Changes in the Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity among Peruvian Children under Five Years before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Findings from a Nationwide Population-Based Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Source and Data Description
2.2. Sampling and Data Collection
2.3. Variables
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.5. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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2019 ENDES | 2021 ENDES | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | Sample | Percentage | Sample | Percentage |
Overall | 20,414 | 100 | 21,119 | 100 |
Sex of child | ||||
Male | 10,454 | 50.7 | 10,675 | 50.5 |
Female | 9960 | 49.3 | 10,444 | 49.5 |
Age of child | ||||
0 years | 3682 | 17.6 | 3808 | 18.2 |
1 years | 4097 | 20.2 | 4242 | 20.2 |
2 years | 4121 | 20.3 | 4229 | 19.6 |
3 years | 4219 | 20.7 | 4609 | 21.6 |
4 years | 4295 | 21.2 | 4231 | 20.3 |
Mother age group | ||||
15–19 years | 975 | 4.6 | 878 | 4.1 |
20–34 years | 13,644 | 66.2 | 13,852 | 65.1 |
35–49 years | 5795 | 29.3 | 6389 | 30.8 |
Ethnicity | ||||
Non-native | 18,599 | 93.3 | 19,243 | 94.0 |
Native | 1815 | 6.7 | 1876 | 6.0 |
Education level | ||||
Up to primary | 4089 | 20.3 | 4077 | 18.4 |
Secondary education | 9548 | 46.0 | 10,148 | 47.1 |
Higher education | 6777 | 33.7 | 6894 | 34.5 |
Wealth quintile | ||||
Poorest | 5613 | 25.5 | 6426 | 25.4 |
Poorer | 5595 | 24.7 | 5595 | 23.8 |
Middle | 4096 | 19.8 | 4113 | 20.6 |
Richer | 3013 | 16.6 | 3069 | 17.4 |
Richest | 2097 | 13.5 | 1916 | 12.8 |
Area of residence | ||||
Urban | 14,540 | 72.7 | 14,355 | 73.7 |
Rural | 5874 | 27.3 | 6764 | 26.3 |
Place of residence | ||||
Countryside | 5874 | 27.3 | 6764 | 26.3 |
Town | 5876 | 25.1 | 5841 | 26.6 |
Small city | 6113 | 20.2 | 5895 | 21.0 |
Capital | 2551 | 27.3 | 2619 | 26.1 |
Natural area | ||||
Coast | 8711 | 53.9 | 8805 | 54.3 |
Highlands | 6616 | 28.0 | 6971 | 27.7 |
Jungle | 5087 | 18.1 | 5343 | 18.0 |
Prevalence of Overweight/Obesity | |||
---|---|---|---|
ENDES 2019 | ENDES 2021 | 2021 with Respect to 2019 | |
Characteristics | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) |
Overall | 6.4 (6.0–6.9) | 7.8 (7.3–8.3) | 1.21 (1.10–1.34) |
Sex of child * | |||
Male | 6.2 (5.6–6.9) | 7.1 (6.4–7.8) | 1.14 (0.99–1.31) |
Female | 6.6 (5.9–7.3) | 8.5 (7.8–9.2) | 1.29 (1.13–1.47) |
Age of child | |||
0 years | 12.6 (11.2–14.1) | 11.2 (10.0–12.6) | 0.92 (0.78–1.08) |
1 years | 5.0 (4.1–6.0) | 6.3 (5.4–7.4) | 1.26 (0.99–1.62) |
2 years | 2.6 (2.0–3.3) | 4.1 (3.3–5.0) | 1.59 (1.16–2.19) |
3 years | 5.0 (4.2–6.0) | 6.7 (5.8–7.7) | 1.34 (1.07–1.67) |
4 years | 7.6 (6.6–8.8) | 10.9 (9.7–12.2) | 1.45 (1.21–1.74) |
Mother age group | |||
15–19 years | 6.6 (4.8–9.0) | 5.5 (3.9–7.8) | 0.86 (0.54–1.35) |
20–34 years | 6.3 (5.7–6.9) | 7.9 (7.3–8.6) | 1.26 (1.12–1.42) |
35–49 years | 6.7 (5.8–7.7) | 7.7 (6.9–8.6) | 1.16 (0.97–1.39) |
Ethnicity | |||
Non-native | 6.7 (6.2–7.2) | 8.1 (7.5–8.6) | 1.21 (1.09–1.33) |
Native | 2.6 (1.8–3.6) | 3.3 (2.4–4.5) | 1.30 (0.82–2.06) |
Education level | |||
Up to primary | 4.1 (3.3–5.0) | 3.6 (3.0–4.4) | 0.87 (0.66–1.16) |
Secondary education | 6.0 (5.4–6.8) | 7.2 (6.5–7.9) | 1.18 (1.02–1.37) |
Higher education | 8.3 (7.5–9.2) | 10.9 (9.9–11.9) | 1.31 (1.14–1.50) |
Wealth quintile | |||
Poorest | 3.0 (2.5–3.6) | 2.8 (2.4–3.4) | 0.95 (0.74–1.23) |
Poorer | 5.6 (4.8–6.5) | 6.1 (5.3–7.1) | 1.08 (0.88–1.33) |
Middle | 7.1 (6.1–8.2) | 9.9 (8.7–11.2) | 1.39 (1.15–1.69) |
Richer | 8.1 (6.8–9.5) | 11.2 (9.8–12.8) | 1.39 (1.12–1.71) |
Richest | 11.2 (9.5–13.2) | 12.6 (10.9–14.5) | 1.12 (0.90–1.39) |
Area of residence | |||
Urban | 7.5 (6.9–8.1) | 9.4 (8.7–10.1) | 1.25 (1.12–1.39) |
Rural | 3.4 (2.9–4.1) | 3.3 (2.8–3.8) | 0.96 (0.76–1.22) |
Place of residence | |||
Countryside | 3.4 (2.9–4.1) | 3.3 (2.8–3.8) | 0.96 (0.76–1.22) |
Town | 6.1 (5.4–7.0) | 7.4 (6.6–8.2) | 1.20 (1.02–1.42) |
Small city | 5.6 (4.9–6.3) | 8.4 (7.5–9.5) | 1.52 (1.28–1.81) |
Capital | 10.3 (9.0–11.6) | 12.2 (10.8–13.7) | 1.19 (1.00–1.42) |
Natural area | |||
Coast | 9.0 (8.2–9.8) | 11.2 (10.3–12.1) | 1.24 (1.10–1.39) |
Highlands | 3.7 (3.2–4.2) | 4.0 (3.5–4.6) | 1.11 (0.91–1.34) |
Jungle | 2.9 (2.4–3.5) | 3.3 (2.8–4.0) | 1.15 (0.89–1.50) |
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Hernández-Vásquez, A.; Vargas-Fernández, R. Changes in the Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity among Peruvian Children under Five Years before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Findings from a Nationwide Population-Based Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12390. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912390
Hernández-Vásquez A, Vargas-Fernández R. Changes in the Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity among Peruvian Children under Five Years before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Findings from a Nationwide Population-Based Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12390. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912390
Chicago/Turabian StyleHernández-Vásquez, Akram, and Rodrigo Vargas-Fernández. 2022. "Changes in the Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity among Peruvian Children under Five Years before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Findings from a Nationwide Population-Based Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12390. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912390