The Coronavirus Footprint on Dual-Task Performance in Post-Acute Patients after Severe COVID-19: A Future Challenge for Rehabilitation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Design and Methods
2.1. Test Procedure
2.2. Motor Task
2.3. Cognitive Task
2.4. Dual-Task
2.5. Sample Size
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Cognitive Task
3.2. Motor Task and Dual-Task: Stabilometric Assessment
3.3. Motor Task and Dual-Task: Timed Up and Go Test
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Ritchie, K.; Chan, D.; Watermeyer, T. The cognitive consequences of the COVID-19 epidemic: Collateral damage? Brain Commun. 2020, 2, fcaa069. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, Y.; Xu, X.; Chen, Z.; Duan, J.; Hashimoto, K.; Yang, L.; Liu, C.; Yang, C. Nervous system involvement after infection with COVID-19 and other coronaviruses. Brain Behav. Immun. 2020, 87, 18–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gupta, R.K.; Calderwood, C.J.; Yavlinsky, A.; Krutikov, M.; Quartagno, M.; Aichelburg, M.C.; Altet, N.; Diel, R.; Dobler, C.C.; Dominguez, J.; et al. Discovery and validation of a personalized risk predictor for incident tuberculosis in low transmission settings. Nat. Med. 2020, 26, 1941–1949. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mao, L.; Jin, H.; Wang, M.; Hu, Y.; Chen, S.; He, Q.; Chang, J.; Hong, C.; Zhou, Y.; Wang, D.; et al. Neurologic Manifestations of Hospitalized Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Neurol. 2020, 77, 683–690. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bertuccelli, M.; Ciringione, L.; Rubega, M.; Bisiacchi, P.; Masiero, S.; Del Felice, A. Cognitive impairment in people with previous COVID-19 infection: A scoping review. Cortex 2022, 154, 212–230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Crivelli, L.; Palmer, K.; Calandri, I.; Guekht, A.; Beghi, E.; Carroll, W.; Frontera, J.; García-Azorín, D.; Westenberg, E.; Winkler, A.S.; et al. Changes in cognitive functioning after COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Alzheimers Dement. 2022, 18, 1047–1066. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moriguchi, Y.; Sakata, C.; Meng, X.; Todo, N. Immediate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the socio-emotional and digital skills of Japanese children. PsyArXiv. 2020. Available online: https://psyarxiv.com/6b4vh/ (accessed on 1 August 2022).
- Lodigiani, C.; Iapichino, G.; Carenzo, L.; Cecconi, M.; Ferrazzi, P.; Sebastian, T.; Kucher, N.; Studt, J.D.; Sacco, C.; Bertuzzi, A.; et al. Venous and arterial thromboembolic complications in COVID-19 patients admitted to an academic hospital in Milan, Italy. Thromb. Res. 2020, 191, 9–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bougakov, D.; Podell, K.; Goldberg, E. Multiple neuroinvasive pathways in COVID-19. Mol. Neurobiol. 2021, 58, 564–575. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Daroische, R.; Hemminghyth, M.S.; Eilertsen, T.H.; Breitve, M.H.; Chwiszczuk, L.J. Cognitive Impairment After COVID-19-A Review on Objective Test Data. Front. Neurol. 2021, 12, 699582. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beaud, V.; Crottaz-Herbette, S.; Dunet, V.; Vaucher, J.; Bernard-Valnet, R.; Du Pasquier, R.; Bart, P.A.; Clarke, S. Pattern of cognitive deficits in severe COVID-19. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 2021, 92, 567–568. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Raman, B.; Cassar, M.P.; Tunnicliffe, E.M.; Filippini, N.; Griffanti, L.; Alfaro-Almagro, F.; Okell, T.; Sheerin, F.; Xie, C.; Mahmod, M.; et al. Medium-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on multiple vital organs, exercise capacity, cognition, quality of life and mental health, post-hospital discharge. EClinicalMedicine 2021, 31, 100683. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Asadi-Pooya, A.A.; Akbari, A.; Emami, A.; Lotfi, M.; Rostamihosseinkhani, M.; Nemati, H.; Barzegar, Z.; Kabiri, M.; Zeraatpisheh, Z.; Farjoud-Kouhanjani, M. Long COVID syndrome-associated brain fog. J. Med. Virol. 2022, 94, 979–984. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Henneghan, A.M.; Lewis, K.A.; Gill, E.; Kesler, S.R. Cognitive impairment in non-critical, mild-to-moderate COVID-19 survivors. Front. Psychol. 2022, 13, 770459. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tavares-Júnior, J.W.L.; de Souza, A.C.C.; Borges, J.W.P.; Oliveira, D.N.; Siqueira-Neto, J.I.; Sobreira-Neto, M.A.; Braga-Neto, P. COVID-19 associated cognitive impairment: A systematic review. Cortex 2022, 152, 77–97. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Muir, S.W.; Gopaul, K.; Montero Odasso, M.M. The role of cognitive impairment in fall risk among older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing 2012, 41, 299–308. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hofheinz, M.; Schusterschitz, C. Dual task interference in estimating the risk of falls and measuring change: A comparative, psychometric study of four measurements. Clin. Rehabil. 2010, 24, 831–842. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Muir, S.W.; Wittwer, J.E. Dual-task testing to predict falls in community-dwelling older adults: A systematic review. Physiotherapy 2016, 102, 29–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Commandeur, D.; Klimstra, M.D.; MacDonald, S.; Inouye, K.; Cox, M.; Chan, D.; Hundza, S.R. Difference scores between single-task and dual-task gait measures are better than clinical measures for detection of fall-risk in community-dwelling older adults. Gait Posture 2018, 66, 155–159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beauchet, O.; Allali, G.; Annweiler, C.; Berrut, G.; Maarouf, N.; Herrmann, F.R.; Dubost, V. Does change in gait while counting backward predict the occurrence of a first fall in older adults? Gerontology 2008, 54, 217–223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Montero-Odasso, M.M.; Sarquis-Adamson, Y.; Speechley, M.; Borrie, M.J.; Hachinski, V.C.; Wells, J.; Riccio, P.M.; Schapira, M.; Sejdic, E.; Camicioli, R.M.; et al. Association of dual-task gait with incident dementia in mild cognitive impairment: Results from the gait and brain study. JAMA Neurol. 2017, 74, 857–865. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Toosizadeh, N.; Najafi, B.; Reiman, E.M.; Mager, R.M.; Veldhuizen, J.K.; O’Connor, K.; Zamrini, E.; Mohler, J. Upper-extremity dual-task function: An innovative method to assess cognitive impairment in older adults. Front. Aging Neurosci. 2016, 8, 167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bayot, M.; Dujardin, K.; Tard, C.; Defebvre, L.; Bonnet, C.T.; Allart, E.; Delval, A. The interaction between cognition and motor control: A theoretical framework for dual-task interference effects on posture, gait initiation, gait and turning. Neurophysiol. Clin. 2018, 48, 361–375. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kahya, M.; Moon, S.; Ranchet, M.; Vukas, R.R.; Lyons, K.E.; Pahwa, R.; Akinwuntan, A.; Devos, H. Brain activity during dual task gait and balance in aging and age-related neurodegenerative conditions: A systematic review. Exp. Gerontol. 2019, 128, 110756. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Muir, S.W.; Berg, K.; Chesworth, B.; Klar, N.; Speechley, M. Balance impairment as a risk factor for falls in community-dwelling older adults who are high functioning: A prospective study. Phys. Ther. 2010, 90, 338–347. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Konak, H.E.; Kibar, S.; Ergin, E.S. The effect of single-task and dual-task balance exercise programs on balance performance in adults with osteoporosis: A randomized controlled preliminary trial. Osteoporos. Int. 2016, 27, 3271–3278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bower, K.; Thilarajah, S.; Pua, Y.H.; Williams, G.; Tan, D.; Mentiplay, B.; Denehy, L.; Clark, R. Dynamic balance and instrumented gait variables are independent predictors of falls following stroke. J. Neuroeng. Rehabil. 2019, 16, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De la Torre, J.; Marin, J.; Polo, M.; Marín, J.J. Applying the minimal detectable change of a static and dynamic balance test using a portable stabilometric platform to individually assess patients with balance disorders. Healthcare 2020, 14, 402. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Whitney, S.L.; Roche, J.L.; Marchetti, G.F.; Lin, C.C.; Steed, D.P.; Furman, G.R.; Musolino, M.C.; Redfern, M.S. A comparison of accelerometry and center of pressure measures during computerized dynamic posturography: A measure of balance. Gait Posture 2011, 33, 594–599. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Manaseer, T.S.; Whittaker, J.L.; Isaac, C.; Schneider, K.; Roberts, M.R.; Gross, D.P. The reliability of clinical balance tests under single-task and dual-task testing paradigms in uninjured active youth and young adults. Int. J. Sports Phys. Ther. 2020, 15, 487. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Morelli, N.; Parry, S.M.; Steele, A.; Lusby, M.; Montgomery-Yates, A.A.; Morris, P.E.; Mayer, K.P. Patients Surviving Critical COVID-19 have Impairments in Dual-task Performance Related to Post-intensive Care Syndrome. J. Intensive Care 2022, 37, 890–898. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peng, F.; Tu, L.; Yang, Y.; Hu, P.; Wang, R.; Hu, Q.; Cao, F.; Jiang, T.; Sun, J.; Xu, G.; et al. Management and treatment of COVID-19: The Chinese experience. Can. J. Cardiol. 2020, 36, 915–930. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Folstein, M.F.; Folstein, S.E.; McHugh, P.R.; Fanjiang, G. Mini-Mental State Examination User’s Guide; Psychological Assessment Resources: Odessa, FL, USA, 2001. [Google Scholar]
- Xiong, Q.; Lu, B.; Ye, H.; Wu, X.; Zhang, T.; Li, Y. The diagnostic value of neuropathy symptom and change score, neuropathy impairment score and Michigan neuropathy screening instrument for diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Eur. Neurol. 2015, 74, 323–327. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Linn, B.S.; Linn, M.W.; Gurel, L.E.E. Cumulative illness rating scale. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 1968, 16, 622–626. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Borg, G.A. Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 1982, 14, 377–381. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cieloszczyk, A.; Lewko, A.; Śliwka, A.; Włoch, T.; Pyszora, A. Recommendations for physiotherapy of adult patients with COVID-19. Pol. Physiother. Assoc. 2020. Available online: https://world.physio/sites/default/files/2020-06/Polish-Respiratory-Physiotherapy-Expert-Group-adult-patients-English.pdf (accessed on 1 August 2022).
- Gagey, P.; Bizzo, G. Measure in posturology. Association Pour le Developpement et l’Application de la Posturologie. 2005. Available online: http://ada-posturologie.fr/MesureEnPosturologie-a.htm (accessed on 1 August 2022).
- Mancini, M.; Horak, F.B. The relevance of clinical balance assessment tools to differentiate balance deficits. Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med. 2010, 46, 239. [Google Scholar]
- Marques, A.; Cruz, J.; Quina, S.; Regêncio, M.; Jácome, C. Reliability, agreement and Minimal Detectable Change of the Timed Up & Go and the 10-meter walk tests in older patients with COPD. COPD 2016, 13, 279–287. [Google Scholar]
- O’Shea, S.; Morris, M.E.; Iansek, R. Dual task interference during gait in people with Parkinson disease: Effects of motor versus cognitive secondary tasks. Phys. Ther. 2002, 82, 888–897. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Karzmark, P. Validity of the serial seven procedure. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 2000, 15, 677–679. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Penati, R.; Schieppati, M.; Nardone, A. Cognitive performance during gait is worsened by overground but enhanced by treadmill walking. Gait Posture 2020, 76, 182–187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Agmon, M.; Belza, B.; Nguyen, H.Q.; Logsdon, R.G.; Kelly, V.E. A systematic review of interventions conducted in clinical or community settings to improve dual-task postural control in older adults. Clin. Interv. Aging 2014, 9, 477. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Giardini, M.; Arcolin, I.; Guglielmetti, S.; Godi, M.; Capelli, A.; Corna, S. Balance performance in patients with post-acute COVID-19 compared to patients with an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and healthy subjects. Int. J. Rehabil. Res. 2022, 45, 47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cohen, J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioural Sciences, 2nd ed.; Lawrence Erlbaum: Mahwah, NJ, USA, 1988. [Google Scholar]
- Albu, S.; Zozaya, N.R.; Murillo, N.; García-Molina, A.; Chacón, C.A.F.; Kumru, H. What’s going on following acute COVID-19? Clinical characteristics of patients in an out-patient rehabilitation program. NeuroRehabilitation 2021, 48, 469–480. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pohl, P.S.; Gras, L.Z.; Bosch, P.R.; Ganley, K.J.; Mayer, J. Dual Task Timed Up-and-Go for Older Adults with and Without Balance Deficits. Phys. Occup. Ther. Geriatr. 2019, 37, 247–259. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fritz, N.E.; Cheek, F.M.; Nichols-Larsen, D.S. Motor-Cognitive Dual-Task Training in Persons with Neurologic Disorders: A Systematic Review. J. Neurol. Phys. Ther. 2015, 39, 142–153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maclean, L.M.; Brown, L.J.; Khadra, H.; Astell, A.J. Observing prioritization effects on cognition and gait: The effect of increased cognitive load on cognitively healthy older adults’ dual-task performance. Gait Posture 2017, 53, 139–144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bergamin, M.; Gobbo, S.; Zanotto, T.; Sieverdes, J.C.; Alberton, C.L.; Zaccaria, M.; Ermolao, A. Influence of age on postural sway during different dual-task conditions. Front. Aging Neurosci. 2014, 6, 271. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hodges, P.W.; Gurfinkel, V.S.; Brumagne, S.; Smith, T.C.; Cordo, P.C. Coexistence of stability and mobility in postural control: Evidence from postural compensation for respiration. Exp. Brain Res. 2002, 144, 293–302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Holmes, J.D.; Jenkins, M.E.; Johnson, A.M.; Adams, S.G.; Spaulding, S.J. Dual-task interference: The effects of verbal cognitive tasks on upright postural stability in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsons Dis. 2010, 2010, 696492. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Morasso, P.G.; Schieppati, M. Can muscle stiffness alone stabilize upright standing? J. Neurophysiol. 1999, 82, 1622–1626. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Morlino, P.; Balbi, B.; Guglielmetti, S.; Giardini, M.; Grasso, M.; Giordano, C.; Schieppati, M.; Nardone, A. Gait abnormalities of COPD are not directly related to respiratory function. Gait Posture 2017, 58, 352–357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, T.; Chou, L.S. Effects of Muscle Strength and Balance Control on Sit-to-Walk and Turn Durations in the Timed Up and Go Test. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2017, 98, 2471–2476. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Al-Yahya, E.; Dawes, H.; Smith, L.; Dennis, A.; Howells, K.; Cockburn, J. Cognitive motor interference while walking: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2011, 35, 715–728. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Siqueira, G.S.; Hagemann, P.D.M.; Coelho, D.D.S.; Santos, F.H.D.; Bertolucci, P.H. Can MoCA and MMSE be interchangeable cognitive screening tools? A systematic review. Gerontol 2019, 59, e743–e763. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alemanno, F.; Houdayer, E.; Parma, A.; Spina, A.; Del Forno, A.; Scatolini, A.; Angelone, S.; Brugliera, L.; Tettamanti, A.; Beretta, L.; et al. COVID-19 cognitive deficits after respiratory assistance in the subacute phase: A COVID-rehabilitation unit experience. PLoS ONE 2021, 16, e0246590. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
PwCOVID | HS | p | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 31) | (n = 30) | |||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||
N. males; females | 24; 7 | 17; 13 | 0.08 | |||
(% female) | 23 | 43 | ||||
Age (years) | 68.65 | 10.15 | 68.90 | 6.47 | 0.91 | |
Body Weight (kg) | 74.35 | 14.01 | 70.03 | 12.95 | 0.17 | |
Height (cm) | 1.70 | 0.07 | 1.66 | 0.08 | 0.05 | |
Body Mass Index | 25.70 | 3.84 | 25.72 | 3.97 | 0.96 | |
NIS total score | 1.29 | 1.49 | 1.27 | 1.55 | 0.86 | |
MMSE score | 27.30 | 1.84 | 28.13 | 1.34 | 0.09 | |
CIRS total score | 23.24 | 3.61 |
PwCOVID (n = 31) | HS (n = 30) | p | d | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SE | Mean | SE | |||
DTC EO sway path | 47.00 | 6.75 | 65.46 | 9.30 | 0.11 | 0.41 |
DTC EO sway area | 55.45 | 15.97 | 111.69 | 19.34 | <0.05 | 0.58 |
DTC EC sway path | 17.88 | 4.61 | 19.86 | 4.69 | 0.76 | 0.08 |
DTC EC sway area | −4.97 | 7.13 | 8.95 | 7.76 | 0.19 | 0.34 |
CCR EO | 0.31 | 0.03 | 0.45 | 0.03 | <0.005 | 0.80 |
CCR EC | 0.33 | 0.03 | 0.48 | 0.04 | <0.005 | 0.83 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Giardini, M.; Arcolin, I.; Godi, M.; Guglielmetti, S.; Maretti, A.; Capelli, A.; Corna, S. The Coronavirus Footprint on Dual-Task Performance in Post-Acute Patients after Severe COVID-19: A Future Challenge for Rehabilitation. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 10644. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710644
Giardini M, Arcolin I, Godi M, Guglielmetti S, Maretti A, Capelli A, Corna S. The Coronavirus Footprint on Dual-Task Performance in Post-Acute Patients after Severe COVID-19: A Future Challenge for Rehabilitation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(17):10644. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710644
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiardini, Marica, Ilaria Arcolin, Marco Godi, Simone Guglielmetti, Alessandro Maretti, Armando Capelli, and Stefano Corna. 2022. "The Coronavirus Footprint on Dual-Task Performance in Post-Acute Patients after Severe COVID-19: A Future Challenge for Rehabilitation" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17: 10644. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710644