Evaluation of the Effectiveness of BNT162b2 Primary Vaccination and Booster Dose to SARS-CoV-2 in Eliciting Stable Mucosal Immunity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
3. Methods
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Polack, F.P.; Thomas, S.J.; Kitchin, N.; Absalon, J.; Gurtman, A.; Lockhart, S.; Perez, J.L.; Pérez Marc, G.; Moreira, E.D.; Zerbini, C.; et al. Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine. N. Engl. J. Med. 2020, 383, 2603–2615. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Goldberg, Y.; Mandel, M.; Bar-On, Y.M.; Bodenheimer, O.; Freedman, L.; Haas, E.J.; Milo, R.; Alroy-Preis, S.; Ash, N.; Huppert, A. Waning Immunity after the BNT162b2 Vaccine in Israel. N. Engl. J. Med. 2021, 385, e85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Thomas, S.J.; Moreira, E.D.; Kitchin, N.; Absalon, J.; Gurtman, A.; Lockhart, S.; Perez, J.L.; Pérez Marc, G.; Polack, F.P.; Zerbini, C.; et al. Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine through 6 Months. N. Engl. J. Med. 2021, 385, 1761–1773. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ejemel, M.; Li, Q.; Hou, S.; Schiller, Z.A.; Tree, J.A.; Wallace, A.; Amcheslavsky, A.; Kurt Yilmaz, N.; Buttigieg, K.R.; Elmore, M.J.; et al. A cross-reactive human IgA monoclonal antibody blocks SARS-CoV-2 spike-ACE2 interaction. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 4198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cervia, C.; Nilsson, J.; Zurbuchen, Y.; Valaperti, A.; Schreiner, J.; Wolfensberger, A.; Raeber, M.E.; Adamo, S.; Weigang, S.; Emmenegger, M.; et al. Systemic and mucosal antibody responses specific to SARS-CoV-2 during mild versus severe COVID-19. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2021, 147, 545–557.e9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- de Melo Batista dos, S.J.; Soares, C.P.; Monteiro, F.R.; Mello, R.; do Amaral, J.B.; Aguiar, A.S.; Soledade, M.P.; Sucupira, C.; De Paulis, M.; Andrade, J.B.; et al. In Nasal Mucosal Secretions, Distinct IFN and IgA Responses Are Found in Severe and Mild SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front. Immunol. 2021, 12, 595343. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Caselli, E.; Soffritti, I.; Lamberti, G.; D’accolti, M.; Franco, F.; Demaria, D.; Contoli, M.; Passaro, A.; Contini, C.; Perri, P. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA Response in Tears of COVID-19 Patients. Biology 2020, 9, 374. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sterlin, D.; Mathian, A.; Miyara, M.; Mohr, A.; Anna, F.; Claër, L.; Quentric, P.; Fadlallah, J.; Devilliers, H.; Ghillani, P.; et al. IgA dominates the early neutralizing antibody response to SARS-CoV-2. Sci. Transl. Med. 2021, 13, eabd2223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tang, J.; Ravichandran, S.; Lee, Y.; Grubbs, G.; Coyle, E.M.; Klenow, L.; Genser, H.; Golding, H.; Khurana, S. Antibody affinity maturation and plasma IgA associate with clinical outcome in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 1221. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xue, M.; Zhang, T.; Hu, H.; Huang, Z.; Zhen, Y.; Liang, Y.; Zeng, Y.; Jin, T.; Zhou, L.; Zhang, X.D.; et al. Predictive effects of IgA and IgG combination to assess pulmonary exudation progression in COVID-19 patients. J. Med. Virol. 2021, 93, 1443–1448. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, Z.; Chen, H.; Xue, M.; Huang, H.; Zheng, P.; Luo, W.; Liang, X.; Sun, B.; Zhong, N. Characteristics and roles of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-specific antibodies in patients with different severities of coronavirus 19. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 2020, 202, 210–219. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Randad, P.R.; Pisanic, N.; Kruczynski, K.; Manabe, Y.C.; Thomas, D.; Pekosz, A.; Klein, S.L.; Betenbaugh, M.J.; Clarke, W.A.; Laeyendecker, O.; et al. COVID-19 serology at population scale: SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody responses in saliva. medRxiv Prepr. Serv. Health Sci. 2020, 59, e02204-20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Su, F.; Patel, G.B.; Hu, S.; Chen, W. Induction of mucosal immunity through systemic immunization: Phantom or reality? Hum. Vaccin. Immunother. 2016, 12, 1070–1079. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Selva, K.J.; Davis, S.K.; Haycroft, E.R.; Lee, W.S.; Lopez, E.; Reynaldi, A.; Davenport, M.P.; Kent, H.E.; Juno, J.A.; Chung, A.W.; et al. Tear antibodies to SARS-CoV-2: Implications for transmission. Clin. Transl. Immunol. 2021, 10, e1354. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Piano Mortari, E.; Russo, C.; Vinci, M.R.; Terreri, S.; Fernandez Salinas, A.; Piccioni, L.; Alteri, C.; Colagrossi, L.; Coltella, L.; Ranno, S.; et al. Highly Specific Memory B Cells Generation after the 2nd Dose of BNT162b2 Vaccine Compensate for the Decline of Serum Antibodies and Absence of Mucosal IgA. Cells 2021, 10, 2541. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meyer-Arndt, L.; Schwarz, T.; Loyal, L.; Henze, L.; Kruse, B.; Dingeldey, M.; Gürcan, K.; Uyar-Aydin, Z.; Müller, M.A.; Drosten, C.; et al. Cutting Edge: Serum but Not Mucosal Antibody Responses Are Associated with Pre-Existing SARS-CoV-2 Spike Cross-Reactive CD4 + T Cells following BNT162b2 Vaccination in the Elderly. J. Immunol. 2022, 208, 1001–1005. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Focosi, D.; Maggi, F.; Casadevall, A. Mucosal Vaccines, Sterilizing Immunity, and the Future of SARS-CoV-2 Virulence. Viruses 2022, 14, 187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Azzi, L.; Dalla Gasperina, D.; Veronesi, G.; Shallak, M.; Ietto, G.; Iovino, D.; Baj, A.; Gianfagna, F.; Maurino, V.; Focosi, D.; et al. Mucosal immune response in BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine recipients. EBioMedicine 2022, 75, 103788. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ozturk, M.; Kumova, D.; Alacam, S.; Erdogan, H.; Onder, F. Detection of coronavirus in tear samples of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Int. Ophthalmol. 2022, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Y.; Jin, L.; Chen, T.; Pirozzi, C.J. The Effects of Secretory IgA in the Mucosal Immune System. Biomed Res. Int. 2020, 2020, 2032057. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Röltgen, K.; Boyd, S.D. Antibody and B cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. Cell Host Microbe 2021, 29, 1063–1075. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Grau-Expósito, J.; Sánchez-Gaona, N.; Massana, N.; Suppi, M.; Astorga-Gamaza, A.; Perea, D.; Rosado, J.; Falcó, A.; Kirkegaard, C.; Torrella, A.; et al. Peripheral and lung resident memory T cell responses against SARS-CoV-2. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 3010. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Guerrieri, M.; Francavilla, B.; Fiorelli, D.; Nuccetelli, M.; Passali, F.M.; Coppeta, L.; Somma, G.; Bernardini, S.; Magrini, A.; Di Girolamo, S. Nasal and Salivary Mucosal Humoral Immune Response Elicited by mRNA BNT162b2 COVID-19 Vaccine Compared to SARS-CoV-2 Natural Infection. Vaccines 2021, 9, 1499. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ketas, T.J.; Chaturbhuj, D.; Cruz Portillo, V.M.; Francomano, E.; Golden, E.; Chandrasekhar, S.; Debnath, G.; Díaz-Tapia, R.; Yasmeen, A.; Kramer, K.D.; et al. Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 mrna vaccines are detectable in Saliva. Pathog. Immun. 2021, 6, 116–134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kuhlmann, C.; Mayer, C.K.; Claassen, M.; Maponga, T.; Burgers, W.A.; Keeton, R.; Riou, C.; Sutherland, A.D.; Suliman, T.; Shaw, M.L.; et al. Breakthrough infections with SARS-CoV-2 omicron despite mRNA vaccine booster dose. Lancet 2022, 399, 625–626. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Andrews, N.; Stowe, J.; Kirsebom, F.; Toffa, S.; Sachdeva, R.; Gower, C.; Ramsay, M.; Bernal, J.L. Effectiveness of COVID-19 booster vaccines against COVID-19 related symptoms, hospitalisation and death in England. Nat. Med. 2022, 28, 831–837. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bar-On, Y.M.; Goldberg, Y.; Mandel, M.; Bodenheimer, O.; Freedman, L.; Kalkstein, N.; Mizrahi, B.; Alroy-Preis, S.; Ash, N.; Milo, R.; et al. Protection of BNT162b2 Vaccine Booster against COVID-19 in Israel. N. Engl. J. Med. 2021, 385, 1393–1400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Samples | Variables | Primary BNT162b2 Vaccination | 6-Months after Primary BNT162b2 Vaccination | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Serum | IgG (U/mL) | 214 ± 41 | 55.7 ± 30.2 | p = 0.001 |
IgA (ratio sample/cal) | 3.1 ± 2.3 | 1.5 ± 0.9 | p = 0.001 | |
Saliva | IgG (U/mL) | 20.2 ± 18.6 | 4.3 ± 3.3 | p = 0.001 |
IgA (ratio sample/cal) | 2.7 ± 1.8 | 1.8 ± 1 | p = 0.032 | |
Tears | IgG (U/mL) | 37.1 ± 45.1 | 5.3 ± 7.1 | p = 0.004 |
IgA (ratio sample/cal) | 2.2 ± 1.5 | 1.8 ± 0.8 | NSS |
Samples | Variables | Before BD | After BD | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Serum | IgG (U/mL) | 66.7 ± 31.1 | 219.8 ± 49 | p < 0.001 |
IgA (ratio sample/cal) | 1.7 ± 1 | 4.5 ± 1.4 | p < 0.001 | |
Saliva | IgG (U/mL) | 4.9 ± 3.8 | 29.3 ± 24 | p = 0.017 |
IgA (ratio sample/cal) | 2.2 ± 1.2 | 2.7 ± 1.6 | NSS | |
Tears | IgG (U/mL) | 6.8 ± 9 | 13.7 ± 14 | NSS |
IgA (ratio sample/cal) | 2 ± 0.9 | 3.5 ± 1.5 | p = 0.012 |
Samples | Variables | BD Vaccinated Subjects | COVID-19 Convalescents | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Serum | IgG (U/mL) | 219.8 ± 49 | 95.1 ± 88.3 | p = 0.016 |
IgA (ratio sample/cal) | 4.5 ± 1.4 | 2.8 ± 1.4 | p = 0.030 | |
Saliva | IgG (U/mL) | 29.3 ± 24 | 4.6 ± 3.6 | p = 0.017 |
IgA (ratio sample/cal) | 2.7 ± 1.6 | 6 ± 3.6 | p = 0.005 | |
Tears | IgG (U/mL) | 13.7 ± 14 | 4.4 ± 3.7 | NSS |
IgA (ratio sample/cal) | 3.5 ± 1.5 | 8.5 ± 5 | p = 0.001 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Lambiase, A.; Sacchetti, M.; Mallone, F.; Tirassa, P.; Greco, A.; Angeloni, A.; Polimeni, A. Evaluation of the Effectiveness of BNT162b2 Primary Vaccination and Booster Dose to SARS-CoV-2 in Eliciting Stable Mucosal Immunity. Biomedicines 2022, 10, 2430. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10102430
Lambiase A, Sacchetti M, Mallone F, Tirassa P, Greco A, Angeloni A, Polimeni A. Evaluation of the Effectiveness of BNT162b2 Primary Vaccination and Booster Dose to SARS-CoV-2 in Eliciting Stable Mucosal Immunity. Biomedicines. 2022; 10(10):2430. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10102430
Chicago/Turabian StyleLambiase, Alessandro, Marta Sacchetti, Fabiana Mallone, Paola Tirassa, Antonio Greco, Antonio Angeloni, and Antonella Polimeni. 2022. "Evaluation of the Effectiveness of BNT162b2 Primary Vaccination and Booster Dose to SARS-CoV-2 in Eliciting Stable Mucosal Immunity" Biomedicines 10, no. 10: 2430. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10102430