, P, Sridhar, MA, Khanum, SA. Experimental and computational studies on the synthesis and structural characterization of 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-N-[4-(4-methylphenyl)-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl] acetamide. J Mol Struct 2022;1249:131588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131588.Search in Google Scholar

10. Bhoge, ND, Mohite, PB, Deshmukh, VK, Magare, BK. A comprehensive review on synthetic strategy of benzothiazole lead and pharmacological importance. Indian J Pharm Sci 2021;2:15–9.Search in Google Scholar

11. Obu, QS, Louis, H, Odey, JO, Eko, IJ, Abdullahi, S, Ntui, TN, et al.. Synthesis, spectra (FT-IR, NMR) investigations, DFT study, in silico ADMET and Molecular docking analysis of 2-amino-4-(4-aminophenyl) thiophene-3-carbonitrile as a potential anti-tubercular agent. J Mol Struct 2021;1244:130880. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130880.Search in Google Scholar

12. Abu-Melha, S, Gomha, SM, Abouzied, AS, Edrees, MM, Abo Dena, AS, Muhammad, ZA. Microwave-Assisted one pot three-component synthesis of novel bioactive thiazolyl-pyridazinediones as potential antimicrobial agents against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Molecules 2021;26:4260. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26144260.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

13. Jaladanki, CK, Khatun, S, Gohlke, H, Bharatam, PV. Reactive metabolites from thiazole-containing drugs: quantum chemical insights into biotransformation and toxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2021;34:1503–17. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00450.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

14. Shirani, MA, Maleki, MH, Asadi, P, Dinari, M. Benzothiazolopyridine compounds: facial synthesis, characterization, and molecular docking study on estrogen and progesterone receptors. J Mol Struct 2021;1243:130792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130792.Search in Google Scholar

15. Aldujaili, RAB. Preparation and characterization of some new benzothiazole-heterocyclic derivatives. Egypt J Chem 2021;64:8–9. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejchem.2021.73818.3650.Search in Google Scholar

16. Kubba, AAM, Rahim, NA. Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial evaluation with DFT study of new two-amino-4-(4-chlorophenyl) thiazole derivatives. (P-ISSN: 1683-3597, E-ISSN: 2521-3512). Iraqi J Pharm Sci 2018;27:79–88. https://doi.org/10.31351/vol27iss1pp79-88.Search in Google Scholar

17. Madni, M, Ahmed, MN, Hameed, S, Shah, SWA, Rashid, U, Ayub, K, et al.. Synthesis, quantum chemical, in vitro acetyl cholinesterase inhibition and molecular docking studies of four new coumarin based pyrazolylthiazole nuclei. J Mol Struct 2018;1168:175–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.05.017.Search in Google Scholar

18. Soltani, A, Khan, A, Mirzaei, H, Onaq, M, Javan, M, Tavassoli, S, et al.. Improvement of anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)-sulfasalazine microparticle via density functional theory, molecular docking and ADMET analysis. Arab J Chem 2022;15:103464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103464.Search in Google Scholar

19. Dennington, R, Keith, TA, Millam, JM. GaussView, Version 6. Shawnee Mission, KS: Semichem Inc.; 2016.Search in Google Scholar

20. Glendening, ED, Reed, AE, Carpenter, JE, Weinhold, F. NBO, Version 3.1. Pittsburgh, PA: Gaussian. Inc.; 2003.Search in Google Scholar

21. Lu, T, Chen, F. Multiwfn: a multifunctional wavefunction analyzer. J Comput Chem 2012;33:580–92. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcc.22885.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

22. Pires, DE, Blundell, TL, Ascher, DB. pkCSM: predicting small-molecule pharmacokinetic and toxicity properties using graph-based signatures. J Med Chem 2015;58:4066–72. https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00104.10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00104Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

23. Trott, O, Olson, AJ. AutoDock Vina: improving the speed and accuracy of docking with a new scoring function, efficient optimization, and multithreading. J Comput Chem 2010;31:455–61. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcc.21334.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

24. Jejurikar, BL, Rohane, SH. Drug designing in discovery studio. Asian J Res Chem 2021;14:135–8.Search in Google Scholar

25. Schrödinger, L, DeLano, W. PyMOL; 2020. Available from http://www.pymol.org/pymol.Search in Google Scholar

26. Janani, S, Rajagopal, H, Muthu, S, Aayisha, S, Raja, M. Molecular structure, spectroscopic (FT-IR, FT-Raman, NMR), HOMO-LUMO, chemical reactivity, AIM, ELF, LOL and Molecular docking studies on 1-Benzyl-4-(N-Boc-amino) piperidine. J Mol Struct 2021;1230:129657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129657.Search in Google Scholar

27. Vasanthakumari, R, Nirmala, W, Sagadevan, S, Mugeshini, S, Rajeswari, N, Balu, R, et al.. Synthesis, growth, crystal structure, vibrational, DFT and HOMO, LUMO analysis on protonated molecule-4-aminopyridinium nicotinate. J Mol Struct 2021;1239:130449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130449.Search in Google Scholar

28. Basha, F, Khan, FLA, Muthu, S, Raja, M. Computational evaluation on molecular structure (Monomer, Dimer), RDG, ELF, electronic (HOMO-LUMO, MEP) properties, and spectroscopic profiling of 8-Quinolinesulfonamide with molecular docking studies. Comput Theor Chem 2021;1198:113169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comptc.2021.113169.Search in Google Scholar

29. Karimi, P, Sanchooli, M, Shoja-Hormozzahi, F. Estimation of resonance assisted hydrogen bond (RAHB) energies using properties of ring critical points in some dihydrogen-bonded complexes. J Mol Struct 2021;1242:130710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130710.Search in Google Scholar

30. Molavian, MR, Abdolmaleki, A, Eskandari, K. Strain or electronic effects? MP2 and DFT aromaticity investigation in small ring annulated benzene. Comput Theor Chem 2017;1099:102–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comptc.2016.11.022.Search in Google Scholar

31. Vu, KB, Nhi, TLP, Vu, VV, Ngo, ST. How do magnetic, structural, and electronic criteria of aromaticity relate to HOMO–LUMO gap? An evaluation for graphene quantum dot and its derivatives. Chem Phys 2020;539:110951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemphys.2020.110951.Search in Google Scholar

32. Sablon, N, De Proft, F, Solà, M, Geerlings, P. The linear response kernel of conceptual DFT as a measure of aromaticity. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012;14:3960–7. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2cp23372j.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

33. Edim, MM, Enudi, OC, Asuquo, BB, Louis, H, Bisong, EA, Agwupuye, JA, et al.. Aromaticity indices, electronic structural properties, and fuzzy atomic space investigations of naphthalene and its aza-derivatives. Heliyon 2021;7:e06138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06138.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

34. Kores, JJ, Danish, IA, Sasitha, T, Stuart, JG, Pushpam, EJ, Jebaraj, JW. Spectral, NBO, NLO, NCI, aromaticity and charge transfer analyses of anthracene-9, 10-dicarboxaldehyde by DFT. Heliyon 2021;7:e08377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08377.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

35. Báez-Grez, R, Arrué, L, Pino-Rios, R. Quantitative analysis of aromaticity in azines by means of dissected descriptors based on the magnetic criteria. Chem Phys Lett 2021;781:138973.10.1016/j.cplett.2021.138973Search in Google Scholar

36. Świderski, G, Kalinowska, M, Jabłońska-Trypuć, A, Wołejko, E, Wydro, U, Łyszczek, R, et al.. Studies on the relationship between the structure of pyrimidinecarboxylic, pyridazinecarboxylic and pyrazinecarboxylic acids and their antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity. J Mol Struct 2021;1231:129903.10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.129903Search in Google Scholar

37. Agwupuye, JA, Neji, PA, Louis, H, Odey, JO, Unimuke, TO, Bisiong, EA, et al.. Investigation on electronic structure, vibrational spectra, NBO analysis, and molecular docking studies of aflatoxins and selected emerging mycotoxins against wild-type androgen receptor. Heliyon 2021;7:e07544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07544.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

38. Bisong, EA, Louis, H, Unimuke, TO, Odey, JO, Ubana, EI, Edim, MM, et al.. Vibrational, electronic, spectroscopic properties, and NBO analysis of p-xylene, 3, 6-difluoro-p-xylene, 3, 6-dichloro-p-xylene and 3, 6-dibromo-pxylene: DFT study. Heliyon 2020;6:e05783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05783.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

39. Ferino-Pérez, A, Vélayoudom, FL, Belia, L, Glaude, EL, Gaspard, S, Jáuregui-Haza, UJ. In silico development of new PET radiopharmaceuticals from mTOR inhibitors. J Mol Graph Model 2022;111:108057.10.1016/j.jmgm.2021.108057Search in Google Scholar PubMed

40. Carmona-Espíndola, J, Núñez-Rojas, E, García-Melgarejo, V, Gázquez, JL, Alejandre, J. Constrained dipole moment density functional theory for charge distributions in force fields for the study of molecular fluids. J Chem Phys 2020;152:124116.10.1063/5.0002050Search in Google Scholar PubMed

41. Ware, SA, Hartman, BE, Waggoner, DC, Vaughn, DR, Bianchi, TS, Hatcher, PG. Molecular evidence for the export of terrigenous organic matter to the north Gulf of Mexico by solid-state 13C NMR and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry of humic acids. Geochem Cosmochim Acta 2022;317:39–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2021.10.018.Search in Google Scholar

42. Wang, Z, Ma, Q, Huang, X, Zhang, T, Shao, J, Zhang, X, et al.. S/Se-embedded acenaphthylene-imide-containing polycyclic heteroaromatic hydrocarbon. Chin Chem Lett 2022;33:271–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2021.06.072.Search in Google Scholar

43. Faihan, AS, Hatshan, MR, Alqahtani, AS, Nasr, FA, Al-Jibori, SA, Al-Janabi, AS. New divalent metal ion complexes with 1, 8-diaminonapthalene-2-thione: synthesis, Spectroscopic, anti-bacterial and anticancer activity studies. J Mol Struct 2022;1247:131291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131291.Search in Google Scholar

44. Chen, X, Li, H, Tian, L, Li, Q, Luo, J, Zhang, Y. Analysis of the physicochemical properties of acaricides based on Lipinski’s rule of five. J Comput Biol 2020;27:1397–406. https://doi.org/10.1089/cmb.2019.0323.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

45. Savva, M. On the origin of the apparent volume of distribution and its significance in pharmacokinetics. J Biosci Med 2022;10:78–98. https://doi.org/10.4236/jbm.2022.101008.Search in Google Scholar

46. Farrar, JE, Mueller, SW, Stevens, V, Kiser, TH, Taleb, S, Reynolds, PM. Correlation of antimicrobial fraction unbound and sieving coefficient in critically ill patients on continuous renal replacement therapy: a systematic review. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022;77:310–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkab396.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

47. Meng, Q, Meng, H, Pan, Y, Liu, J, Li, J, Qi, Y, et al.. Influence of nanoparticle size on blood–brain barrier penetration and the accumulation of anti-seizure medicines in the brain. J Mater Chem B 2022;10:271–81. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1tb02015c.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

48. Gaedigk, A, Boone, EC, Scherer, SE, Lee, SB, Numanagić, I, Sahinalp, C, et al.. CYP2C8, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 characterization using next generation sequencing and haplotype analysis: a GeT-RM collaborative project. J Mol Diagn 2022;24:337–50. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoldx.2021.12.011.10.1016/j.jmoldx.2021.12.011Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

49. Fan, Y, Fu, Y, Zhou, Y, Liu, Y, Hao, B, Shang, R. Acute, subacute oral toxicity and Ames test of Py-mulin: an antibacterial drug candidate. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2022;23:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40360-021-00543-5.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

50. Bennett, RP, Postnikova, EN, Eaton, BP, Cai, Y, Yu, S, Smith, CO, et al.. Sangivamycin is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and has favorable drug properties. JCI insight 2022;7. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.153165.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

51. Balkrishna, A, Bhattacharya, K, Sinha, S, Dev, R, Srivastava, J, Singh, P, et al.. Apparent hepatotoxicity of Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia): far from what meets the eyes. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2022;12:239–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jceh.2021.09.009.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

52. Temiz, SA, Abdelmaksoud, A, Wollina, U, Kutlu, O, Dursun, R, Patil, A, et al.. Cutaneous and Allergic reactions due to COVID‐19 vaccinations: a review. J Cosmet Dermatol 2022;21:4–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.14613.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

53. Gurung, AB, Ali, MA, Lee, J, Farah, MA, Al-Anazi, KM, Al-Hemaid, F. Artesunate induces substantial topological alterations in the SARS-CoV-2 Nsp1 protein structure. J King Saud Univ Sci 2022;3:101810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2021.101810.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central


Supplementary Material

The online version of this article offers supplementary material (https://doi.org/10.1515/psr-2021-0161).


Received: 2021-10-19
Revised: 2022-03-12
Accepted: 2022-03-13
Published Online: 2022-06-02

© 2022 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Downloaded on 18.4.2024 from https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/psr-2021-0161/html
Scroll to top button