Neural Implications of COVID-19 on Patients, Healthcare Workers, and the General Population

Authors

  • Mona Reddy Kurra Oxford Academy
  • Bryant Chung
  • Dr. Paul Mathews
  • Dr. Matt Wright
  • Akrom Ali
  • Arianne Vethan
  • Arohee Agrawal
  • Casey Syal
  • Crystal Ma
  • Kathlyn Nicole Periquet
  • Madison Park
  • Noah Park
  • Sana Asifriyaz
  • Teana Gomez
  • Vinutha Sandadi

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47611/jsrhs.v10i1.1357

Keywords:

Coronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, neuropsychology, neurology, public health, brain, neuroscience, psychology, mental health, COVID-19 pandemic

Abstract

There is evidence that COVID-19 has significant direct and indirect effects on the brain, including neuronal degeneration and disturbed consciousness. It is thus important to examine the neural implications of the novel virus to address long term issues regarding normal brain functioning and mental health. This review first focuses on how COVID-19 and previous coronaviruses can directly infiltrate the brain via various routes. Next, we discuss how COVID-19 indirectly affects the mental health of nurses and the public resulting from work pressures and paranoia over contracting the virus. Finally, we describe how the public responds differently to the pandemic based on factors such as cultural values and leadership and discuss how increased levels of poverty will psychologically affect childhood development.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References or Bibliography

America's State of Mind: Use of Mental Health Medications Increasing with Spread of Coronavirus. (2020, April 16). Retrieved from https://www.cigna.com/newsroom/news-releases/2020/americas-state-of-mind-use-of-mental-health-medications-increasing-with-spread-of-coronavirus

Bavel, J., Baicker, K., Boggio, P., Capraro, V., Cichocka, A., Cikara, M., . . . Willer, R. (2020, April 30). Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-020-0884-z

Bostancıklıoğlu, M. (2020, July). SARS-CoV2 entry and spread in the lymphatic drainage system of the brain. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7189839/

Blume, C., Schmidt, M. H., & Cajochen, C. (2020, June 10). Effects of the COVID-19 lockdown on human sleep and rest-activity rhythms. Retrieved August 03, 2020, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7284244/

Bohmwald, K., Gálvez, N., Ríos, M., & Kalergis, A. (2018, October 26). Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory Virus Infections. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6212673/

Braveman, P., & Barclay, C. (2009, November 01). Health Disparities Beginning in Childhood: A Life-Course Perspective. Retrieved from https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/124/Supplement_3/S163

Burki, T. (2020, August). The indirect impact of COVID-19 on women. Retrieved August 03, 2020, from https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(20)30568-5/fulltext

Chen, C., Lin, K., Chen, C., Wong, A., & Huang, J. (1970, January 01). Central nervous system manifestations of neonatal lupus: A systematic review. Retrieved August 03, 2020, from https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/dc616840-e18c-3707-99bd-f15f80cbb37d/

Chiu, A., Fischbein, N., Wintermark, M., Zaharchuk, G., Yun, P. T., & Zeineh, M. (2020, September 15). COVID-19-induced anosmia associated with olfactory bulb atrophy. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00234-020-02554-1

Cho, R., To, Z., Yeung, Z., Tso, E., Fung, K., Chau, S., . . . Ku, P. (2020, August 13). COVID‐19 Viral Load in the Severity of and Recovery From Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction. Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/lary.29056

Chung, M., Choi, W., Jeong, H., Lee, J., & Kim, J. (2018, March 01). MR Imaging–Based Evaluations of Olfactory Bulb Atrophy in Patients with Olfactory Dysfunction. Retrieved from http://www.ajnr.org/content/39/3/532

Devanathan, S. (2020, April 21). The connection between coronavirus and sleep issues. Retrieved August 03, 2020, from https://www.parkview.com/community/dashboard/the-connection-between-coronavirus-and-sleep-issues

Ferrando, S., Klepacz, L., Lynch, S., Tavakkoli, M., Dornbush, R., Baharani, R., . . . Bartell, A. (2020, May 19). COVID-19 Psychosis: A Potential New Neuropsychiatric Condition Triggered by Novel Coronavirus Infection and the Inflammatory Response? Retrieved August 03, 2020, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7236749/

Francis, L., DePriest, K., Wilson, M., & Gross, D. (2018, September 30). Child Poverty, Toxic Stress, and Social Determinants of Health: Screening and Care Coordination. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6699621/

Giacomelli, A., Pezzati, L., Conti, F., Bernacchia, D., Siano, M., Oreni, L., . . . Galli, M. (2020, March 26). Self-reported Olfactory and Taste Disorders in Patients With Severe Acute Respiratory Coronavirus 2 Infection: A Cross-sectional Study. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7184514/

Gu, J., Gong, E., Zhang, B., Zheng, J., Gao, Z., Zhong, Y., . . . Leong, A. (2005, August 1). Multiple organ infection and the pathogenesis of SARS. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2213088/

Hopkins, C., Surda, P., & Kumar, N. (2020, June 01). Presentation of new onset anosmia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32277751/

Huan, J., Han, M., Luo, T., Ren, A., & Zhou, X. (2020, March 20). [Mental health survey of medical staff in a tertiary infectious disease hospital for COVID-19]. Retrieved August 03, 2020, from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32131151/

Iyengar, S., Lelkes, Y., Levendusky, M., Malhotra, N., & Westwood, S. (2018, December 10). The Origins and Consequences of Affective Polarization in the United States. Retrieved from https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-polisci-051117-073034

Kim, J., Heo, J., Kim, H., Song, S., Park, S., Park, T., . . . Choi, J. (2017, June 30). Neurological Complications during Treatment of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome. Retrieved from https://thejcn.com/DOIx.php?id=10.3988%2Fjcn.2017.13.3.227

Kitayama, S., Park, J., Miyamoto, Y., Date, H., Boylan, J., Markus, H., . . . Ryff, C. (2018, January 30). Behavioral Adjustment Moderates the Link Between Neuroticism and Biological Health Risk: A U.S.-Japan Comparison Study. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5940540/

Kraus, B., & Kitayama, S. (2019, July 25). Interdependent self-construal predicts emotion suppression in Asian Americans: An electro-cortical investigation. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301051118304782?via=ihub

Kwong, K., Mehta, P., Shukla, G., & Mehta, A. (1970, January 01). COVID-19, SARS and MERS: A neurological perspective. Retrieved August 03, 2020, from https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/3669107a-7ad5-32ca-a822-8c0d8143b40c/

Lahiri D, Ardila A (April 29, 2020) COVID-19 Pandemic: A Neurological Perspective. Cureus 12(4): e7889. DOI 10.7759/cureus.7889. Retrieved August 03, 2020 from https://assets.cureus.com/uploads/review_article/pdf/30897/1592535731-20200619-18809-tp59t.pdf

Leman, P., & Cinnirella, M. (2007, January). A major event has a major cause: Evidence for the role of heuristics in reasoning about conspiracy theories. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Patrick_Leman/publication/285852159_A_major_event_has_a_major_cause_Evidence_for_the_role_of_heuristics_in_reasoning_about_conspiracy_theories/links/5de0d2b4a6fdcc2837f3ee98/A-major-event-has-a-major-cause-Evidence-for-the-role-of-heuristics-in-reasoning-about-conspiracy-theories.pdf

Li, Y., Fu, L., Gonzales, D., & Lavi, E. (2004, April). Coronavirus neurovirulence correlates with the ability of the virus to induce proinflammatory cytokine signals from astrocytes and microglia. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC371061/

Li, Z., Liu, T., Yang, N., Han, D., Mi, X., Li, Y., . . . Guo, X. (1970, January 01). Neurological manifestations of patients with COVID-19: Potential routes of SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion from the periphery to the brain. Retrieved August 03, 2020, from https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/57f01658-82ad-384d-bc14-9b6540582090/

Louveau, A., Smirnov, I., Keyes, T., Eccles, J., Rouhani, S., Peske, J., . . . Kipnis, J. (2015, July 16). Structural and functional features of central nervous system lymphatic vessels. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4506234/

Lu, R., Zhao, X., Li, J., Niu, P., Yang, B., Wu, H., Wang, W., Song, H., Huang, B., Zhu, N., Bi, Y., Ma, X., Zhan, F., Wang, L., Hu, T., Zhou, H., Hu, Z., Zhou, W., Zhao, L., Chen, J., … Tan, W. (2020). Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet (London, England), 395(10224), 565–574. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8

Mao, L., Jin, H., Wang, M., Hu, Y., Chen, S., He, Q., . . . Hu, B. (2020, April 10). Neurologic Manifestations of Hospitalized Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. Retrieved from https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/2764549

McIntyre, M., & Fazel, F. (2020, April 24). Coronavirus and Mental Health: How COVID-19 is Affecting Millions of Americans. Retrieved August 03, 2020, from https://www.psycom.net/coronavirus-mental-health

Mental Health & COVID-19: What Parents and Caregivers Should Know. (2020, May 5). Retrieved August 03, 2020, from https://www.bgca.org/news-stories/2020/May/Mental-Health-COVID-19-What-Parents-and-Caregivers-Should-Know

Mental Health and Coping During COVID-19. (2020, July 1). Retrieved August 03, 2020, from https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/daily-life-coping/managing-stress -anxiety.html

Older Adults Loneliness Fact Sheet. (2018, September 11). Retrieved August 03, 2020, from https://www.artandhealing.org/older-adults-loneliness-fact-sheet/?gclid=Cj0KCQjwgo_5BRDuARIsADDEntSndSi-rdvcDAuevsuU_oHlcJrm2fU0o9lqy_3D1VYqe1nDbFZw_C0aAiWGEALw_wcB

Paniz-Mondolfi, A., Bryce, C., Grimes, Z., Gordon, R., Reidy, J., Lednicky, J., . . . Fowkes, M. (2020, July). Central nervous system involvement by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7264598/

Projected poverty impacts of COVID-19 (coronavirus). (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/brief/projected-poverty-impacts-of-COVID-19

Saad, M., Omrani, A., Baig, K., Bahloul, A., Elzein, F., Matin, M., . . . Albarrak, A. (2014, December). Clinical aspects and outcomes of 70 patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: A single-center experience in Saudi Arabia. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7110769/

Schnall, S., & Roper, J. (2011, October 05). Elevation Puts Moral Values Into Action - Simone Schnall, Jean Roper, 2012. Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1948550611423595

Serrano-Castro, P., Estivill-Torrús, G., Cabezudo-García, P., Reyes-Bueno, J., Petersen, N., Aguilar-Castillo, M., . . . Fonseca, F. (2020, May 08). Impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases: A delayed pandemic? Retrieved August 03, 2020, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2173580820300572

Shonkoff, J., Garner, A., The Committee On Psychosocial Aspects Of Child And Family Health, C., Siegel, B., Dobbins, M., Earls, M., . . . Wood, D. (2012, January 01). The Lifelong Effects of Early Childhood Adversity and Toxic Stress. Retrieved from https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/129/1/e232

Strunk, D., Lopez, H., & DeRubeis, R. (2005, August 25). Depressive symptoms are associated with unrealistic negative predictions of future life events. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16126162/

Tohidpour, A., Morgun, A., Boitsova, E., Malinovskaya, N., Martynova, G., Khilazheva, E., . . . Salmina, A. (2017, June 20). Neuroinflammation and Infection: Molecular Mechanisms Associated with Dysfunction of Neurovascular Unit. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5476750/

Tsai, L., Hsieh, S., & Chang, Y. (2005, September). Neurological manifestations in severe acute respiratory syndrome. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16252612/

Tsamakis, K., Rizos, E., Manolis, A., Chaidou, S., Kympouropoulos, S., Spartalis, E., . . . Triantafyllis, A. (2020, June). COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on mental health of healthcare professionals. Retrieved August 03, 2020, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7185082/

Wan, S., Yi, Q., Fan, S., Lv, J., Zhang, X., Guo, L., . . . Chen, Y. (2020, February 12). Characteristics of lymphocyte subsets and cytokines in peripheral blood of 123 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP). Retrieved from https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.10.20021832v1

Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C., & Ho, R. (1970, January 01). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. Retrieved August 03, 2020, from https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/a7171a9b-2e46-3775-8e42-7b4bd00eae70/

Wang, H., Li, X., Li, T., Zhang, S., Wang, L., Wu, X., & Liu, J. (2020, April 24). The genetic sequence, origin, and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7180649/

Westwood, S., Iyengar, S., Walgrave, S., Leonisio, R., Miller, L., & Strijbis, O. (2017, August 11). The tie that divides: Cross‐national evidence of the primacy of partyism. Retrieved from https://ejpr.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1475-6765.12228

Wu, Y., Xu, X., Chen, Z., Duan, J., Hashimoto, K., Yang, L., . . . Yang, C. (2020, March 30). Nervous system involvement after infection with COVID-19 and other coronaviruses. Retrieved August 03, 2020, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889159120303573?via=ihub

Xiang P., Xu X.M., Gao L.L., Wang H.Z., Xiong H.F., Li R.H. First case of 2019 novel coronavirus disease with Encephalitis. ChinaXiv. 2020;T202003:00015.

Yang, X., Pavarini, G., Schnall, S., & Immordino-Yang, M. (2018, November 8). Looking up to virtue: Averting gaze facilitates moral construals via posteromedial activations. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30212913/

Zhang, Q., Ding, Y., Hou, J., He, L., Huang, Z., Wang, H., . . . Lu, Y. (2003, November). [Detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated coronavirus RNA in autopsy tissues with in situ hybridization]. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14625166/

Zhang, W., Wang, K., Yin, L., Zhao, W., Xue, Q., Peng, M., . . . Wang, H. (2020, April 9). Mental Health and Psychosocial Problems of Medical Health Workers during the COVID-19 Epidemic in China. Retrieved August 03, 2020, from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32272480/

Published

03-31-2021

How to Cite

Kurra, M. R., Chung, B., Mathews, P., Wright, M., Ali, A., Vethan, A., Agrawal, A., Syal, C., Ma, C., Periquet, K. N., Park, M., Park, N., Asifriyaz, S., Gomez, T., & Sandadi, V. (2021). Neural Implications of COVID-19 on Patients, Healthcare Workers, and the General Population. Journal of Student Research, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.47611/jsrhs.v10i1.1357

Issue

Section

HS Review Articles