Journal Screenshot

International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences

Open Access Journal

ISSN: 2222-6990

Social Support and Spiritual Well-being Role in Anticipating Suicidal Ideation during Covid-19 Pandemic among Malaysian University Students

Aini Azeqa Ma’rof, Nur Izzatie Mat Razi, Haslinda Abdullah

http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v11-i12/11894

Open access

Suicidal ideation is prevalent among teenagers and young adults in Malaysia as per reported by the Malaysia Ministry of Health. Meanwhile, there are significant concerns about the possibility of mental health problems occurring during Covid-19 pandemic. Communities have encountered mental health difficulties due to the morbidity, mortality, and mitigation actions associated with Covid-19. However, there has been dearth of empirical research on suicidal ideation during this uncertainty times especially the importance of the coping strategies applied. Thus, the purpose of this cross-sectional study is to examine the association between social support and spiritual well-being on suicidal ideation among young adults. A total of 407 young adults in Lembah Klang Valley participated in this study. The results revealed a significant negative correlation between spiritual well-being and all three types of social support: appraisal support, belonging support, and tangible support. Meanwhile, both suicidal ideation and spiritual well-being identified as significant predictors to suicidal ideation reduction with spiritual well-being as the strongest predictor. Thus, this study suggested that interventions that incorporate social support and spirituality may result in a more positive outcome in the fight against suicidal behavior in young adults. Study implications and recommendations were discussed.

Adam, G., Horwitz, R. M. H., & Cheryl, A. K. (2011). Specific coping behaviors in relation to adolescent depression and suicidal ideation. Journal of Adolescence, 34 (5), 1077-1085.
Arnett, J. J., Žukauskien?, R., & Sugimura, K. (2014). The new life stage of emerging adulthood at ages 18-29 years: implications for mental health. Lancet Psychiatry, 1(7), 569-576.
Barrera, M. (2000). Social support research in community psychology. In Handbook of Community Psychology. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 215-245).
Bilsen, J. (2018). Suicide and Youth: risk factors. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 9, 540 – 545.
Bruffaerts, R., Mortier, P., Auerbach, R. P., Alonso, J., Hermosillo D., A. E., Cuijpers, P., Demyttenaere, K., Ebert, D. D., Green, J.G., Hasking, P., & Stein, D. J. (2019). Lifetime and 12?month treatment for mental disorders and suicidal thoughts and behaviors among first year college students..International Journal of Methods Psychiatry Resources, 28(2).
Calear, A. L., Christensen, H., Freeman, A., Fenton, K., Grant, J. B., Spijker, B. V., & Donker, T. (2015). A systematic review of psychosocial suicide prevention interventions for youth. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 25(5), 467-482.
Cheung, Law, C., Chan, B., Liu, & Yip, P. (2006). Suicidal ideation and suicidal attempts in a population-based study of Chinese people: risk attributable to hopelessness, depression, and social factors. Journal of Affective Disorders, 90(3), 193-199.
Cohen, S., Mermelstein, R., Kamarck, T., & Hoberman, H. M. (1985). Measuring the functional components of social support. In Social support: Theory, research and applications (pp. 73-94). Springer, Dordrecht.
Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98(2), 310-357.
Currier, J. M., Farnsworth, J. K., Drescher, K. D., McDermott, R. C., Sims, B. M., & Albright, A. L. (2018). Development and evaluation of the expressions of moral injury scale-military version. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 25(3), 474-488.
Czeisler, M. É., Lane, R. I., Petrosky, E., Wiley, J. F., Christensen, A., Njai, R., Weaver, M. D., Robbins, R., Facer-Childs, E. R., Barger, L. K. Czeisler, C. A., & Rajaratnam, S. M. (2020). Mental health, substance use, and suicidal ideation during the COVID-19 pandemic—United States, June 24–30, 2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(32), 1049-1057.
Foo, S. J., Lo., K. W., Kamarul Z., W., Krishnan, S., & Lokitashan, K. (2019). Psychological well-being and spiritual intelligence as predictors of suicidal ideation among emerging adults in Malaysia. International Journal of Education, Psychology and Counseling, 4, 139-148.
Francis, W., & Bance, L. O. (2017). Protective role of spirituality from the perspective of Indian college students with suicidal ideation: “I am here because God exists”. Journal of Religion and Health, 56(3), 962- 970.
Franklin, J. C., Ribeiro, J. D., Fox, K. R., Bentley, K. H., Kleiman, E. M., Huang, X., Musacchio, K. M., Jaroszewski, A. C., Chang, B. P., & Nock, M. K. (2017). Risk factors for suicidal thoughts and behaviors: A meta-analysis of 50 years research. Psychology Bulletin, 143(2), 187-232.
Gao, J., Zheng, P., Jia, Y., Chen, H., Mao, Y., Chen, S., Wang, Y., Fu, H., & Dai, J. (2020). Mental health problems and social media exposure during COVID-19 outbreak. PLoS One, 15(4).
Gariépy, G., Honkaniemi, H., & Quesnel-Vallée, A. (2016). Social support and protection from depression: systematic review of current findings in Western countries. British Journal of Psychiatry, 209(4), 284-293.
Hatcher, S., & Stubbersfield O. (2013). Sense of belonging and suicide: a systematic review. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 58(7), 432-6.
Hill, R. M., Rufino, K., Kurian, S., Saxena, J., Saxena, K., & Williams, L. (2021). Suicide ideation and attempts in a pediatric emergency department before and during COVI-19. American Academic of Pediatrics, 147(3).
Horwitz, A. G., Hill, R. M., & King, C. A. (2011). Specific coping behaviors in relation to adolescent depression and suicidal ideation. Journal of Adolescence, 34, 1077-1085.
House, J. S., Umberson, D., & Landis, K. R. (1988). Structures and processes of social support. Annual review of sociology, 14(1), 293-318.
Ibrahim, N., Che Din, N., Ahmad, M., Amit, N., Ghazali, S. E., Wahab, S., Abdul Kadir, N. B., Halim, F. W. A., & Halim, M. R. T. (2019). The role of social support and spiritual wellbeing in predicting suicidal ideation among marginalized adolescents in Malaysia. BMC Public Health, 19(553).
Institute for Public Health. (2011). National health and morbidity survey Kuala Lumpur: IPH. Ministry of Health Malaysia.
Johnson, J., Gooding, P. A., Wood, A. M., Taylor, P. J., Pratt, D., & Tarrier, N. (2010). Resilience to suicidal ideation in psychosis: Positive self-appraisals buffer the impact of hopelessness. Behavior Research and Therapy Journal, 48(9), 883-889.
Johsnon, R. (2020). Students stressed out due to Coronavirus, new survey finds. https://www.bestcolleges.com/blog/coronavirus-survey/.
Joiner, Jr., T. E. (2005). Why people die by suicide. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Khazaeipour, Z., Hajiaghababaei, M., Mirminachi, B., Vaccaro, A. R., & Rahimi-Movaghar, V. (2017). Social support and its association with depression, gender and socioeconomic indicators in individuals with spinal cord injury in Iran. Spinal Cord, 55(11), 1039-1044.
Khazan, O. (2020). “America’s terrible internet is making quarantine worse. Why millions of students still can’t get online”. The Atlantic,
https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2020/08/virtual-learning-when-you-dont-have-internet/615322/.
Killgore, W. D. S., Cloonan, S. A., Taylor, E. C. Allbright, M. C., & Dailey, N. S. (2020). Trends in suicidal ideation over the first three months of COVID-19 lockdowns. Psychiatry Research Journal, 293, 113390.
Kleiman, E. M., & Riskind, J. H. (2012). Cognitive vulnerability to comorbidity: Looming cognitive style and depressive cognitive style as synergistic predictors of anxiety and depression symptoms. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 43(4), 1109–1114.
Kleiman, E., M., & Liu, R. T. (2013). Social support as a protective factor in suicide: Findings from two nationally representative samples. Journal of Affective Disorder, 150(2), 540-545.
Klonsky, E. D., & May, A. M. (2015). The three-step theory (3ST): A new theory of suicide rooted in the “ideation-to-action” framework. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 8(2), 114-129.
Kyle, J. (2013). Spirituality: its role as a mediating protective factor in youth risk for suicide. Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health, 15(10), 47-67.
Lauber, C., & Rossler, W. (2007). Stigma towards people with mental illness in developing countries in Asia. International Review of Psychiatry, 19(2), 157-178.
Lieberman, R., Poland, S., & Kornfeld, C. (2005). Best practices in suicide prevention and intervention in Best Practices in School Psychology, 273-288.
McKee, M., & Stuckler, D. (2020). If the world fails to protect the economy, COVID-19 will damage health not just now but also in the future. Nature Medicine, 26, 640-642.
Menon, V., Subramaniam, K., Selvakumar, N., & Kattimani, S. (2019). Suicide prevention strategies: An overview of current evidence and best practice elements.
Moberg, D. O. (2002). Assessing and measuring spiritualty: Confronting dilemmas of universal and particular evaluative criteris. Journal of Adult Development, 9(1), 47-60.
Muhammad, I., Faizah, S., Hooper, V. J., Akram., Q., & Rosmaiza, A. G. (2020). The psychological impact of coronavirus on university students and its socio-economic determinants in Malaysia.
Naila, S., & Takwin, B. (2018). Perceived Social Support as predictor of suicide ideation in Gunung Kidul High School students.
Omar, I. A., & Mutaz, F. A. (2017). Spiritual well-being perceived social support, and life satisfaction among university students. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 23(3), 1-8.
Orden, K. A. V., Witte, T. K., Cukrowicz, K. C., Braithwaite, S., Selby, E. A., & Joiner, T. E. (2010). The interpersonal theory of suicide. Psychology Review, 117(2), 575-600.
Pan., H. K., & Arip., M. A. S. M. (2018). Constructing validity and reliability of suicide tendency inventory. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8(2), 467-481.
Ramos, M. R., Bennett, M. R., Massey, D. S., & Hewstone, M. (2019). Humans adapt to social diversity over time. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116(25), 12244-12249.
Reger, M. A., Stanley, I. H., & Joiner, T. E. (2020). Suicide mortality and coronavirus disease 2019 – A perfect Storm. JAMA Psychiatry, 77(11), 1093-1094.
Rovers, M., & Kocum, L. (2010). Development of a holistic model of spirituality. Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health, 12(1), 2-24.
Rueger, S. Y., Malecki, C. K., Pyun, Y., Aycock, C., & Coyle, S. (2016). A meta-analytic review of the association between perceived social support and depression in childhood and adolescence. Psychology Bulletin. 142(10), 1017-1067.
Rutter, M. (2006). The Promotion of Resilience in the Face of Adversity. In A. Clarke-Stewart & J. Dunn (Eds.), Families count: Effects on child and adolescent development (pp. 26–52). Cambridge University Press.
Sahimi, H. M. S., Daud, T. I. M., Chan., L. F., Shah, S. A., Abd Rahman, F. H., & Nik Jaafar, N. R. (2021). Depression and suicidal ideation in a sample of Malaysian Healthcare Workers: A preliminary study during the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontier Psychiatry.
Santini, Z. I., Koyanagi, A., Tyrovolas, S., Mason, C., & Haro, J. M. (2015). The association between social relationships and depression: a systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorder, 175, 53-65.
Sherbourne, C. D., & Stewart, A. L. (1991). The MOS social support survey. Social Science and Medicine, 32(6), 705-714.
Torales, J., O’Higgins, M., Castaldelli, M. J. M., & Ventriglio, A. (2020). The outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus and its impact on global mental health. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(4), 317-320.
Zhu, S., Wu, Y., Zhu, C. Y., Hong, W.C., Yu, Z. X., Chen, Z. K., Chen, Z. L., Jiang, D. G., & Wang, Y. G. (2020). The immediate mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic among people with or without quarantine managements. Brain Behavior and Immunity Journal, 87, 56-58.

In-Text Citation: (Ma’rof et al., 2021)
To Cite this Article: Ma’rof, A. A., Razi, N. I. M., & Abdullah, H. (2021). Social Support and Spiritual Well-being Role in Anticipating Suicidal Ideation during Covid-19 Pandemic among Malaysian University Students. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(12), 1510–1523.