1931:
An emerging illness in new-born chickens, characterized by gasping and listless, was described as “An apparently new respiratory disease of chicks” by Schalk and Hwan. Then it was discovered that the disease was communicable; however, the causative agent was yet unknown (1).
1936:
Beach and Schalm showed that the cause of a respiratory disease of chicks was a filterable virus (2). The infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) would be the first member of coronaviruses to be reported (3,4).
1937:
Beaudette and Hudson succeeded in cultivating and isolating the virus, the cause of infectious bronchitis, for the first time (5).
1946:
A new virus, “transmissible infectious gastroenteritis virus (TGEV)”, which would be later understood to be linked to coronaviruses, was described as a causative agent of swine enteritis (6).
1949:
“Mouse hepatitis coronavirus (MHV)” associated with encephalomyelitis in mice was reported. Though, the connection of MHV with the previously reported two viruses had not been revealed yet (7).
1962:
Kendall, Bynoe, and Tyrrell from The British Medical Research Council’s Common Cold Research Unit reported that a specimen, marked B814, which had been collected in 1960 from a boy in a residential school suffering from common colds, had not yielded a virus on inoculation into cell culture (8).
1965:
Tyrrell and Bynoe cultivated the virus (B814) in human embryonic tracheal culture and demonstrated that it could still cause colds after inoculation into volunteers (9).
1966:
Dorothy Hamre and John J. Procknow from the University of Chicago also reported a new ether sensitive RNA virus isolated during surveillance of upper respiratory infection among medical students in the winter of 1962. After choosing the virus isolated from 229E marked specimen as the prototype strain and cultivating in kidney tissue culture, it was suggested that the new virus was not related to any known human myxoviruses (10).
Figure 1. Electron microscopic image of Avian coronavirus. Photo Credit: CDC/Dr. Fred Murphy (1975)
1967:
Mintosh et al. reported six morphologically IBV-like viruses distinct from the myxoviruses. Two of the IBV-like viruses were OC38 and OC43 (OC was used for organ culture), which would be unrevealed to be essentially identical antigenically (11). Almeida and Tyrrell put forward that particles of two novel viruses (B814 and 229E) were indistinguishable and resembled those of infectious bronchitis of chickens based on electron microscopy (Figure 1,2) (12).
1968:
Eight virologists (including Almeida, Berry, Cunningham, Hamre, Hofstad, Mallucci, McIntosh, and Tyrrell) agreed on avian infectious bronchitis virus, Mouse hepatitis coronavirus and novel human viruses (B814, 229E, and others) were members of a previously unrecognized group. This new group of viruses was suggested to be called the coronaviruses for their electron microscopy appearance recalling the solar corona (13).
Figure 2. Electron microscopic image of human coronavirus OC43 (Betacoronavirus 1). Photo Credit: CDC/ Dr. Erskine Palmer (1981)
1889 – 1890
A flu pandemic causing about 1 million deaths, was broke out between 1889–1890. The pandemic, called “Asiatic flu” or “Russian flu”, was assumed to be caused by H2N2 influenza after the serological examination. Nevertheless, Vigen et al. claimed the Human Coronavirus OC43 to be the actual causative agent based on their molecular analysis (14).
2002, November 16
In Foshan City (Guangdong Province, China), a patient was presented with atypical pneumonia, which was not identified (15,16).
2003, February 10
An email, informing about a mysterious contagious disease with more than 100 dead in a week, was received by the World Health Organization (WHO) Beijing Office (15).
2003, February 17
In Hong Kong, a 33-year-old man died of an unknown reason. He had a travel history with his family to Fujian Province (China) in January. Before this incident, his daughter inexplicably died in China, and his son was hospitalized (15).
2003, February 21
A professor from Zhongshan University in Guangzhou, who treated patients with atypical pneumonia in a Guangzhou hospital in China, stayed at Metropole Hotel in Hong Kong to attend a wedding. In those days, neither a possibility of any communicable disease was considered nor did the professor suspected himself despite having symptoms for six days. A day later, he would need urgent medical care (15,17).
2003, February 23
A 78-year-old female tourist, who stayed at Metropole Hotel in Hong Kong, returned to Toronto (Canada). Two days later, she developed fever, anorexia, myalgia, a sore throat, and mild non-productive cough (15,18).
2003, February 26
A 48-year-old man with a recent travel history to Shanghai, Guangdong Province, and Macao presented to the French Hospital in Hanoi (Vietnam), he had fever along with respiratory symptoms for three days. He conspicuously had a travel history of being guest in the Metropole Hotel. Dr. Carlo Urbani, a public health specialist of WHO, examined him. Only two days later, his condition would worsen, and several medical staff would show similar symptoms. Then Dr. Urbani informed the WHO office in Manila about emerging atypical pneumonia cases (15,17,19).
2003, March 1
A 26-year-old woman with respiratory symptoms applied to the hospital in Singapore. She also had the misfortune of staying at the Hotel Metropole in Hong Kong between 21-25 February (15,20).
2003, March 8
A 54-year-old man had a travel history to Guangdong Province, admitted to hospital due to his respiratory symptoms in Taiwan (15,21).
2003, March 15
WHO named the emerging disease as “Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)” and also announced “a worldwide health threat.” Travel recommendations and first case definitions of suspected and confirmed cases were also released by WHO (15).
2003, April 16
WHO released a press briefing and announced the virus causing SARS was officially confirmed to be a novel coronavirus (22). Having animal exposure prior to the developing infection in index cases, aroused the suspicion of animal origin of SARS-CoV. Later, investigations on the virus’s genetic determinants would have revealed that the virus emerged through the recombination of bat SARS-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoVs), the virus-infected civets and humans, and adapted to these hosts before causing the SARS epidemic (23).
2003, July 5
Finally, Taiwan was removed the WHO’s local transmission list, after Hong Kong, Beijing, and Toronto. A total of 8439 affected people and 812 death from SARS was reported by that time. Besides, approximately 20% of all cases were health care workers. In other respects, SARS was emphasized as a remaining global threat (24).
Figure 1. Formation of large syncytia of primary human alveolar type II cells infected with HCoV-HKU1 (29)
2004
A new human coronavirus, “HCoV-NL63”, isolated from a 7-month old child with bronchiolitis and conjunctivitis in Amsterdam, Netherland (25). After being reported the first HCoV-NL63 infected case, HCoV-NL63 related infections were observed worldwide (26). Natural hosts of HCoV-NL63 was found to be African bats and the camelids, while an intermediate host was not known (23).
2005
In Hong Kong, another novel coronavirus, “HCoV-HKU1”, was detected from the respiratory specimens of two adults with pneumonia (27). HCoV-HKU1 was assumed to have rodent related origin (Figure 3)(23).
2012, June 13
In Jeddah (Saudi Arabia), a 60-year-old man with a history of fever, cough, expectoration, and shortness of breath was admitted to a hospital. Genetic analysis of isolated virus from patients’ samples unrevealed that the new virus belonged to lineage C of the genus betacoronavirus, along with the bat coronaviruses HKU4 and HKU5. The novel virus was called “HCoV-EMC (for Erasmus Medical Center)”, which would be named as “Mers-CoV” (28). Later, phylogenetic analysis indicated that bats were possible natural host and dromedary camels were likely to be intermediate hosts of Mers-CoV (23).
2019, November
The overall number of laboratories confirmed Mers-CoV infected cases reached 2494 with 858 cases of death, whereas most of the cases were reported from Saudi Arabia (30).
2019, December 31
In Wuhan City (China), mysterious severe pneumonia cases were decelerated by WHO China Country Office (31).
2020, January 1
Pneumonia with unknown etiology was considered linked to the seafood market, since 27 cases had contact with the seafood market in common, and samples from the market tested positive for novel coronavirus. Then, Wuhan’s Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market was closed (32).
2020, January 12
It was officially confirmed that pneumonia cases’ causative agent was a virus isolated in broncho alveolar-lavage fluid samples. The novel virus was characterized as a previously unknown betacoronavirus, named 2019-nCoV, which formed a clade within the subgenus sarbecovirus, Orthocoronavirinae subfamily (33). The genetic sequence of COVID-19 was shared by China publicly (34).
2020, January 13
Thailand officially confirmed the first COVID19 case, which was the first reported case outside China (35).
2020, January 16
In Japan, the first COVID-19 case was reported in a patient with a travel history to Wuhan (36).
2020, January 19
A 35-year-old man with a 4-day history of cough and fever returned from Wuhan on January 15, admitted to an urgent care clinic in Washington. He was the first COVID-19 case in the USA (37).
2020, January 23
Chinese authorities banned all of Wuhan’s intercity travels and restricted movements in the Wuhan city, so the city was now aquatinted (38).
2020, January 24
France reported the first COVID19 case, who had a travel history to China, and it was the first COVID-19 case to be reported across Europe (32).
2020, January 30
WHO declared a “public health emergency of international concern” for COVID-19 outbreak (38).
2020, February 1
The first COVID-19 death outside of China mainland was reported in the Philippines (39).
2020, February 3
The Diamond Princess Cruise ship with boarding a total of 2666 passengers (1281 of whom were Japanese and 1045 crew members from 56 countries) was anchored at the Yokohama Port and then aquatinted for 14 days, because an 80-year-old male passenger on the cruise ship was diagnosed as COVID-19 pneumonia on February 1 (40).
Figure 1. “SARS-CoV-2 (yellow) at cell surface (blue/pink), scanning electron microscope image”. Credit: NIAID-RML
2020, February 13
New coronavirus, cause of the outbreak, named “severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)”, while the disease was officially called “coronavirus disease (COVID-19)” by WHO (41).
2020, February 19
Iran officially announced the first COVID-19 deaths (42).
2020, February 22
COVID-19 cluster of cases from Lombardy and the other two regions (Piedmont and Veneto) of Italy was reported (43).
2020, March 11
COVID-19 was stated as a pandemic by WHO (44).