General public awareness, knowledge and attitude toward COVID-19 infection and prevention: a cross-sectional study from Pakistan

Introduction

The first case of COVID-19 was identified within the Wuhan city of China in December 2019.¹ By February, a tremendous increase in the number of cases and number of deaths due to Covid-19 started being reported. Due to the rapid spread of infection from China to different countries, and with the number of cases exceeding the cases reported by the Chinese government, COVID-19 was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organisation in March 2020.^2,3 This epidemic has now affected more than 200 different countries across the globe.⁴

COVID-19 is a highly contagious infection that spreads through human to human contact causing serious health problems within communities.⁵ Currently very little scientific information is available regarding this novel virus. However, it has been identified as an enveloped RNA virus that is further categorised into alpha, beta, gamma and delta.⁶ Depending upon the immune system of an individual it can cause symptoms ranging from mild to severe. Symptoms identified comprise of fever, cough, difficulty in breathing, loss of smell, while in extreme cases can lead to pneumonia, multi-organ failure and death.⁷ The rapid spread of this infection is principally through respiratory droplets of 5-10 μm in diameter, spread through the mouth or nose, when an infected person coughs or sneezes.⁸ A study conducted in Singapore has identified that these droplets can be transmitted across a distance of 4.5 metres.^9,10 Moreover symptoms can be identified within a day or two after acquiring infection, extending up to 14 days.¹¹

The first positive case of COVID-19 in Pakistan was identified on 26^th February 2020. In order to control the spread of the disease, on 23^rd March 2020 a complete lockdown was imposed throughout the country. This included closure of all the educational organizations that comprised of schools, colleges, and universities along with religious schools.¹² All ceremonies and religious gatherings in any form were adjourned to prevent the spread of infection to the general public.¹³ It was highlighted that elderly people and individuals having systemic disease, such as heart disease, diabetes, cancer and respiratory disease, are at high risk of acquiring this infection, while children appear to be less susceptible towards this disease. Proper protocol must be followed to prevent the spread of this disease.¹⁴

Currently there is a secondary wave or surge reported from many parts of the world; therefore it is of great importance for the general public to have appropriate awareness regarding the signs and symptoms and the causative factors of this disease and preventive protocols that need to be followed, including social distancing, following proper hand hygiene protocol and use of face masks. As Pakistan is a developing country with limited resources, the country has introduced different strategies to increase the awareness of the general public. Therefore, this study was undertaken to analyse the level of awareness, knowledge and practices of the public of Pakistan using an online survey regarding COVID-19 and various measures to be undertaken to prevent the spread of this disease.

Methods

Results

A total of 1,120 participants completed the questionnaire. Table 1 shows the demographic characteristics and health history of participants. Average age of participants was 31 years (ranged from 18 to 60 years). Of the sample, 52% were in age range of 30 to 45 years. Most of the participants were male (604; 54%); there were 516 (46%) women. Almost half of the participants had postgraduate degrees (526; 47%), 470 (42%) were college graduates and 6% had doctorates. Only 56 (5%) individuals had completed primary or secondary education and could read or write. A total of 448 (40%) individuals were employed (working from home), while more than half (60%) were jobless due to the COVID-19 crises. Most belonged to the lower income group ranging from 10,000 to 30,000 PKR. A total of 862 (77%) of the participants were free from any allergy or respiratory diseases, with only 10% suffering from seasonal allergies. Similarly, 840 (75%) participants expressed themselves as fit and medically healthy.

Most of the participants (70%) claimed that they have good knowledge of novel COVID-19 disease. Mean knowledge score was 9.48±2.88 out of 16, which can be considered as good knowledge about the disease. Figure 1 shows the correct answer percentages of knowledge questions asked: 83% had awareness regarding the quarantine time; 82% used face masks whenever they left their homes; 98% were aware of the origin of the disease; fever and difficulty of breathing were correctly described as most common symptoms by 70%; 69% correctly stated that the disease can be transferred by touching each other or infected surfaces; and 21% stated that transmission of disease could be through running nose and aerosol.

Figure 1. Percentage of correct answers regarding COVID-19 knowledge.

Comparisons of mean knowledge score with demographic characteristics are shown in Table 2. There was no significant difference between male and female participant’s knowledge score (9.45 ± 2.8 and 9.51 ± 2.95, respectively; p = 0.86). Age showed significant variation with a higher mean score of knowledge obtained in the 30-45 age group (10.01 ± 2.46) and lower mean score obtained from younger individuals (9.04 ± 2.8) (p = 0.040). Postgraduate participants showed highest mean score (10.5 ± 2.88), although comparison with non-postgraduate groups was not significant (p-value 0.137). Those working from home have significantly higher mean score (9.78 ± 2.8) as compared to those who were not employed (8.02 ± 1.8) (p = 0.029). Participants with seasonal or medicinal allergies showed higher knowledge score (10.44 ± 2.8) than disease free participants, but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.32). Similarly, arthritis patients have higher knowledge of COVID-19 as compared to others but not significant (12 ± 3.66). The most stated source of getting information regarding COVID-19 was social media (89%), the television and radio (56%), followed by family friends (34%) and print media (newspapers; 30%) (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Participants source of information on COVID-19.

Table 3 reveals the hand hygiene awareness of the participants. Almost all of the participants (1030; 92%) were washing their hands multiple times a day). Face washing as a part of Wadu (ablution before prayers) was observed by 504 (45%) individuals and 39% washed their face multiple times. Plain soap and antiseptic solution was found as most popular type of soap used for washing hands (426; 38% and 414; 37%, respectively). More than half (660; 59%) were aware regarding the hand washing technique.

Those who wash their hands twice a day showed significantly higher knowledge scores (11.0 ± 3.6; p = 0.0001; Table 4). Those who washed their face multiple times also have significantly higher knowledge of COVID-19 (11.14 ± 2.7; p = 0.005). Duration of hand washing and awareness of the technique did not show any significant relation with knowledge score (p = 0.369 and p = 0.286, respectively).

In total 45% of the participants were afraid of COVID-19 and 47% would like to have more information about the virus and its development. The majority of participants (65%) agreed that the virus is deadly and is life threatening. Only 196 (18%) of the participants had a friend or relative infected with the disease (Table 5).

Multiple liner regression showed that male gender (vs female, β – 0.319) and respondents earning between 30K to 50K (vs 10K-30K, β – 0.184) presented low knowledge score, whereas 30-45 year olds (vs 15-30 year, β – 1.148, P = 0.003) presented significantly highest knowledge scores. Age increases and knowledge score decreases β – 1.076 (Table 6).

Discussion

To the best of author’s knowledge this is among the first studies evaluating the awareness, knowledge and preventive practice of the public in Pakistan during the pandemic. Overall, 70% of the public studied gave the correct answers related to knowledge of COVID-19. These results are in agreement with a study conducted in India where a knowledge rate of 74% has been reported,¹⁵ while it is comparatively less when compared with study conducted in China (90%).¹⁶ However these findings are higher when compared to the response received by a study conducted in Jordan 40%.¹⁷ The reason for such a high response rate within China may be due to difference in time and circumstance in which the study was conducted. On the contrary, in the current study the high response can be attributed to the campaigns related to COVID-19 awareness initiated by the Pakistani government just after the first cases started being reported within neighbouring countries and also possibly due to the fact that many participants had higher education levels that included 42% graduates and 47% postgraduates.

The commonest source of acquiring information related to COVID-19 was through social media (89%), followed by television/radio. Similar results had been revealed by a study conducted in China.¹⁶ The majority of participants (83%) knew that the incubation period for coronavirus is 14 days, whereas another study from China reported it as 2.5 days.¹⁸ However, the CDC also suggested it can be range from 2 to 14 days.¹⁹ Common symptoms of COVID-19 are fever, cough, fatigue and shortness of breath.²⁰ However, elderly people with underlying medical condition, such as hypertension, heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease coronary patients and those with chronic respiratory disease and frontline health providers are at a greater risk of acquiring the infection.²¹

In total, 75% of participants from the current study had awareness regarding COVID-19 symptoms, while 82% knew the importance of wearing face masks as preventive measures, and 69% had sufficient knowledge regarding coronavirus being transmitted through different surfaces. Our findings are in line with another study conducted among Pakistani university students, their knowledge about incubation was lower at 53%, whereas the awareness with common symptoms was higher (93.7%).²² The transmission of COVID-19 can occur through direct or indirect close contact with the infected person or through discharge of saliva, and respiratory emissions or droplets which can be emitted from infected persons during coughing, sneezing or spiting.^23,24 Respiratory droplets normally are greater than 5-10 μm and aerosol droplets are less than 5 μm in diameter; they can be transferred to any individual when a normal person comes in close contact with the infected person.²⁵ Aerosol transmission awareness was noted to be significantly lower in this study (21%), which is in agreement with a study conducted in India.¹⁵ Hence, there is a need to increase the awareness level of people regarding the modes of transmission of COVID-19 and to acknowledge its significance.

Another study from China showed that 93% of study participants agreed that COVID-19 transmission can be prevented by thoroughly washing hands with soap.²⁶ These facts agree with the findings of the study; 92% of the participants washed their hands multiple times a day. As a preventive practice using antibacterial soap was significantly associated with knowledge score (10.5 ± 3.41; p < 0.001) which is similar to a study conducted in Jordan where 87% adopted hand washing as a preventive measure.¹⁷ Almost 60% of participants in the present study were aware of hand washing technique. A former study concluded that washing hands with soap and water is enough to reduce the risk of viral infections and when it is practiced with the recommended protocol of hand washing technique it reduces the rate of transmission of COVID-19.²⁷

The findings of the current study suggested that the majority of participants had good learning attitude towards COVID-19; however lower knowledge level and negative attitudes were also recorded. A total of 63% individuals were tired of listening and did not want further information about the virus. One reason may be that majority (78%) had no relative or friend who had been infected with the virus. Additional educational campaigns are needed for the general public for further guiding them regarding the mode of transmission, isolation period and the different adoptive preventive strategies (like social distancing, avoiding handshakes, wearing masks and gloves), along with the risk of personal and family infection with COVID-19. The strength of the current study was that it was a nationwide survey with a large sample, and that the research was conducted during the surging stage of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Conclusion

It can be concluded from the current study that female participants had a higher level of education, and more awareness regarding the coronavirus. The majority of the participants followed a proper hand washing regime and washed their face. It also highlighted the power of social media as the source of information. Further knowledge and awareness should be promoted. Future work should focus on a larger, national representative sample population.

Data availability