Introduction

The novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has produced a rapidly expanding worldwide pandemic with a deep impact on all aspects of healthcare [1]. According to updated information, COVID-19 susceptibility and severity risk factors in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases appear to be similar to the general population [2,3,4,5,6]. However, contradictory data exist on whether people with multiple sclerosis (MS) are at higher risk of being infected by SARS-CoV-2 and develop a poorer outcome than non-MS patients [7,8,9,10]. In addition, MS disease-modifying drugs (DMD) have been proved to be safe during the pandemic, except for anti-CD20 therapies or intravenous methylprednisolone that may increase the risk of infection and worsen COVID-19 evolution [7, 9, 11, 12].

COVID-19 has excessively strained healthcare systems all around the world [13], compelling neurology departments and MS centres to adopt deep structural changes to maintain standards of care [13,14,15,16,17,18]. To buffer the impact of COVID-19 on both clinical activity and treatment administration procedures, the MS Centre of Catalonia (Cemcat) implemented a large internal reorganization: organization of healthcare professionals into non-contact stand-alone teams, adoption of telemedicine, prioritization of diagnostic tests, changes in medicine dispensation, etc.[18]. As others did [9, 19, 20], internal recommendations for the management of MS therapies were established, despite the unknown impact of DMD on the risk of COVID-19 susceptibility or outcomes at the beginning of the pandemic [18]. One year later, the evaluation of whether such urgent adaptations have enabled to keep standards of care in MS is warranted to face future extreme epidemiological situations.

The current study aims to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on (1) number of clinical visits, (2) magnetic resonance (MR) scans, and (3) treatment prescriptions in a MS referral centre.

Methods

The study was approved in the session Number 499 by the local Ethics Committee at Vall d’Hebron University Hospital (VHUH) in Barcelona, Spain.

Research site

Cemcat (Barcelona, Spain) is a specialized centre focusing on MS and other autoimmune disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). The centre provides healthcare coverage to patients with MS with a multidisciplinary approach based on neurological clinical visits, neuro-rehabilitation, neuropsychology, and a dedicated infusion centre. As a part of the Cemcat clinical activity, patients are routinely visited at an outpatient care centre every 3–12 months or at the time of new MS-related events. Intravenous acute or chronic treatments are administered at the infusion centre when medically needed. As part of the Cemcat supporting diagnostic tests activity, MR scans are performed at the Institut de Diagnostic per la Imatge (Section of Neuroradiology, VHUH), when needed. All potential DMD prescriptions are discussed in a weekly meeting attended by all involved treating neurologists, nurses, pharmacists and pharmacologists to reach consensus on any prescription issued.

Patients and data collection

This is a single-centre observational and retrospective study between January 2018 and May 2021. The number of first and follow-up visits at the outpatient care centre (clinical activity) was retrieved. Visits were classified into two types: face-to-face visits when patients moved to the outpatient care centre to be visited on-site, and telemedicine visits when the visit was performed by telephone or video call. The number of brain and spinal cord MR scans (radiological activity) was also retrieved. Both the number of visits and MR scans were anonymously extracted from the VHUH electronic database. The number and type of treatment prescription initiation (regardless of whether these were initiated in naïve or already treated patients–switches) were anonymously extracted from our Cemcat in-house clinical management software (eCemcat). Treatment prescriptions were classified into three groups: (1) first line (interferon, acetate glatiramer, teriflunomide, dimethyl-fumarate); (2) anti-CD 20 (rituximab, ocrelizumab); and (3) other second line (natalizumab, fingolimod, cladribine and alemtuzumab).

Study periods

Three different time periods were defined. The “COVID-19” period corresponds to 2020 (January 1 to December 31, 2020). Two control periods were established: (1) A first “control period” (named 2018 year) comprising activity registered between January 1 to December 31, 2018, and (2) a second “control period” (named 2019 year) comprising activity registered between January 1 to December 31, 2019. The term “first wave period” was used to define the period of time between March 14, and June 21, 2020, in which a complete population lockdown was enforced by the Government of Spain [18]. Since in holiday periods, all activities tend to decrease, the term “holiday period” defines the period of time between July 15th to August 31st and December 20th to January 10th in every year. Finally, an “extension period” comprising January 1 to May 31, 2021, was included as sensitivity analysis to confirm trends of treatment prescriptions during 2020 in comparison to control periods, if any.

Statistical analysis.

Distribution of continuous variables (number of visits, MR scans and treatment prescriptions) was described as mean and standard deviation (SD). Categorical variables were described as number and percentage (%).

Two different analyses were performed. First, the monthly number of clinical visits, MR scans and treatment prescriptions per period were compared between the control periods and the COVID-19 period using the unpaired Student’s t test. Second, a dynamic description of the monthly number of clinical visits, MR scans and treatment prescriptions during the COVID-19 and control periods was detailed. To provide an objective tool to detect significant activity changes across periods, values beyond ± 2SD from the mean monthly activity observed during the whole study period (i.e., monthly number of visits, MR scans and treatment prescriptions) were defined as outliers; otherwise variables were considered to remain stable during the time on study. In all analyses, type I error was set at p < 0.05. Statistical analyses and graphs were performed with STATA-12 software (64-bit, StataCorp, TX) and Prism 9 (9.01).

Results

Clinical activity

During the study period, a total of 28,230 visits were carried out at the outpatient care centre (8898 in 2018, 9564 in 2019, and 9768 in 2020) (Fig. 1a). No differences were found in the mean (SD) monthly number of visits performed in 2020 (814 [137.6]) compared to 2018 (741 [99.7]; p = 0.153), and 2019 (797 [116.3]; p = 0.747). In 2020, out of 9768 of total visits, 6218 (63.7%) visits were face-to-face and 3550 (36.3%) were performed either by phone or videoconference; routine clinical care was only performed face to face in the control periods. When evaluating clinical activity dynamics, a slight decrease in the monthly number of visits occurred during the first two months of the “first wave period”, although outlier values were only observed in months including “holiday periods” (Fig. 1b).

Fig. 1
figure 1

Distribution of visits, according to 2020 year and control periods. a Total number of clinical visits in 2020, and control periods 2018 and 2019. b Longitudinal dynamics of the monthly number of visits during the study period. *Dash lines represent ± 2 standard deviations the mean number of clinical visits during the whole study period

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Radiological activity

A total of 6765 MR scans were performed during the study period (4991 brain and 1774 spinal cord). MR scans were distributed as follows: 2207 during 2018, 2356 during 2019, and 2202 during 2020 (Fig. 2a). There were no differences in the mean (SD) monthly number of MR scans performed in 2020 (183.5 [SD 68.9]) compared to 2018 (183.9 [29.1]; p = 0.984) and 2019 (196 [17.5]; p = 0.538). When evaluating radiological activity dynamics, the monthly number of MR scans performed during the “first wave” decreased to reach an outlier value in April 2020 (n = 43), with a 76.6% drop compared to the mean monthly activity in 2020. A sharp increase was observed during the subsequent two months to reach an outlier high value in July 2020 (n = 289), a 58% increase (Fig. 2b).

Fig. 2
figure 2

Distribution of magnetic resonance scans, according to 2020 year and control periods. a Total number of magnetic resonance scans in 2020, and control periods 2018 and 2019. b Longitudinal dynamics of the monthly number of magnetic resonances during the study period. *Dash lines represent ± 2 standard deviations the mean number of magnetic resonance scans during the whole study period

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Treatment prescription activity

The total number of treatment prescriptions was 925 throughout the whole study period (276 in 2018, 360 in 2019, and 289 in 2020) (Fig. 3a). The mean (SD) monthly number of treatment prescriptions in 2020 (24.1 [7.0]) was lower than in 2019 (30 [7.0]; p = 0.049), but similar to 2018 (23 [8.0]; p = 0.727). A trend towards a lower mean (SD) number of treatment prescriptions was observed during the extension period (first 5 months of 2021) (23.2 [5.5]) when compared to 2019 (p = 0.072), but no differences with 2020 were observed (p = 0.805). Number treatment prescriptions are depicted in Table 1. When assessing treatment prescription dynamics, the monthly number of treatment prescriptions remained stable, with the exception of months including “holiday periods” (Fig. 3b). The monthly number of first-line treatment prescriptions remained stable throughout the study period (Fig. 4a). Anti-CD20 therapy prescriptions showed a continuous increase during 2019 to reach outlier value in October 2019 (n = 25; 146.4% increase compared to the mean of monthly anti-CD20 treatment prescriptions of the whole study period); thereafter a subsequent reduction was observed in 2020 and the first five months of 2021 (Fig. 4b). A decrease in the number of anti-CD20 treatment prescriptions was observed during the “first wave” (n = 3 prescriptions in April; 69.4% decrease compared to the mean of monthly treatment prescriptions of the whole study period), without reaching outlier values. The other second-line treatment prescriptions reached outlier values in June (n = 10) and October 2018 (n = 9), and remained stable during 2019 and 2020 (Fig. 4c). Finally, natalizumab experienced an incremental number of new prescriptions from the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic to the end of the study period (Table 1); the monthly number of natalizumab prescriptions increased to reach outlier value during the “first wave” (n = 4), in November 2020 (n = 4), and in March 2021 (n = 5) (Fig. 4d). All other second-line treatment prescriptions displayed stable patterns (data not shown).

Fig. 3
figure 3

Distribution of new treatment prescriptions, according to 2020 and control periods. a Total number of new treatment prescriptions in 2020, and control periods 2018 and 2019. b Longitudinal dynamics of the monthly number of new treatment prescriptions during the study period. *Dash lines represent ± 2 standard deviations the mean number new treatment prescriptions during the whole study period

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Table 1 Number of monthly prescriptions of different therapy groups throughout the study period
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Fig. 4
figure 4

Longitudinal dynamics of new treatment prescription, according to type of treatment prescription. a First-line treatments. b Anti-CD20 drugs. c Other second-line treatment. d Natalizumab treatment. *In figure c, other second-line treatment comprises natalizumab, fingolimod, cladribine and alemtuzumab. **Dash lines represent ± 2 standard deviations the mean number of new treatment prescriptions during the whole study period

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Discussion

COVID-19 pandemic has hardly stricken formal operational plans in many health centres, leading to a negative impact in patient care. With the present study, we evaluate standards of care in a single MS centre for the first time, during the first year of COVID-19 pandemic. This may serve as a useful learning process for future pandemics and other potential local or global severe disruptions of usual operations. Overall, clinical and radiological activity was maintained as a result of successful adaptations to face the pandemic [18]. However, treatment strategies were subject to some variations which likely reflect a “change of concept” when treating MS patients during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The total number of clinical visits performed during 2020 remained stable in comparison with control periods, as the slight decrease observed during the “first wave” was rapidly corrected during the following months, thanks, at least in part, to rapid adoption of teleconsultation. Telemedicine had already been endorsed in terms of feasibility, cost-effectivity and patient satisfaction before the COVID-19 pandemic [21,22,23,24]. Interestingly, recent European and USA surveys have revealed that 73% of MS centres adopted telemedicine and one-third used telemedicine to provide over 75% of the clinical care during the first months of the pandemic, respectively [25, 26]. These figures clearly highlight the impressive capability of many MS centres to develop rapid structural adaptations. At our centre, up to a third of the whole outpatient clinical visits was performed via telemedicine by the end of 2020. This lower figure of telemedicine adoption in our centre may be explained by that the fact that, even though 30 out of 79 (38%) of Cemcat employees were either COVID-19-infected or quarantined in 2020, only 3 (3.8%) of them were physicians; in this way, resorting to telemedicine was only driven by patient needs and not due to low availability of physicians on site. In addition, Cemcat facilities are located in a stand-alone building, with its own route of access, and away from other clinical facilities in the Hospital campus; such location may have decreased the perception of contagion risk, thus favoring face-to-face visits. Altogether, both the prompt adaptation from face-to-face towards telemedicine visits as well as the centre architectural particularities were essential points to keep clinical requirements during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Radiology departments have been greatly impacted by COVID-19. Preliminary data from Yale New Haven Hospital, USA, revealed volume imaging drops greater than 50% [27]. Another more recent international survey has shown that urgent MR scans were the only test allowed in 58% of centres, 17% of centres suspended or postponed radiological activity, and only 19% maintained usual activity [25]. At our centre, radiological activity suffered a 73% abrupt reduction during the first two months of “the first wave” compared with overall activity in 2020, but showed a sharp recovery immediately after. The radiology department went through a deep reorganization to guarantee a low transmission risk which directly determined radiological dynamics during the first months of pandemic: redeployment of technicians and radiologist to cover COVID-19 activity, more extended intervals between and longer duration of MR scans due to hygienic measures and, finally, an increase of examinations associated with COVID-19-related neurological disorders [28]. The overall stability of radiological activity observed across periods suggests that the initial activity decreased activity was not a consequence of variations in MR scan requests, but rather from rescheduling of non-urgent studies. Moreover, MR scan requests from primary care medicine were referred to other external centres, thus freeing slots to focus on radiological requests from our own centre, which greatly helped keeping the same levels of activity. Overall, the maintenance of the radiological activity after the first months of the pandemic indicates the adoption of first measures to be a key learning point to face the current or future pandemics.

MS therapy approach during the COVID-19 pandemic has been and still remains a challenge for MS neurologists trying to balance benefits and risks. Prescription of lympho-depleting agents in MS has been a matter of discussion due to the association with COVID-19 susceptibility and outcome risks [7, 29, 30]. Indeed, a survey has recently reported that 23% of centres avoided such therapies, whereas 8% postponed any type of DMD in treatment naïve-patients during the first months of the pandemic [25]. Description of treatment strategies performed during the first year of the pandemic might be of interest to conduct an interim assessment of previous recommendations at a time when the effects of DMD on COVID-19 susceptibility and outcomes were still unknown [18]. At our centre, treatment prescriptions during 2020 were lower than 2019, but similar to 2018. Whether COVID-19 pandemic was the only reason for such decrease might be difficult to ascertain since treatment prescription patterns depend on several un-controlled temporally related variables: number of patients derived to the MS centre, changes in treatment guidelines, number of on-going clinical trials or a lower rate of treatment-switches related to a wider use of highly effective drugs, among others. Since both the total number of yearly visits and radiological tests were unaffected in 2020 but treatment prescriptions modified, it needs to be considered that the rapid and wide adoption of telemedicine might have modified treatment prescription by physicians, by a number of different reasons (i.e., missing relapses and progression events or delaying final decision till next face-to-face visit). A different relationship between neurologist and patient, a lack of direct physical examination or even the absence of important non-verbal information are some of the consequences of a sudden shift from in-person visits to telemedicine [31]. In fact, telemedicine may be better suited to other neurological diseases, such as epilepsy or headache, where the neurological examination is not a key point for decision-making [31]. This should not be interpreted as a claim against telemedicine in MS, but rather suggests that telemedicine could be more beneficial in patients with stable disease forms and lower chances of treatment switch.

A non-pandemic-related decrease in prescription of anti-CD20 drugs during 2020 compared to 2019 may have also had an impact on the overall number of treatment prescriptions. Anti-CD20 drugs were approved to treat progressive MS forms by the end of 2018, producing a high number of prescriptions during 2019 compared to 2018. It is likely that important proportions of suitable patients for anti-CD20 drugs were treated during the first year after its approval, leaving therefore a small proportion of candidates to be treated during 2020. Obviously, a second potential cause for such decrease is the neurologist reluctance to prescribe anti-CD20 drugs due to the undesirable effects in the pandemic context [18, 32]. Whether the COVID-19 vaccine will modify anti-CD20 prescription patterns is still unknown, although previous experience suggests a decremental humoral response to vaccines in anti-CD20 MS treated patients when compared to other DMD [33]. To this regard, most recent information points to an attenuated humoral response to COVID-19 vaccine in a non-negligible proportion of anti-CD 20 MS patients [34, 35]. An interesting finding corroborating a “change of concept” on treatment strategies during the pandemic comes from the higher number natalizumab prescriptions once the pandemic hit MS patients, in comparison to previous years. These data present natalizumab to be a comfortable and safety option for patients with a highly active disease that may had otherwise been proposed to initiate anti-CD20 or other lymphocyte-depleting drugs.

Because a pandemic cannot be foreseen, the nature of the present study entails those limitations associated with a retrospective design. In addition, some comments deserve to be added. First, the activity registered in a given health centre usually does not follow a linear pattern, but depends on un-controlled elements (i.e., disease incidence, hospital eligibility, course of the disease, etc.), which makes difficult to measure the direct impact of a pandemic on the clinical activity routine. As a proxy to identify pandemic-derived associations, outliers were defined as well as the inclusion of control periods before and after 2020, providing reasoned statements to consider these outliers as a direct consequence of the pandemic. Second, whether treatment prescriptions changes are a direct consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic or due to temporal fluctuations associated to intrinsic prescriptive patterns might be difficult to ascertain. Third, patients included in on-going clinical trials were not analyzed and, therefore, depicted figures do not show the whole spectrum of DMD used at our centre. Finally, the low sample sizes in some specific treatments prevented us to perform statistical comparisons. However, longitudinal descriptive analysis allowed us to show clear trends for anti-CD20 drugs or natalizumab.

Conclusion

Overall, the present study shows a proper adaptation of the clinical activity, even at a very early starting point of the pandemic by switching the type of visit from face-to-face towards telemedicine. Radiological activity was difficult to maintain during the first wave of pandemic, but showed an early recovery and further consolidation. Finally, overall treatment prescription suffered a slight quantitative decrease during 2020 together with substantial qualitative changes in prescription of specific treatments, although temporal fluctuations in prescription patterns may have affected these findings.