Skip to main content

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW article

Front. Public Health, 08 December 2022
Sec. Infectious Diseases: Epidemiology and Prevention
This article is part of the Research Topic COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy, Safety and Effectiveness View all 32 articles

Global COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rate: Systematic review and meta-analysis

  • Department of Environmental Health, College of Health and Medical Science, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia

Background: A vaccine against COVID-19 is a vital tool in managing the current pandemic. It is becoming evident that an effective vaccine would be required to control COVID-19. Effective use of vaccines is very important in controlling pandemics and paving the way for an acceptable exit strategy. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aims to determine the global COVID-19 acceptance rate that is necessary for better management of COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods: This review was conducted based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis protocols and considered the studies conducted on acceptance and/or hesitancy of COVID-19 vaccine. Articles were searched using electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, CINAHL, and Google Scholar. The quality of the study was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical assessment tool to determine the relevance of each included article to the study.

Results: Of the 6,021 articles identified through the electronic database search, 68 articles were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. The global pooled acceptance rate of the COVID-19 vaccine was found to be 64.9% [95% CI of 60.5 to 69.0%]. Based on the subgroup analysis of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rate by the World Health Organization's region, the countries where the study was conducted, occupation, and survey period, the prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rate was 60.8% [95% CI: 56.3, 65.2%], 61.9% [95% CI: 61.3, 62.4%], 81.6% [95% CI: 79.7, 83, 2%] and 64.5% [95% CI: 60.3, 68.5%], respectively.

Conclusions: This review revealed the variation in the level of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rate across the world. The study found that the overall prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance was 64.9%. This finding indicated that even if the COVID-19 vaccine is developed, the issue of accepting or taking the developed vaccine and managing the pandemic may be difficult.

Introduction

Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread drastically throughout the world, since the first case of COVID-19 disease was reported in Wuhan, China (1), and has rapidly become a major public health concern (2). Vaccination has played a fundamental role in global public health, leading to increased life expectancy (3) and is one of the most cost-effective ways of avoiding the disease and currently prevents between two and three million deaths per year (4). It is becoming evident that an effective vaccine would be required to control COVID-19 (7). Effective use of vaccines is necessary to reduce the social and economic burden and to prepare the way for an acceptable exit strategy from the COVID-19 pandemic (8). Vaccination hesitancy and anti-vaccination movements are increasing and need critical attention (911). Similarly, a vaccine against COVID-19 is a vital tool in managing COVID-19 pandemic (5, 6).

Currently, vaccination rates have fallen and public confidence in vaccines has been inconsistent (6, 13) and various studies have reported a declining level of willingness to accept the COVID-19 vaccine (14). Globally, the intention of being vaccinated against the COVID-19 pandemic is declining from time to time (8). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), vaccine hesitancy has become an emerging global issue and has been identified as one of the top ten threats to global health in 2019 (12).

Although vaccines are developed against COVID-19, many factors compromise the acceptance of the vaccine against COVID-19 and become a public concern (13, 15). Furthermore, transparent and effective communication efforts are essential to reduce misinformation and vaccine hesitancy and build trust to ensure adequate vaccination coverage will be achieved (8).

Previously, several studies have been conducted and many literatures have been published to capture and address many issues regarding the COVID-19 pandemic. However, to the level of our knowledge, there is no adequate studies that have been investigated that provide the global pooled acceptance or hesitancy of the COVID-19 vaccine. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis was aimed to determine the acceptance rate of the COVID-19 vaccine across the world, which is necessary to understand the acceptance or hesitancy of the vaccine in different contexts and can be an input for others pandemics.

Materials and methods

This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted under the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines (16).

Eligibility criteria

Studies that met the following inclusion criteria were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. The inclusion criteria considered in this review include:-

• Study population: All populations regardless of their age, occupation, ethnicity, gender, etc.

• Outcomes: The articles aimed to determine COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and/or acceptance that provided a quantitative outcome were included in the study.

• Language: Articles written in English.

• Types of articles: Peer-reviewed full text, original, and published articles.

• Publication year: Studies published since the emergency of COVID-19 to the study period (March 2020 to June 2022).

• Study regions / locations: Not specified (not limited).

However, articles not freely available, not peer-reviewed articles or preprints, editorial papers, reports, short communications, review articles, the article did not provide an outcome of interest and high risk of bias articles were excluded from this study.

Information sources and search strategy

Article searches were performed using main key terms or keywords such as COVID-19, vaccine hesitancy, vaccine acceptance and intention to take vaccine, and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) in combination with Boolean logic operators (“AND,” “OR,” and “NOT”). The articles were searched from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, CINAHL, and Google Scholar. References within eligible articles were further screened for additional articles. The articles were searched from February 01 to March 29, 2021 and May 02 to June 26, 2022 on PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Google Scholars, while the search on Web of Science, CINAHL, and Google was made from 15 February to 31 March 2021. Articles published from March 2021 to June 2022 were searched from the included electronic databases according to their own searching strategies (Supplementary File I).

Study selection

The study selection process was performed using the PRISMA flow chart, indicating the number of articles included in the systematic review and articles excluded from the study with the reasons of exclusion. Following the search for articles through the included electronic databases, duplicate articles were removed using the ENDNOTE software version X5 (Thomson Reuters, USA). After duplicated articles were removed, the authors (DM, YA, and YD) independently screened the articles based on their titles and abstracts by applying the inclusion criteria.

Furthermore, the full text of the relevant articles was further read in detail and the inclusion criteria independently evaluated by the authors (DM, YA, and YD). Any disagreements made with respect to the inclusion of studies were resolved by consensus after discussion. Finally, studies that met the criteria were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis.

Data extraction

The data were extracted by the authors (DM, YA, and YD) independently. Predetermined tabular format consisting of study characteristics including publication year, survey period, country where the study was conducted, number of respondents, and outcome (COVID-19 vaccine acceptance/hesitancy rate) using Microsoft Excel, 2016 (Supplementary File II). Any disagreement made between the authors was resolved through discussion after the same procedures were repeated.

Data quality assessment

The selected articles were subjected to a rigorous independent assessment using a standardized critical assessment tool, Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Assessment Tools for prevalence studies (17). The evaluation tools have the following nine evaluation criteria/ parameters; (1) appropriate sampling frame; (2) proper sampling technique; (3) adequate sample size; (4) description of the study subject and setting description; (5) sufficient data analysis; (6) use of valid methods for identifying conditions; (7) valid measurement for all participants; (8) use of appropriate statistical analysis and (9) adequate response rate.

The authors (DM, YA, and YD) assessed the quality of the included studies. Based on the items in the above appraisal tool, the articles were classified as high quality (80% and above), moderate (60–80% score), and low quality (<60% score). Articles with a score ≥60% (articles has high and moderate quality) were included in the review, while those with low quality were excluded from the study. Finally, the disagreements made among the authors (DM, YA, and YD) were resolved by discussion and repeating the same procedures.

Outcome measures

The term “vaccine hesitancy” refers to “delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccines despite the availability of vaccine services (6, 18, 19).” In this review, for articles that did not provide general acceptance of the vaccine among study participants, the prevalence of vaccine acceptance was calculated based on the response of the participants. The participant responded strongly agree, agree, completely agree, accept, all, accept, some accept, and yes to the questions were considered as accepted. Finally, the prevalence was calculated based on the frequency of responses and the total number of respondents. The same principle was applied to studies which reported results based on the Likert scale and others (18) (Figure 1).

FIGURE 1
www.frontiersin.org

Figure 1. The continuum of vaccine hesitancy and acceptance of all vaccines. [Source (18)].

Statistical procedures and data analysis

The pooled acceptance rate of the COVID-19 vaccine was performed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) version 3.0 statistical software. Forest plots and random-effects models were used to determine and visualize the pooled acceptance rate of the COVID-19 vaccine. The Cochran Q-test (Q) and I-Squared test (I2 statistics) were used to evaluate the heterogeneity between the included articles. Then, heterogeneity was classified into low (I2 index <25%), medium (I2 index ranging from 25 to 75%), and high heterogeneity (I2 index > 75%). The random-effects model was used to analyze the data. Furthermore, subgroup analysis was performed based on the year of publication, survey period (when the study was conducted), and study area.

Sensitivity analysis was used to determine the differences in pooled effects by dropping studies that were found to influence the summary estimates, including extreme sample sizes and outcomes.

Results

Study selection

A total of 6,021 short communications, original articles and editorial articles were searched through electronic databases from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, CINAHL, and Google scholars. The articles were searched from February 01 to March 29, 2021 and May 02 to June 26, 2022 on PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Google Scholars, while the search on Web of Science, CINAHL, and Google was made from 15 February to 31 March 2021. Then, 1,310 duplicate articles were excluded. Furthermore, 2201 articles were excluded after initial selection based on abstracts and titles. Furthermore, 599 articles were excluded after eligibility for full text articles (n = 601). Finally, a total of 68 articles were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis (Figure 2).

FIGURE 2
www.frontiersin.org

Figure 2. Study selection process of included articles for systematic review and meta analysis, 2021.

Characteristics of the included articles

Among the included articles, 35 (50%) had high quality, while the rest (50%) had moderate quality, based on the JBI critical appraisal tools for the prevalence study (17) (Supplementary file III). 143,111 study participants were included in 68 articles, which were published from 2020 to 2022. The included studies were conducted in 38 countries around the world (Figure 3).

FIGURE 3
www.frontiersin.org

Figure 3. Countries of the world where the included articles were conducted.

Eight studies (14, 2026) were conducted in China, six studies (2732) in Saudi Arabia, four studies (2, 3335) in United States, four studies (3638) in United Kingdom, and four studies (3942) in Turkey. Additionally, three studies were conducted in each Malaysia (4345) and Kuwait (27, 46). Two studies conducted in each Qatar (47, 48), Italy (15, 49), Jordan (27, 50), Bangladesh (51, 52), Ethiopia (53, 54), Taiwan (55, 56), and Germany (57, 58).

However, only one study was conducted in each of the following countries; Republic of Congo (59), Japan (60), Poland (10), Cameroon (7), Israel (61), Mexico (62), Malta (63), Scotland (6), Indonesia (64), England (65), South Korea (66), Iran (67), Nigeria (68), Tunisia (69), Netherlands (70), Thailand (71), Vietnam (72), United Arab Emirates (73), Botswana (74), Sudan (75), Czechia (76), Uganda (77), France (78), and in Egypt (79).

The included studies were cross-sectional studies with a sample size ranging from 123 (63) to 23,582 (31) study participants. In general, the overall global acceptance rate of the COVID-19 vaccine, regardless of occupation, was 63.4% and ranged from 15.4% (7) to 95.6% (14) (Supplementary File IV).

COVID-19 vaccine acceptance

This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) version 3 statistical software to determine pooled COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and hesitancy rates.

The overall pooled prevalence/rate of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance

The pooled prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rate was found to be 64.9% [95% CI: 60.5 to 69.0%]; I2 = 99.57% with a p-value of < 0.001 (Figure 4).

FIGURE 4
www.frontiersin.org

Figure 4. Forest plot shows the overall pooled COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rate, 2022.

Subgroup analysis of the pooled prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rate

Based on the subgroup analysis based on the World Health Organization's Region, the overall pooled prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rate was 60.8% [95% CI: 56.3, 65.2%]. The lowest prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rate was reported in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, accounting for 60.8% [95% CI: 43.4, 57.2%], whereas the highest prevalence was reported in the South East Asian Region, which accounted for 81.0% [95% CI: 59.9, 92.4%] (Figure 5).

FIGURE 5
www.frontiersin.org

Figure 5. Forest plot shows the subgroup analysis of the pooled COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rate based on World Health Organization classification of the region 2022. ArR, African region; AmR, American region; EMR, Eastern Mediterranean Region; SEAR, South East Asian Region; WPR, Western Pacific Region; EuR, European Region.

Based on the countries where the study was conducted, the lowest prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rate was reported in Cameroon, accounted for 15.4% [95% CI: 14.0, 16.9], while the highest prevalence [95.6% (95% CI: 93.8, 96.9%] was reported in Thailand followed by Indonesia [93.3% (95% CI: 91.8, 94.5%] (Figure 6).

FIGURE 6
www.frontiersin.org

Figure 6. Forest plot shows the subgroup analysis of the pooled COVID-19 vaccine rate based on the country where the studies were conducted, 2022.

Based on the study participants, the highest COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rate was reported among healthcare workers, which accounted for 71.4% [95% CI: 59.9, 80.7%], followed by students accounted for 64.7% [95% CI: 32.6, 89.2%]. The lowest prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rate was reported among patients [51.8% (95% CI: 36.8, 66.6%] (Figure 7).

FIGURE 7
www.frontiersin.org

Figure 7. Forest plot shows the subgroup analysis of the pooled COVID-19 vaccine rate based on the study participants, 2022.

Based on the survey period, the pooled prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance was 64.5% [95% CI: 60.3, 68.5%]. Relatively, the lowest prevalence [57.9% (95% CI: 49.2, 66.2%)] of vaccine acceptance was reported from September to November 2020, whereas the highest prevalence [81.0% (95% CI: 57.3, 93.1%] was reported between September to November 2021 (Figure 8).

FIGURE 8
www.frontiersin.org

Figure 8. Shows the prevalence of the COVID-19 vaccine acceptance abased in the survey period, 2022.

Sensitivity analysis

Sensitivity analysis was performed by removing low outcome, high outcome, and small sample sizes. However, the sensitivity analysis did not show a substantial change in the prevalence of COVID-19 acceptance compared to the pooled prevalence without sensitivity analysis [61.1% (95% CI 53.8 to 67.9%)] (Table 1).

TABLE 1
www.frontiersin.org

Table 1. Results of sensitivity analysis for COVID-19 vaccine acceptance, 2022.

Discussion

We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis using data extracted from 68 studies conducted on 143,111 study participants. The study revealed that the pooled prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance was 64.9% [95% CI of 60.5 to 69.0%]. Some studies were conducted by the same authors across various countries (6, 27). The sensitivity analysis was employed to assess the cause of high heterogeneity and found no substantial difference in the prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance.

The utility of the vaccine to control COVID-19 pandemics depends on the acceptance of the vaccine (80, 81). Currently, vaccine hesitancy represents a serious threat to health. Similarly, the current study found that the global pooled prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance was 64.9% [95% CI of 60.5 to 69.0%], which was lower than the finding of the global survey, which reported about 71.5% of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rate (62). The possible reason for the disparity in the prevalence estimate could be related to the variation in the study participants or the survey period. The former study was mainly conducted in a specific study period, whereas the present study's findings depend on the studies conducted during COVID-19 pandemic.

The lowest prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rate was reported in Cameroon [15.4% (95% CI: 14.0, 16.9], while the highest prevalence [95.6% (95% CI: 93.8, 96.9%] was reported in Thailand, followed by Indonesia [93.3% (95% CI: 91.8, 94.5%]. The variation may be due to the difference in sources of information and types of study participants. Because, the study conducted in Thailand involved healthcare workers, whereas the study conducted in Cameroon involved the general population.

Furthermore, the current study found a slight difference in the pooled prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rate among the studies conducted in the United States [60.4% (95% CI 56.6, 64.1%)], United Arab Emirates [58.0% (95% CI 53.7, 62.2%)], Taiwan [64.6% (95% CI 41.0, 82.7%)], and Qatar [60.6% (95% CI 59.6, 61.7%)].

Similarly, there was slight difference in the prevalence of COVID-19 acceptance rate among the studies conducted in the United Kingdom [71% (95% CI: 51.3, 85.1%)], South Korea [70.8% (95% CI: 67.3, 74.0%)], Netherland [69.6% (95% CI: 62.0,76.2%)], Italy [69.2% (95% CI: 30.3, 92.1%)], Iran [69.0% (95% CI: 67.6, 70.3%)], France [71.3% (95% CI: 65.2, 76.7%)] and Czechia [70.2% (95% CI: 65.3, 74.7%)]. However, in some countries there was a lower prevalence, such as Cameroon and Jordan, which reported 15.4 and 32%, respectively. In general, the variation in the estimate of the vaccine acceptance rate may be due to the difference in the information and sociodemographic characteristics of the study participants (Supplementary File V).

Based on World Health Organization Region, the overall COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rate was 60.8% [95% CI: 56.3, 65.2%] that was slightly lower than our findings without subgroup analysis. The lowest COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rate was reported in the Eastern Mediterranean Region accounted for 60.8% [95% CI: 43.4, 57.2%], followed by the Western Pacific [74.7% CI: 65.2, 82.3%] and American region (66.4%: CI: 59.4, 82.3%).

However, the highest prevalence was reported in South East Asian Region, which accounted for 81.0% [95% CI: 59.9, 92.4%]. The variation in vaccine acceptance rate may be related to the level of risk perception, study participants involved, and access to information (Supplementary File VI).

Based on the survey period, the COVID-19 acceptance rate was 76.5, 60.1, 57.9, 61.9, 72.6, 68.5, and 81.0% for the articles conducted from March to May 2020, June to August 2020, September to November 2020, December 2020 to February 20211, March to May 2021, June to August 2021 and September to November 2021, respectively. This indicates that there is a decline in COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rate from March to November 2020. The current study is supported by various studies (country or region-specific studies), which reported a decline in willingness to accept COVID-19 vaccine (6, 13, 14).

Similarly, this finding was in line with the findings of another study, which reported a decline in the acceptance rate of the COVID-19 vaccine from more than 70.0% in March to <50% in October (82). However, there was an increasing in COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rate from December 2020 to November 2021. It could be related to an increase in awareness, a change in risk perception, and the round of vaccines given across the world. The variation in the vaccine acceptance rate based on the survey period is indicated in the figure below (Supplementary File VII).

In general, the current study found that there was a declining in COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rate in 2020 and increasing in 2021. However, the overall COVID-19-vaccine acceptance rate was 64.9%. This indicates that there is a need to improve community awareness in order to increase COVID-19-vaccine acceptance rate. The authors recommend the need to take appropriate actions to manage the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, local and international government should take appropriate action in collaboration with non-governmental organizations and community members to build trust in the community and to ensure adequate vaccination coverage. Furthermore, transparent and effective communications are essential to reduce misinformation and vaccination hesitancy, build trust, and ensure adequate vaccination coverage (8). Additionally, novel decision models for vaccine selection need to be developed.

Implications of finding

The current study revealed that only about six out of ten study participants accepted the COVID-19 vaccine. This indicates that even if the COVID-19 vaccine is developed, the issue of accepting or taking the developed vaccine and managing the pandemic may be difficult. Not only for COVID-19, it must be used as input and considered to control other pandemics. These findings can be used as an input for concerned bodies, including health program planners, researchers, policymakers, and decision-makers, to take appropriate actions that can contribute to vaccine acceptance, ensure adequate vaccination coverage, and promote health.

Limitations

There was an unequal distribution of the studies conducted across the world. Furthermore, the acceptance rates of the COVID-19 vaccine in many countries of the world were not included because of the lack of studies that met the eligibility criteria. Similarly, as a result of variation in the unit of measurement/statistical analysis employed for data analysis, we could not able to determine the factors associated with COVID-19 acceptance rate. Furthermore, cross-sectional studies were included and causal relationships between the acceptance rate of the COVID-19 vaccine and the determinant factors cannot be established.

Conclusion

This review found a decline in the acceptance rate of the COVID-19 vaccine in 2020 and increasing acceptance in 2021. About 6 in 10 study participants accepted COVID-19 vaccine that needs critical attention to manage the COVID-19 pandemic. This finding indicated that even if the COVID-19 vaccine is developed, the issue of accepting or taking the developed vaccine and managing the pandemic will be difficult unless appropriate measures are taken when it is necessary. Furthermore, we recommend further studies, particularly on the determinants or factors that lead to hesitancy.

Data availability statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s.

Author contributions

DM conceived the idea and had a major role in the review, extraction, analysis of the data, writing, drafting, and editing of the manuscript. YD has contributed to data extraction, analysis, and editing. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript to be published and agreed on all aspects of this work.

Acknowledgments

The authors extend their deepest thanks to Haramaya University, Department of Environmental Health staff, for providing their constructive support.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher's note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Supplementary material

The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1044193/full#supplementary-material

References

1. Lu H, Stratton CW, Tang YW. Outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan, China: The mystery and the miracle. J Med Virol. (2020) 92:401. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25678

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

2. Shekhar R, Sheikh AB, Upadhyay S, Singh M, Kottewar S, Mir H. COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among health care workers in the United States. Vaccines. (2021) 9:119. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9020119

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

3. Andre FE, Booy R, Bock HL, Clemens J, Datta SK, John TJ, et al. Vaccination greatly reduces disease, disability, death and inequity worldwide. Bull World Health Organ. (2008) 86:140–6. doi: 10.2471/BLT.07.040089

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

4. Scheres J, Kuszewski K. The Ten Threats to Global Health in 2018 and 2019. A welcome and informative communication of WHO to everybody. Public Health Manag Zdrowie Publiczne i Zarzadzanie. (2019) 17:11297. doi: 10.4467/20842627OZ.19.001.11297

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

5. WHO. WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 21 August (2020). Available online at: https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-−21-august-2020 last accessed on 6 march 2021

Google Scholar

6. Williams L, Flowers P, McLeod J, Young D, Rollins L. CATALYST project team. Social patterning and stability of intention to accept a COVID-19 vaccine in Scotland: will those most at risk accept a vaccine? Vaccines. (2021) 9:17. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9010017

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

7. Dinga JN, Sinda LK, Titanji VP. Assessment of vaccine hesitancy to a COVID-19 vaccine in Cameroonian adults and its global implication. Vaccines. (2021) 9:175. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9020175

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

8. Gori D, Reno C, Remondini D, Durazzi F, Fantini MP. Are we ready for the arrival of the new COVID-19 vaccinations? Great promises and unknown challenges still to come. Vaccines. (2021) 9:173. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9020173

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

9. DeRoo SS, Pudalov NJ, Fu LY. Planning for a COVID-19 vaccination program. Jama. (2020) 323:2458–9. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.8711

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

10. Feleszko W, Lewulis P, Czarnecki A, Waszkiewicz P. Flattening the curve of COVID-19 vaccine rejection—An international overview. Vaccines. (2021) 9:44. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9010044

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

11. Ball P. Anti-vaccine movement could undermine efforts to end coronavirus pandemic, researchers warn. Nature. (2020) 581:251–2. doi: 10.1038/d41586-020-01423-4

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

12. WHO, World Health Organization. Ten Threats to Global Health in 2019. (2019). Available online: Available online at: https://www.who.int/news-room/ spotlight/ten-threats-to-global-health-in-2019 (accessed January 31, 2021).

Google Scholar

13. De Figueiredo A, Simas C, Karafillakis E, Paterson P, Larson HJ. Mapping global trends in vaccine confidence and investigating barriers to vaccine uptake: a large-scale retrospective temporal modelling study. Lancet. (2020) 396:898–908. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31558-0

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

14. Wang J, Jing R, Lai X, Zhang H, Lyu Y, Knoll MD, et al. Acceptance of COVID-19 Vaccination during the COVID-19 Pandemic in China. Vaccines. (2020) 8:482. doi: 10.3390/vaccines8030482

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

15. Gerussi V, Peghin M, Palese A, Bressan V, Visintini E, Bontempo G, et al. Vaccine hesitancy among Italian patients recovered from COVID-19 infection towards influenza and SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Vaccines. (2021) 9:172. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9020172

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

16. Moher D, Shamseer L, Clarke M, Ghersi D, Liberati A, Petticrew M, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Syst Rev. (2015) 4:1–9. doi: 10.1186/2046-4053-4-1

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

17. JBI, The Joanna Briggs Institute. Critical appraisal tools for use in the JBI systematic reviews checklist for prevalence studies: The University of Adelaide. (2019). Available online at: https://joannabriggs.org/sites/default/files/2019-05/JBI_Critical_Appraisal Checklist_for_ Prevalence_Studies2017_0.pdf

Google Scholar

18. MacDonald NE. Vaccine hesitancy: Definition, scope and determinants. Vaccine. (2015) 33:4161–4. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.036

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

19. Lane S, MacDonald NE, Marti M, Dumolard L. Vaccine hesitancy around the globe: analysis of three years of WHO/UNICEF Joint Reporting Form data-2015–2017. Vaccine. (2018) 36:3861–7. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.03.063

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

20. Wong MC, Wong EL, Huang J, Cheung AW, Law K, Chong MK, et al. Acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine based on the health belief model: a population-based survey in Hong Kong. Vaccine. (2021) 39:1148–56. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.12.083

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

21. Wang K, Wong EL, Ho KF, Cheung AW, Yau PS, Dong D, et al. Change of willingness to accept COVID-19 vaccine and reasons of vaccine hesitancy of working people at different waves of local epidemic in Hong Kong, China: Repeated cross-sectional surveys. Vaccines. (2021) 9:62. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9010062

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

22. Chen M, Li Y, Chen J, Wen Z, Feng F, Zou H, et al. An online survey of the attitude and willingness of Chinese adults to receive COVID-19 vaccination. Hum Vaccin Immunother. (2021) 17:2279–88. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1853449

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

23. Huang Y, Su X, Xiao W, Wang H, Si M, Wang W, et al. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among different population groups in China: a national multicenter online survey. BMC Infect Dis. (2022) 22:1–2. doi: 10.1186/s12879-022-07111-0

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

24. Qin C, Wang R, Tao L, Liu M, Liu J. Association between risk perception and acceptance for a booster dose of COVID-19 vaccine to children among child caregivers in China. Frontiers in public health. (2022) 10:834572. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.834572

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

25. Han K, Francis MR, Zhang R, Wang Q, Xia A, Lu L, et al. Confidence, acceptance and willingness to pay for the COVID-19 vaccine among migrants in Shanghai, China: a cross-sectional study. Vaccines. (2021) 9:443. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9050443

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

26. Tao L, Wang R, Han N, Liu J, Yuan C, Deng L, et al. Acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine and associated factors among pregnant women in China: a multi-center cross-sectional study based on health belief model. Hum Vaccin Immunother. (2021) 17:2378–88. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1892432

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

27. Sallam M, Dababseh D, Eid H, Al-Mahzoum K, Al-Haidar A, Taim D, et al. High rates of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and its association with conspiracy beliefs: a study in Jordan and Kuwait among other Arab countries. Vaccines. (2021) 9:42. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9010042

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

28. Barry M, Temsah MH, Alhuzaimi A, Alamro N, Al-Eyadhy A, Aljamaan F, et al. COVID-19 vaccine confidence and hesitancy among health care workers: a cross-sectional survey from a MERS-CoV experienced nation. PLoS ONE. (2021) 16:e0244415. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244415

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

29. Almaghaslah D, Alsayari A, Kandasamy G, Vasudevan R. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among young adults in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional web-based study. Vaccines. (2021) 9:330. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9040330

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

30. Yahia AI, Alshahrani AM, Alsulmi WG, Alqarni MM, Abdulrahim TK, Heba WF, et al. Determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and hesitancy: a cross-sectional study in Saudi Arabia. Hum Vaccin Immunother. (2021) 17:4015–20. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1950506

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

31. Elharake JA, Galal B, Alqahtani SA, Kattan RF, Barry MA, Temsah MH, et al. COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among health care workers in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Int J Infect Dis. (2021) 109:286–93. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.07.004

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

32. Alfageeh EI, Alshareef N, Angawi K, Alhazmi F, Chirwa GC. Acceptability of a COVID-19 vaccine among the Saudi population. Vaccines. (2021) 9:226. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9030226

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

33. Malik AA, McFadden SM, Elharake J, Omer SB. Determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in the US. EClinicalMedicine. (2020) 26:100495. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100495

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

34. Reiter PL, Pennell ML, Katz ML. Acceptability of a COVID-19 vaccine among adults in the United States: How many people would get vaccinated? Vaccine. (2020) 38:6500–7. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.08.043

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

35. Khubchandani J, Sharma S, Price JH, Wiblishauser MJ, Sharma M, Webb FJ. COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy in the United States: a rapid national assessment. J Community Health. (2021) 46:270–7. doi: 10.1007/s10900-020-00958-x

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

36. Freeman D, Loe BS, Chadwick A, Vaccari C, Waite F, Rosebrock L, et al. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the UK: the Oxford coronavirus explanations, attitudes, and narratives survey (Oceans) II. Psychol Med. (2020) 3:1–5. doi: 10.1017/S0033291720005188

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

37. Dickerson J, Lockyer B, Moss RH, Endacott C, Kelly B, Bridges S, et al. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in an ethnically diverse community: descriptive findings from the Born in Bradford study. Wellcome Open Research. (2021) 6:23. doi: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16576.1

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

38. Roberts CH, Brindle H, Rogers NT, Eggo RM, Enria L, Lees S. Vaccine confidence and hesitancy at the start of COVID-19 vaccine deployment in the UK: An embedded mixed-methods study. Front Public Health. (2021) 9:745630. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.745630

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

39. Kose S, Mandiracioglu A, Sahin S, Kaynar T, Karbus O, Ozbel Y. Vaccine hesitancy of the COVID-19 by health care personnel. Int J Clin Pract. (2021) 75:e13917. doi: 10.1111/ijcp.13917

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

40. Akarsu B, Canbay Özdemir D, Ayhan Baser D, Aksoy H, Fidanci I, Cankurtaran M. While studies on COVID-19 vaccine is ongoing, the public's thoughts and attitudes to the future COVID-19 vaccine. Int J Clin Pract. (2021) 75:e13891. doi: 10.1111/ijcp.13891

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

41. Ikiişik H, Akif Sezerol M, Taşçi Y, Maral I. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: A community-based research in Turkey. Int J Clin Pract. (2021) 75:e14336. doi: 10.1111/ijcp.14336

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

42. Ayhan SG, Oluklu D, Atalay A, Beser DM, Tanacan A, Tekin OM, et al. COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in pregnant women. Obstetric Anesthesia Digest. (2022) 42:74–6. doi: 10.1097/01.aoa.0000827860.20061.81

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

43. Wong LP, Alias H, Wong PF, Lee HY, AbuBakar S. The use of the health belief model to assess predictors of intent to receive the COVID-19 vaccine and willingness to pay. Hum Vaccin Immunother. (2020) 16:2204–14. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1790279

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

44. Syed Alwi SA, Rafidah E, Zurraini A, Juslina O, Brohi IB, Lukas S, et al. survey on COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and concern among Malaysians. BMC Public Health. (2021) 21:1–2. doi: 10.1186/s12889-021-11071-6

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

45. Mohamed NA, Solehan HM, Mohd Rani MD, Ithnin M, Che Isahak CI. Knowledge, acceptance and perception on COVID-19 vaccine among Malaysians: A web-based survey. PLoS One. (2021) 16:e0256110. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256110

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

46. Alibrahim J, Awad A. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among the public in Kuwait: a cross-sectional survey. Int J Environ Res Public Health. (2021) 18:8836. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18168836

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

47. Alabdulla R, EAl-Khal A, Jones RM. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and attitudes in Qatar: A national cross-sectional survey of a migrant-majority population. Influenza Other Resp Viruses. (2021) 5:1–10. doi: 10.1111/irv.12847

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

48. Al-Mulla R, Abu-Madi M, Talafha QM, Tayyem RF, Abdallah AM. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in a representative education sector population in Qatar. Vaccines. (2021) 9:665. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9060665

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

49. Gallè F, Sabella EA, Roma P, De Giglio O, Caggiano G, Tafuri S, et al. Knowledge and acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination among undergraduate students from central and southern Italy. Vaccines. (2021) 9:638. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9060638

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

50. El-Elimat T, AbuAlSamen MM, Almomani BA, Al-Sawalha NA, Alali FQ. Acceptance and attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccines: a cross-sectional study from Jordan. PLoS ONE. (2021) 16:e0250555. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250555

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

51. Hossain MB, Alam MZ, Islam MS, Sultan S, Faysal MM, Rima S, et al. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among the adult population in Bangladesh: a nationwide cross-sectional survey. PLoS ONE. (2021) 16:e0260821. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260821

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

52. Paul A, Sikdar D, Mahanta J, Ghosh S, Jabed MA, Paul S, et al. Peoples' understanding, acceptance, and perceived challenges of vaccination against COVID-19: a cross-sectional study in Bangladesh. PLoS ONE. (2021) 16:e0256493. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256493

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

53. Berihun G, Walle Z, Berhanu L, Teshome D. Acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine and determinant factors among patients with chronic disease visiting Dessie comprehensive specialized hospital, Northeastern Ethiopia. Patient Prefer Adherence. (2021) 15:1795. doi: 10.2147/PPA.S324564

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

54. Boche B, Kebede O, Damessa M, Gudeta T, Wakjira D. Health professionals' COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and associated factors in tertiary hospitals of South-West Ethiopia: a multi-center cross-sectional study. INQUIRY: J Health Care Org Prov Finan. (2022) 59:00469580221083181. doi: 10.1177/00469580221083181

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

55. Huang CY, Lin CC, Hsieh CY, Lin CY, Chen TT, Wu PC, et al. The willingness of elderly taiwanese individuals to accept COVID-19 vaccines after the first local outbreak. Vaccines. (2022) 10:520. doi: 10.3390/vaccines10040520

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

56. Tsai FJ, Yang HW, Lin CP, Liu JZ. Acceptability of COVID-19 vaccines and protective behavior among adults in Taiwan: associations between risk perception and willingness to vaccinate against COVID-19. Int J Environ Res Public Health. (2021) 18:5579. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18115579

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

57. Nohl A, Afflerbach C, Lurz C, Brune B, Ohmann T, Weichert V, et al. Acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination among front-line health care workers: a nationwide survey of emergency medical services personnel from Germany. Vaccines. (2021) 9:424. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9050424

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

58. Holzmann-Littig C, Braunisch MC, Kranke P, Popp M, Seeber C, Fichtner F, et al. COVID-19 vaccination acceptance and hesitancy among healthcare workers in Germany. Vaccines. (2021) 9:777. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9070777

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

59. Ditekemena JD, Nkamba DM, Mutwadi A, Mavoko HM, Siewe Fodjo JN, Luhata C, et al. COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in the Democratic Republic of Congo: a cross-sectional survey. Vaccines. (2021) 9:153. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9020153

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

60. Yoda, Katsuyama. Willingness to Receive COVID-19 Vaccination in Japan. Vaccines. (2021) 9:48. (2021). doi: 10.3390/vaccines9010048

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

61. Dror AA, Eisenbach N, Taiber S, Morozov NG, Mizrachi M, Zigron A, et al. Vaccine hesitancy: the next challenge in the fight against COVID-19. Eur J Epidemiol. (2020) 35:775–9. doi: 10.1007/s10654-020-00671-y

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

62. Lazarus JV, Ratzan SC, Palayew A, Gostin LO, Larson HJ, Rabin K, et al. A global survey of potential acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine. Nat Med. (2021) 27:225–8. doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-1124-9

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

63. Grech V, Bonnici J, Zammit D. Vaccine hesitancy in Maltese family physicians and their trainees vis-à-vis influenza and novel COVID-19 vaccination. Early Hum Dev. (2020). doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105259. [Epub ahead of print].

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

64. Harapan H, Wagner AL, Yufika A, Winardi W, Anwar S, Gan AK, et al. Acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine in Southeast Asia: a cross-sectional study in Indonesia. Frontiers in public health. (2020) 8:381. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00381

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

65. Bell S, Clarke R, Mounier-Jack S, Walker JL, Paterson P. Parents' and guardians' views on the acceptability of a future COVID-19 vaccine: A multi-methods study in England. Vaccine. (2020) 38:7789–98. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.10.027

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

66. Achangwa C, Lee TJ, Lee MS. Acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine by foreigners in South Korea. Int J Environ Res Public Health. (2021) 18:12035. doi: 10.3390/ijerph182212035

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

67. Nakhostin-Ansari A, Zimet GD, Khonji MS, Aghajani F, Teymourzadeh A, Rastegar Kazerooni AA, et al. acceptance or rejection of the COVID-19 vaccine: a study on Iranian people's opinions toward the COVID-19 Vaccine. Vaccines. (2022) 10:670. doi: 10.3390/vaccines10050670

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

68. Mustapha M, Lawal BK, Sha'aban A, Jatau AI, Wada AS, Bala AA, et al. Factors associated with acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine among University health sciences students in Northwest Nigeria. PLoS ONE. (2021) 16:e0260672. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260672

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

69. Khiari H, Cherif I. M'ghirbi F, Mezlini A, Hsairi M. COVID-19 vaccination acceptance and its associated factors among cancer patients in Tunisia. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prevent APJCP. (2021) 22:3499. doi: 10.31557/APJCP.2021.22.11.3499

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

70. Antwi-Berko D, Bakuri AZ, Otabil KB, Kwarteng A. Determinants and variations of COVID-19 vaccine uptake and responses among minority ethnic groups in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Front Public Health. (2022) 10:761987. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.761987

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

71. Sirikalyanpaiboon M, Ousirimaneechai K, Phannajit J, Pitisuttithum P, Jantarabenjakul W, Chaiteerakij R, et al. COVID-19 vaccine acceptance, hesitancy, and determinants among physicians in a university-based teaching hospital in Thailand. BMC Infect Dis. (2021) 21:1–2. doi: 10.1186/s12879-021-06863-5

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

72. Nguyen LH, Hoang MT, Nguyen LD, Ninh LT, Nguyen HT, Nguyen AD, et al. Acceptance and willingness to pay for COVID-19 vaccines among pregnant women in Vietnam. Trop Med Int Health. (2021) 26:1303–13. doi: 10.1111/tmi.13666

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

73. Saddik B, Al-Bluwi N, Shukla A, Barqawi H, Alsayed HA, Sharif-Askari NS, et al. Determinants of healthcare workers perceptions, acceptance and choice of COVID-19 vaccines: A cross-sectional study from the United Arab Emirates. Hum Vaccin Immunother. (2022) 18:1–9. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1994300

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

74. Tlale LB, Gabaitiri L, Totolo LK, Smith G, Puswane-Katse O, Ramonna E, et al. Acceptance rate and risk perception towards the COVID-19 vaccine in Botswana. PLoS One. (2022) 17:e0263375. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263375

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

75. Raja SM, Osman ME, Musa AO, Hussien AA, Yusuf K. COVID-19 vaccine acceptance, hesitancy, and associated factors among medical students in Sudan. PLoS ONE. (2022) 17:e0266670. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266670

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

76. Riad A, Jouzová A, Üstün B, Lagová E, Hruban L, Janku P, et al. COVID-19 vaccine acceptance of pregnant and lactating women (PLW) in Czechia: an analytical cross-sectional study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. (2021) 18:13373. doi: 10.3390/ijerph182413373

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

77. Bongomin F, Olum R, Andia-Biraro I, Nakwagala FN, Hassan KH, Nassozi DR, et al. COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among high-risk populations in Uganda. Therap Adv Infect Dis. (2021) 8:20499361211024376. doi: 10.1177/20499361211024376

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

78. Vallée A, Fourn E, Majerholc C, Touche P, Zucman D. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among French people living with HIV. Vaccines. (2021) 9:302. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9040302

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

79. Saied SM, Saied EM, Kabbash IA, Abdo SA. Vaccine hesitancy: Beliefs and barriers associated with COVID-19 vaccination among Egyptian medical students. J Med Virol. (2021) 93:4280–91. doi: 10.1002/jmv.26910

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

80. Sallam M. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy worldwide: A concise systematic review of vaccine acceptance rates. Vaccines. (2021) 9:160. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9020160

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

81. Sallam M, Dababseh D, Eid H, Hasan H, Taim D, Al-Mahzoum K, et al. Low COVID-19 vaccine acceptance is correlated with conspiracy beliefs among university students in Jordan. Int J Environ Res Public Health. (2021) 18:2407. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18052407

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

82. Lin C, Tu P, Beitsch LM. Confidence and receptivity for COVID-19 vaccines: A rapid systematic review. Vaccines. (2021) 9:16. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9010016

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Keywords: vaccine acceptance, vaccine hesitancy, COVID-19, coronavirus, 2019, SARS-CoV-2, vaccine rejection, global

Citation: Mengistu DA, Demmu YM and Asefa YA (2022) Global COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rate: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Public Health 10:1044193. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1044193

Received: 14 September 2022; Accepted: 15 November 2022;
Published: 08 December 2022.

Edited by:

Ying Zhang, The University of Sydney, Australia

Reviewed by:

Valeria Di Onofrio, University of Naples Parthenope, Italy
Leeberk Raja Inbaraj, National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR), India

Copyright © 2022 Mengistu, Demmu and Asefa. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

*Correspondence: Dechasa Adare Mengistu, Dechasa.Adare@haramaya.edu.et

ORCID: Dechasa Adare Mengistu orcid.org/0000-0002-0076-5586

Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.