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COVID-19 Kentsel-Kamusal Alan Kullanım ve Tasarımını Nasıl Etkileyecek? Bir Değerlendirme

Yıl 2021, Sayı: COVID-19 Sonrası Kentsel Kamusal Mekânların Dönüşümü, 95 - 114, 28.09.2021

Çigdem Çörek Öztas

https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.880035

Öz

Kentlerin, pek çok hizmeti, kullanımı, ekonomik, sosyal faaliyeti ve fırsatı birarada sunarak insanların kentlerde yığılmasına sebep olması durumu, salgın döneminde kentler ve kentliler için en önemli tehditi oluşturmuştur. Kentlerin gelişiminde ve yeniden yapılanmasında, önemli salgın hastalıkların ve kentli yaşamını derinden etkileyen buluşların etkisi bilinmektedir. Benzer şekilde, hastalıkların ve salgınların kamusal alanlarda davranış değişikliklerine ve dolayısıyla kentsel kamusal alanların değişim ve dönüşümüne sebep olan önemli faktörlerden olduğu söylenebilir. COVID-19, öncelikle insanların kentsel alanda birbirleriyle iletişim kurma biçimini etkilemiştir. Güvensizlik ve korku gibi duygular ortaya çıkmış ve bu durum insanların kamusal alanlardaki varlıklarını ve sosyal etkileşimlerini, özellikle de tesadüfi karşılaşmaları azaltmıştır. Tüm bu duygu ve davranış değişiklikleri ise beraberinde sosyal mesafeyi ön planda tutan yeni planlama ve tasarım önerilerini ve uygulamalarını ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu çalışma, COVID-19’la birlikte kentsel-kamusal alanlarda yaşanabilecek değişimi anlayabilmek için bireysel ve toplumsal davranışların mekanla ilişkisine odaklanmıştır. Bu amaçla çalışma öncelikle davranışsal coğrafya ve çevre psikolojisi kavramlarına odaklanarak, teorik bir çerçeve oluşturmuştur. Ardından, salgınla birlikte kentsel-kamusal alan kullanımının nasıl etkilenebileceği tartışılmış ve kentsel-kamusal alanlarda geliştirilmiş olan yaklaşım ve uygulama örnekleri incelenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Davranışsal coğrafya çevre psikolojisi, COVID-19 Kentsel-Kamusal alan

Kaynakça

  • Mayer, M. (2011). Kentsel toplumsal hareketlerde “kent hakkı” (Aytaç Demirci, Çev., Erbatur Çavuşuğlu, Düzelti). Eğitim Bilim Toplum Dergisi, 9(36), 153-182.
  • Altman, I. (1975). The environment and social behavior. Monterey, CA: Wadsworth.
  • Arendt, H. (1958. The human condition. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
  • BBC (2020b). Coronavirus: photos show deserted lockdown locations at high noon. 10 Şubat 2021 tarihinde, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/in-pictures-52127945, adresinden erişildi.
  • Bonnes, M. (2004). Environmental psychology, Overview. Encyclopedia of Applied Psychology, 9(36), 801-814 8 Şubat 2021 tarihinde https://www.researchgate.net/publication /291982590_Environmental_Psychology_Overview adresinden erişildi.
  • Brandon, E. (2020). 7 Smart and simple ways cities can encourage social distancing in public spaces. Citymonitor, 10 Şubat 2021 tarihinde, https://citymonitor.ai/community/smart-and-simple-ways-public-spaces-are-being-adapted-for-social- distancing adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Canter, D. (1977). The psychology of place. The Architectural Press: London.
  • Carmona, M. (2019), Principles for public space design, planning to do better. Urban Design International, 24(1), 47-59. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41289-018-0070-3
  • Davidson, W. B., Cotter, P. R. (1991). The relationship between sense of community and subjective well-being: a first look. Journal of Community Psychology, 19 (2), 246-253. https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6629(199107)19:3<246::AID-JCOP2290190308>3.0.CO;2-L
  • Erdönmez, E., Akı, A. (2005). Açık kamusal kent mekanlarının toplum ilişkilerindeki etkileri. YTÜ Mim. Fak. e-Dergisi, 1 (1), 10-12. 10.02.2021 tarihinde https://jag.journalagent.com/megaron/pdfs/MEGARON-21939- ARTICLE-ERDONMEZ.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Gehl, J. (1987). Life between buildings: using public space. New York, NY: Van Nostrand-Reinhold.
  • Gehl, J. ve Svarre, B. (2013). How to study public life. Washington DC: Island Press. doi:10.5822/978-1-61091-525-0_1.
  • Hankey, S., et al. (2012). Estimating use of non-motorized infrastructure: models of bicycle and pedestrian traffic in Minneapolis, MN. Landscape and Urban Planning, 107 (3), 307–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.06.005
  • Harrouk, C. (2020). Shift architecture urbanism creates hyperlocal micro markets that operate during COVID-19 shutdowns. 12 Şubat 2021 tarihinde, https://www.archdaily.com/936856/shift-architecture-urbanism-creates-hyperlocal-micro-markets-that-operate-during-covid-19-shutdowns adresinden erişildi.
  • Honey-Rosés, J., Anguelovski, I., Chireh, V., Daher, C., Cecil Konijnendijk, C.,vd. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on public space: an early review of the emerging questions – design, perceptions and inequities. Cities & Health, DOI: 10.1080/23748834.2020.1780074, 10 Şubat 2021 tarihinde, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23748834.2020.1780074, adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Giddens, A. (2000). Social theory and politics In: Giddens and Politics beyond the Third Way. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-52473-7_1
  • Gold, J., Goodey, B. (1984). Behavioural and perceptual geography: criticisms and response. Progress in Human Geography, 8 (4), 544-550. https://doi.org/10.1177/030913258400800406
  • Lang, J. (1987). Creating architectural theory: the role of the behavioral sciences in environmental design. Van Nostrand Reinhold
  • Lewin, K. (1951). Field theory in social science. Harper & Row: New York.
  • Lynch, K. (1961). The image of the city. The MIT Press
  • Mehrabian, A., Russel, J. A. (1974). An approach to environmental psychology. The MIT Press: Cambridge.
  • McMillan, D. W., Chavis, D. M. (1986). Sense of community: a definition and theory. Journal of Community Psychology, 14 (3), 23-25. https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6629(198601)14:1<6::AID-JCOP2290140103>3.0.CO;2-I
  • McAndrew, Francis T. (1993). Environmental psychology. Indo American Books
  • Montello, D. R. (2013). Behavioral geography. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Moreno, C. (2019). The 15 minutes-city: for a new chrono-urbanism! 10 Şubat 2021 tarihinde http://www.moreno-web.net/the-15-minutes-city-for-a-new-chrono-urbanism-pr-carlos-moreno/, adresinden erişildi.
  • Newman, O. (1996). Creating defensible space. US Department of Housing and Urban Development.
  • Özgen, N. (2014). Power-identity and city squares: a sociopolitic
  • geography analysis. Urban and Urbanization, 9(3), 228-241. 5 Şubat 2021 tarihinde, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297403556_POWER- _IDENTITY_AND_CITY_SQUARES_A_SOCIOPOLITIC_GEOGRAPHY_ANALYSIS_Nurettin_OZGEN, adresinden erişildi.
  • Pugalis, L., (2009). The culture and economics of urban public space design: public and professional perceptions. Urban Design International,14 (4), 215–230. doi:10.1057/udi.2009.23
  • Sennett, R. (2018). Building and dwelling: ethics for the city. Allen Lane
  • Sola-Morales, M. (2008). Ten lessons on Barcelona. Barcelona: Col.legi d’Arquitectes de Catalunya.
  • Steele, F, I. (1973). Physical settings and organization development. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesiey.
  • Sommer, R. (1969). Personal space: The behavioral basis of design. Ann Arbor, MI: Prentice Hall.
  • Sandford, A. (2020). Coronavirus: half of humanity now on lockdown as 90 countries call for confinement. 10 Şubat 2021 tarihinde at: https://www.euronews.com/2020/04/02/coronavirus-in-europe-spain-s-death-toll- hits-10-000-after-record-950-new-deaths-in-24-hou, adresinden erişildi.
  • SFMTA, (2020). Slow streets programme. 10 Şubat 2021 tarihinde, https://www.sfmta.com/projects/slow- streets-program, adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Street Lab, (2020). https://www.streetlab.org/event/play-nyc-at-red-hook/2020-08-11/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Talen, E. (2000). Measuring the public realm: a preliminary assessment of the link between public space and sense of community. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 17 (4), 344–360. 3 Şubat 2021 tarihinde, www.jstor.org/stable/43030552. Accessed 13 Feb. 2021 adresinden erişildi.
  • Toderian, B. (2014). Let’s make sticky streets for people! Planetizen. 5 Şubat 2021 tarihinde: https://www.planetizen.com/node/69454, adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • UN-Habitat (2020). UN-Habitat key message on COVID-19 and public space. Kenya.
  • Watg (2020). Green block flatiron: a vision for a new New York City. 9 Şubat 2021 tarihinde, https://www.watg.com/green-block-flatiron-a-vision-for-a-new-new-york-city/, adresinden erişildi.
  • Wood, L., Frank, L. D., ve Giles-Corti, B. (2010). Sense of community and its relationship with walking and neighborhood design. Social Science & Medicine, 70 (9), 1381-1390 https://doi.org/10.1016 /j.socscimed.2010.01.021
  • Wystrach, A., (2018). Reference module in life sciences. Insect Spatial Learning.
  • Zandieh. R, Nieuwenhuijsen, M., Zandieh, M. (2020). Adaptability of public spa¬¬¬¬¬¬ces and mental health ınequalities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Urban Design and Mental Health. 10 Şubat 2021 tarihinde, https://www.urbandesignmentalhealth.com/journal-6-covid19-public-spaces.html, adresinden erişildi.

How will COVID-19 Affect Urban-Public Space Usage and Design? An Assessment

Yıl 2021, Sayı: COVID-19 Sonrası Kentsel Kamusal Mekânların Dönüşümü, 95 - 114, 28.09.2021

Çigdem Çörek Öztas

https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.880035

Öz

The most important threat for cities and citizens during the pandemic was the fact that cities caused people to accumulate in cities by offering many services, use, economic, social activities and opportunities together. The impact of important diseases and inventions that affect urban life are known in the development and reconstruction of cities. Similarly, it can be said that diseases and pandemics are among the important factors that cause behavioral changes in public spaces. COVID-19 has primarily affected the way people communicate with each other in the urban area. Emotions such as insecurity and fear emerged, which reduced people's presence in public spaces and their social interactions, especially random encounters. All these emotional and behavioral changes have revealed new planning and design suggestions and practices that prioritize social distance. This study focuses on the relationship of individual and social behaviors with space in order to understand the change that can occur in urban-public spaces related to COVID-19. For this purpose, the study primarily focused on Behavioral Geography and Environmental Psychology, creating a theoretical framework. Then, how the use of urban-public space can be affected with the pandemic was discussed and the approaches and practices developed in urban-public spaces were examined.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Behavioral Geography and Environmental Psychology COVID-19 urban-public space

Kaynakça

  • Mayer, M. (2011). Kentsel toplumsal hareketlerde “kent hakkı” (Aytaç Demirci, Çev., Erbatur Çavuşuğlu, Düzelti). Eğitim Bilim Toplum Dergisi, 9(36), 153-182.
  • Altman, I. (1975). The environment and social behavior. Monterey, CA: Wadsworth.
  • Arendt, H. (1958. The human condition. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
  • BBC (2020b). Coronavirus: photos show deserted lockdown locations at high noon. 10 Şubat 2021 tarihinde, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/in-pictures-52127945, adresinden erişildi.
  • Bonnes, M. (2004). Environmental psychology, Overview. Encyclopedia of Applied Psychology, 9(36), 801-814 8 Şubat 2021 tarihinde https://www.researchgate.net/publication /291982590_Environmental_Psychology_Overview adresinden erişildi.
  • Brandon, E. (2020). 7 Smart and simple ways cities can encourage social distancing in public spaces. Citymonitor, 10 Şubat 2021 tarihinde, https://citymonitor.ai/community/smart-and-simple-ways-public-spaces-are-being-adapted-for-social- distancing adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Canter, D. (1977). The psychology of place. The Architectural Press: London.
  • Carmona, M. (2019), Principles for public space design, planning to do better. Urban Design International, 24(1), 47-59. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41289-018-0070-3
  • Davidson, W. B., Cotter, P. R. (1991). The relationship between sense of community and subjective well-being: a first look. Journal of Community Psychology, 19 (2), 246-253. https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6629(199107)19:3<246::AID-JCOP2290190308>3.0.CO;2-L
  • Erdönmez, E., Akı, A. (2005). Açık kamusal kent mekanlarının toplum ilişkilerindeki etkileri. YTÜ Mim. Fak. e-Dergisi, 1 (1), 10-12. 10.02.2021 tarihinde https://jag.journalagent.com/megaron/pdfs/MEGARON-21939- ARTICLE-ERDONMEZ.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Gehl, J. (1987). Life between buildings: using public space. New York, NY: Van Nostrand-Reinhold.
  • Gehl, J. ve Svarre, B. (2013). How to study public life. Washington DC: Island Press. doi:10.5822/978-1-61091-525-0_1.
  • Hankey, S., et al. (2012). Estimating use of non-motorized infrastructure: models of bicycle and pedestrian traffic in Minneapolis, MN. Landscape and Urban Planning, 107 (3), 307–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.06.005
  • Harrouk, C. (2020). Shift architecture urbanism creates hyperlocal micro markets that operate during COVID-19 shutdowns. 12 Şubat 2021 tarihinde, https://www.archdaily.com/936856/shift-architecture-urbanism-creates-hyperlocal-micro-markets-that-operate-during-covid-19-shutdowns adresinden erişildi.
  • Honey-Rosés, J., Anguelovski, I., Chireh, V., Daher, C., Cecil Konijnendijk, C.,vd. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on public space: an early review of the emerging questions – design, perceptions and inequities. Cities & Health, DOI: 10.1080/23748834.2020.1780074, 10 Şubat 2021 tarihinde, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23748834.2020.1780074, adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Giddens, A. (2000). Social theory and politics In: Giddens and Politics beyond the Third Way. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-52473-7_1
  • Gold, J., Goodey, B. (1984). Behavioural and perceptual geography: criticisms and response. Progress in Human Geography, 8 (4), 544-550. https://doi.org/10.1177/030913258400800406
  • Lang, J. (1987). Creating architectural theory: the role of the behavioral sciences in environmental design. Van Nostrand Reinhold
  • Lewin, K. (1951). Field theory in social science. Harper & Row: New York.
  • Lynch, K. (1961). The image of the city. The MIT Press
  • Mehrabian, A., Russel, J. A. (1974). An approach to environmental psychology. The MIT Press: Cambridge.
  • McMillan, D. W., Chavis, D. M. (1986). Sense of community: a definition and theory. Journal of Community Psychology, 14 (3), 23-25. https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6629(198601)14:1<6::AID-JCOP2290140103>3.0.CO;2-I
  • McAndrew, Francis T. (1993). Environmental psychology. Indo American Books
  • Montello, D. R. (2013). Behavioral geography. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Moreno, C. (2019). The 15 minutes-city: for a new chrono-urbanism! 10 Şubat 2021 tarihinde http://www.moreno-web.net/the-15-minutes-city-for-a-new-chrono-urbanism-pr-carlos-moreno/, adresinden erişildi.
  • Newman, O. (1996). Creating defensible space. US Department of Housing and Urban Development.
  • Özgen, N. (2014). Power-identity and city squares: a sociopolitic
  • geography analysis. Urban and Urbanization, 9(3), 228-241. 5 Şubat 2021 tarihinde, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297403556_POWER- _IDENTITY_AND_CITY_SQUARES_A_SOCIOPOLITIC_GEOGRAPHY_ANALYSIS_Nurettin_OZGEN, adresinden erişildi.
  • Pugalis, L., (2009). The culture and economics of urban public space design: public and professional perceptions. Urban Design International,14 (4), 215–230. doi:10.1057/udi.2009.23
  • Sennett, R. (2018). Building and dwelling: ethics for the city. Allen Lane
  • Sola-Morales, M. (2008). Ten lessons on Barcelona. Barcelona: Col.legi d’Arquitectes de Catalunya.
  • Steele, F, I. (1973). Physical settings and organization development. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesiey.
  • Sommer, R. (1969). Personal space: The behavioral basis of design. Ann Arbor, MI: Prentice Hall.
  • Sandford, A. (2020). Coronavirus: half of humanity now on lockdown as 90 countries call for confinement. 10 Şubat 2021 tarihinde at: https://www.euronews.com/2020/04/02/coronavirus-in-europe-spain-s-death-toll- hits-10-000-after-record-950-new-deaths-in-24-hou, adresinden erişildi.
  • SFMTA, (2020). Slow streets programme. 10 Şubat 2021 tarihinde, https://www.sfmta.com/projects/slow- streets-program, adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Street Lab, (2020). https://www.streetlab.org/event/play-nyc-at-red-hook/2020-08-11/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Talen, E. (2000). Measuring the public realm: a preliminary assessment of the link between public space and sense of community. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 17 (4), 344–360. 3 Şubat 2021 tarihinde, www.jstor.org/stable/43030552. Accessed 13 Feb. 2021 adresinden erişildi.
  • Toderian, B. (2014). Let’s make sticky streets for people! Planetizen. 5 Şubat 2021 tarihinde: https://www.planetizen.com/node/69454, adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • UN-Habitat (2020). UN-Habitat key message on COVID-19 and public space. Kenya.
  • Watg (2020). Green block flatiron: a vision for a new New York City. 9 Şubat 2021 tarihinde, https://www.watg.com/green-block-flatiron-a-vision-for-a-new-new-york-city/, adresinden erişildi.
  • Wood, L., Frank, L. D., ve Giles-Corti, B. (2010). Sense of community and its relationship with walking and neighborhood design. Social Science & Medicine, 70 (9), 1381-1390 https://doi.org/10.1016 /j.socscimed.2010.01.021
  • Wystrach, A., (2018). Reference module in life sciences. Insect Spatial Learning.
  • Zandieh. R, Nieuwenhuijsen, M., Zandieh, M. (2020). Adaptability of public spa¬¬¬¬¬¬ces and mental health ınequalities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Urban Design and Mental Health. 10 Şubat 2021 tarihinde, https://www.urbandesignmentalhealth.com/journal-6-covid19-public-spaces.html, adresinden erişildi.
Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Çigdem Çörek Öztas 0000-0001-7744-2323

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Eylül 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Sayı: COVID-19 Sonrası Kentsel Kamusal Mekânların Dönüşümü

Kaynak Göster

APA Çörek Öztas, Ç. (2021). COVID-19 Kentsel-Kamusal Alan Kullanım ve Tasarımını Nasıl Etkileyecek? Bir Değerlendirme. İDEALKENT(COVID-19 Sonrası Kentsel Kamusal Mekânların Dönüşümü), 95-114. https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.880035
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