Alleviating Society’s Economic Crisis: Narrative Policy on Social Safety Nets Policy Process During Covid-19 Pandemic
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Abstract
This study aimed to see how the coalition policy at the national level narrated the social safety net (JPS) policy as an effort to save people from the crisis during the Covid-19 Pandemic. Narrative Policy Framework (NPF) was used to analyze the influence of the policy narrative component from experts, executives, and their supporters on the JPS policy process. The method of the study was descriptive qualitative. The result of the study showed that the strategy of policy coalitions at the meso level in policy narrative influenced the social safety net policy-setting process. In the JPS policy narrative, groups supporting the policy fall into the category of status quo group which positioned itself as a hero. This group came from government circles who claimed that the JPS policy is for the benefit of the community. The second group (victims) came from people who believed in the notion that the implementation of JPS policies was problematic and inappropriate. Villain from the JPS narrative was characterized from a group that took advantage of the situation for personal gain. Moral of the story from JPS policy was that the hero tried to lead the narrative so that the story built legitimized the policy.
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AJI NUGROHO, Alih; FITRI AZMI, Ilima.
Alleviating Society’s Economic Crisis: Narrative Policy on Social Safety Nets Policy Process During Covid-19 Pandemic.
Policy & Governance Review, [S.l.], v. 5, n. 2, p. 113-127, mar. 2021.
ISSN 2580-4820.
Available at: <https://journal.iapa.or.id/pgr/article/view/443>. Date accessed: 14 may 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.30589/pgr.v5i2.443.
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
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Ananta, A., & Siregar, R. (1999). Social Safety Net Policies in Indonesia: Objectives and Shortcomings. Asean Economic Bulletin, 16(3), 344–359. https://doi.org/10.1355/ae16-3e
Barany, L. J., Simanjuntak, I., Widia, D. A., & Damuri, Y. R. (2020). Bantuan Sosial Ekonomi di Tengah Pandemi COVID-19 : Sudahkah Menjaring Sesuai Sasaran ? In Centre for Strategic and International Studies.
Barkat-e-khuda, A. (2011). Social Safety Net Programmes in Bangladesh: A Review. The Bangladesh Development Studies, 34(2), 87–108.
Bayu, D. (2020, March 31). Ragam Bantuan Sosial saat Corona: Banyak Kartu hingga Gratis Listrik Artikel ini telah tayang di Katadata.co.id dengan judul “Ragam Bantuan Sosial saat Corona: Banyak Kartu hingga Gratis Listrik†, https://katadata. co.id/agustiyanti/berita/5e9a41f 7a6099/r.Katadata. Retrieved from https://katadata.co.id/agustiyanti/berita/5e9a41f 7a6099/ ragam-bantuan-sosial-saat-corona-banyak-kartu-hingga-gratis-listrik
Consuello, J. (2020). Analisis Efektifitas Kartu Pra-kerja di Tengah Pandemi Covid-19 | Consuello | ’ADALAH. Adalah: Buletin Hukum Dan Keadilan.
Crow, D. A., & Berggren, J. (2014). Using the narrative policy framework to understand stakeholder strategy and effectiveness: A multi-case analysis. The Science of Stories: Applications of the Narrative Policy Framework in Public Polic y Analysis, 131–156. https://doi. org/10.1057/9781137485861
Daly, A., & Fane, G. (2002). Anti-poverty programs in Indonesia. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 38(3), 309–329. https:// doi.org/10.1080/00074910215535
Djalante, R., Lassa, J., Setiamarga, D., Sudjatma, A., Indrawan, M., Haryanto, B., … Warsilah, H. (2020). Progress in Disaster Science Review and analysis of current responses to COVID-19 in Indonesia : Period of January to March 2020 ☆. 6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. pdisas.2020.100091
Gray, G., & Jones, M. D. (2016). A qualitative narrative policy framework? Examining the policy narrative sof US campaign finance regulatory reform. Public Policy and Administration, 31(3), 193–220. https:// doi.org/10.1177/0952076715623356
Griffiths, M. (2019). Networks of Reciprocity: Precarity and Community Social Organisations in Rural Myanmar. Journal of Contemporar y Asia, 49(4), 602–625. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472336.2018.1542450
Gupta, K., Ripberger, J., & Wehde, W. (2018). Advocacy Group Messaging on Social Media: Using the Narrative Policy Framework to Study Twitter Messages about Nuclear Energy Policy in the United States. PolicyStudies Journal, 46(1), 119–136. https://doi.org/10.1111/psj.12176
Hidayat, R. (2020, April). Program Jaring Pengaman Sosial Jokowi Cuma Gimik di Tengah COVID-19 - Tirto.ID.
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Jones, M. D., & Radaelli, C. M. (2015). The Narrative Pol icy Fra mework: chil d or monster? Critical Polic y Studies, 9(3), 339–355. https://doi.org/10.1080/19460171.2015.1053959
Kannan, K. P. (2011). Social Security, Poverty Reduction and Development. In SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ ssrn.672281
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Khan, S. (2013). Safety Net, Social Protection, and Sustainable Poverty Reduction: A Review of the Evidences and Arguments for Developing Countries. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science, 15(2), 23–29. https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-1522329
Komite Penanganan Covid 19 dan Pemulihan Ekonomi Nasional. (2020). Jaring Pengaman Sosial Pemerintah Pusat Hadapi COVID-19- Masyarakat Umum | Satgas Penanganan COVID-19.
Lindawati, T. (2020). Jaring Pengaman Sosial Selama Pandemi Covid-19 dalam Konteks Sosio-Politik di Indonesia- Ombudsman RI.
M. Baiquni. (1999). Refleksi kritis terhadap program JPS jaring pengaman social Studi Kasus Proyek PDM-DKE. Jurnal Kebijakan Dan Administrasi Publik, III(1), 12–35.
McBeth, M. K., Clemons, R. S., Husmann, M. A., Kusko, E., & Gaarden, A. (2013). The Social Construction of a Crisis: Policy Narratives and Contemporary U.S. Obesity Policy. Risk, Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy, 4(3), 135–163. https://doi.org/10.1002/rhc3.12042
McBeth, M. K., Shanahan, E. A., Anderson, M. C. A., & Rose, B. (2012). Policy story or gory story? Narrative policy framework analysis of buffalo field campaign’s youtube videos. Polic y and Internet , 4 (3–4), 159–183. https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.15
Mumtaz, Z., & Whiteford, P. (2017). Social safety nets in the development of a welfare system in Pakistan: an analysis of the Benazir Income Support Programme. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration, 39(1), 16–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/23276665.2017.1290902
Narayanan, S., & Gerber, N. (2017). Social safety nets for food and nutrition security in India. Global Food Security, 15(May), 65–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2017.05.001
Nugroho, A. A. (2018). Labor Market Flexibility: Advantages for Workforce or Threat? Policy & Governance Review, 2(2), 132. https://doi.org/10.30589/pgr.v2i2.87
Nugroho, M. (2005). Keafektifan Pelaksanaan Program Jaring Pengamanan Sosial Bidang Pendidkan di Kabupaten Cilacap. Jurnal Penelitian Dan Evaluasi Pendidikan, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.21831/pep.v7i1.2032
Paitoonpong, S., Abe, S., & Puopongsakorn, N. (2008). The meaning of “social safety nets.†Journal of Asian Economics, 19(5–6), 467–473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2008.09.011
Purnamasari, D. M. (2020, August). Program Jaring Pengaman Sosial Berlanjut, Pemerintah Tambah Nilai Bansos.
Purwaningtyas, K. (2020, June). Data Semrawut, Penyaluran Bantuan Sosial Tidak Optimal-Ombudsman RI.
Rahmansyah, W., Qadri, R. A., Sakti, R. R. A., & Ikhsan, S. (2020). PEMETAAN PERMASALAHAN PENYALURAN BANTUAN SOSIAL UNTUK PENANGANAN COVID-19 DI INDONESIA | Rahmansyah | JURNAL PKN (Jurnal Pajak dan Keuangan Negara). Jurnal Pajak Dan Keuangan, 2(1), 90–102.
Samodro, D. (2020). Pemerintah sudah siapkan jaring pengaman sosial untuk masyarakat- ANTARA News.
Scarabel, F., Pellis, L., Bragazzi, N. L., & Wu, J. (2020). Canada needs to rapidly escalate public health interventions for its COVID-19 mitigation strategies. Infectious Disease Modelling, 5, 316–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idm.2020.03.004
Shanahan, E. A., Jones, M. D., & Mcbeth, M. K. (2011). Policy narratives and policy processes. Policy Studies Journal, 39(3), 535–561. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.2011.00420.x
Shanahan, E. A., Jones, M. D., & McBeth, M. K. (2018). How to conduct a Narrative Policy Framework study. Social Science Journal, 55(3), 332–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. soscij.2017.12.002
Sumarto, S., Suryahadi, A., & Pritchett, L. (2000). Safety Nets and Safety Ropes - Who Benefited from Two Indonesian Crisis Programs - the “Poor†or the “Shocked� (September), 1–34. Retrieved from http://elibrary.worldbank. org/doi/abs/10.1596/1813-9450-2436
Sumarto, S., Suryahadi, A., & Widyanti, W. (2005). Assessing the impact of Indonesian social safety net programmes on household welfre and poverty dynamics. European Journal of Development Research, 17(1), 155–177. https://doi. org/10.1080/09578810500066746
Suryahadi, A., Al Izzati, R., & Suryadarma, D. (2020). The Impact of COVID-19 Outbreak on Poverty: An Estimation for Indonesia (Draft). SMERU Working Paper, 1–20. Retrieved from http://smeru.or.id/en/ cont ent/impact-co vid-19-out br eak- poverty-estimation-indonesia
Susanto, V. Y. (2020, April). Pemberian Jaring pengaman sosial belum tepat sasaran, pemerintah diminta evaluasi.
Toffler, A. (2009). Alvin Toffler and The Third Wave.
Veselková, M. (2017). Narrative Policy Framework: Narratives as heuristics in the policy process. Human Affairs, 27(2), 178–191. https://doi. org/10.1515/humaff-2017-0016
Weiss, J. (2018). The evolution of reform narratives: a narrative policy framework analysis of German NPM reforms. Critical Policy Studies, 14(1), 106–123. https://doi.org/10.1080/19460171.2018.1530605
Wibowo, A. (2020). Jaring Pengaman Sosial Kurangi Dampak Ekonomi Masyarakat di Tengah Pandemi COVID-19 - BNPB.
Yahya, A. N. (2020, June). Survei: Mayoritas Nilai Bansos Pemerintah Pusat Tak Tepat Sasaran.
Yumna, A., Arfyanto, H., Bima, L., & Bachtiar, P. P. (2020). Jaring Pengaman Sosial dalam Krisis COVID-19: Apa yang Saat Ini Perlu Dilakukan oleh Pemerintah? | The SMERU Research Institute (No. 3/Mar/2020).
Alam, M. A., & Hossain, S. A. (2016). Effectiveness of Social Safety Net Programs for Poor People in the Government Level of Bangladesh. International Journal of Social Sciences and Management, 3(3), 153–158. https://doi. org/10.3126/ijssm.v3i3.14953
Ananta, A., & Siregar, R. (1999). Social Safety Net Policies in Indonesia: Objectives and Shortcomings. Asean Economic Bulletin, 16(3), 344–359. https://doi.org/10.1355/ae16-3e
Barany, L. J., Simanjuntak, I., Widia, D. A., & Damuri, Y. R. (2020). Bantuan Sosial Ekonomi di Tengah Pandemi COVID-19 : Sudahkah Menjaring Sesuai Sasaran ? In Centre for Strategic and International Studies.
Barkat-e-khuda, A. (2011). Social Safety Net Programmes in Bangladesh: A Review. The Bangladesh Development Studies, 34(2), 87–108.
Bayu, D. (2020, March 31). Ragam Bantuan Sosial saat Corona: Banyak Kartu hingga Gratis Listrik Artikel ini telah tayang di Katadata.co.id dengan judul “Ragam Bantuan Sosial saat Corona: Banyak Kartu hingga Gratis Listrik†, https://katadata. co.id/agustiyanti/berita/5e9a41f 7a6099/r.Katadata. Retrieved from https://katadata.co.id/agustiyanti/berita/5e9a41f 7a6099/ ragam-bantuan-sosial-saat-corona-banyak-kartu-hingga-gratis-listrik
Consuello, J. (2020). Analisis Efektifitas Kartu Pra-kerja di Tengah Pandemi Covid-19 | Consuello | ’ADALAH. Adalah: Buletin Hukum Dan Keadilan.
Crow, D. A., & Berggren, J. (2014). Using the narrative policy framework to understand stakeholder strategy and effectiveness: A multi-case analysis. The Science of Stories: Applications of the Narrative Policy Framework in Public Polic y Analysis, 131–156. https://doi. org/10.1057/9781137485861
Daly, A., & Fane, G. (2002). Anti-poverty programs in Indonesia. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 38(3), 309–329. https:// doi.org/10.1080/00074910215535
Djalante, R., Lassa, J., Setiamarga, D., Sudjatma, A., Indrawan, M., Haryanto, B., … Warsilah, H. (2020). Progress in Disaster Science Review and analysis of current responses to COVID-19 in Indonesia : Period of January to March 2020 ☆. 6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. pdisas.2020.100091
Gray, G., & Jones, M. D. (2016). A qualitative narrative policy framework? Examining the policy narrative sof US campaign finance regulatory reform. Public Policy and Administration, 31(3), 193–220. https:// doi.org/10.1177/0952076715623356
Griffiths, M. (2019). Networks of Reciprocity: Precarity and Community Social Organisations in Rural Myanmar. Journal of Contemporar y Asia, 49(4), 602–625. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472336.2018.1542450
Gupta, K., Ripberger, J., & Wehde, W. (2018). Advocacy Group Messaging on Social Media: Using the Narrative Policy Framework to Study Twitter Messages about Nuclear Energy Policy in the United States. PolicyStudies Journal, 46(1), 119–136. https://doi.org/10.1111/psj.12176
Hidayat, R. (2020, April). Program Jaring Pengaman Sosial Jokowi Cuma Gimik di Tengah COVID-19 - Tirto.ID.
ILO. (2020). ILO Monitor 2nd edition: COVID-19 and the world of work Updated estimates and analysis. International Labour Organization, (Apr il). https: //doi.or g/10.18356 / ba5cc386-en
Jamaruddin, R. B. A. (2017). Social Safety Nets To The Quality of Life in Indonesia . International Journal of Humanities & Social Science Studies, 3(5), 96–108. Retrieved from http://www.ijhsss.com/files/9.- Jamaruddin.pdf
Jones, Michael D, Shanahan, Elizabeth A, McBeth, M. K. (2014). Introducing the Narrative Policy Framework. In M. K. Jones, Michael D, Shanahan, Elizabeth A, McBeth (Ed.), The Science of Stories (Applications of the Narrative Policy Framework in Public Policy Analysis) (pp. 1–26). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Jones, M. D., & McBeth, M. K. (2010). A narrative policy framework: Clear enough to be wrong? Policy Studies Journal, 38(2), 329–353. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.2010.00364.x
Jones, M. D., & Radaelli, C. M. (2015). The Narrative Pol icy Fra mework: chil d or monster? Critical Polic y Studies, 9(3), 339–355. https://doi.org/10.1080/19460171.2015.1053959
Kannan, K. P. (2011). Social Security, Poverty Reduction and Development. In SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ ssrn.672281
Kementerian Keuangan Republik Indonesia. (2020). Menkeu Jelaskan Jaring Pengaman Sosial dalam Penanganan Covid-19 pada IMF.
Khan, S. (2013). Safety Net, Social Protection, and Sustainable Poverty Reduction: A Review of the Evidences and Arguments for Developing Countries. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science, 15(2), 23–29. https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-1522329
Komite Penanganan Covid 19 dan Pemulihan Ekonomi Nasional. (2020). Jaring Pengaman Sosial Pemerintah Pusat Hadapi COVID-19- Masyarakat Umum | Satgas Penanganan COVID-19.
Lindawati, T. (2020). Jaring Pengaman Sosial Selama Pandemi Covid-19 dalam Konteks Sosio-Politik di Indonesia- Ombudsman RI.
M. Baiquni. (1999). Refleksi kritis terhadap program JPS jaring pengaman social Studi Kasus Proyek PDM-DKE. Jurnal Kebijakan Dan Administrasi Publik, III(1), 12–35.
McBeth, M. K., Clemons, R. S., Husmann, M. A., Kusko, E., & Gaarden, A. (2013). The Social Construction of a Crisis: Policy Narratives and Contemporary U.S. Obesity Policy. Risk, Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy, 4(3), 135–163. https://doi.org/10.1002/rhc3.12042
McBeth, M. K., Shanahan, E. A., Anderson, M. C. A., & Rose, B. (2012). Policy story or gory story? Narrative policy framework analysis of buffalo field campaign’s youtube videos. Polic y and Internet , 4 (3–4), 159–183. https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.15
Mumtaz, Z., & Whiteford, P. (2017). Social safety nets in the development of a welfare system in Pakistan: an analysis of the Benazir Income Support Programme. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration, 39(1), 16–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/23276665.2017.1290902
Narayanan, S., & Gerber, N. (2017). Social safety nets for food and nutrition security in India. Global Food Security, 15(May), 65–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2017.05.001
Nugroho, A. A. (2018). Labor Market Flexibility: Advantages for Workforce or Threat? Policy & Governance Review, 2(2), 132. https://doi.org/10.30589/pgr.v2i2.87
Nugroho, M. (2005). Keafektifan Pelaksanaan Program Jaring Pengamanan Sosial Bidang Pendidkan di Kabupaten Cilacap. Jurnal Penelitian Dan Evaluasi Pendidikan, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.21831/pep.v7i1.2032
Paitoonpong, S., Abe, S., & Puopongsakorn, N. (2008). The meaning of “social safety nets.†Journal of Asian Economics, 19(5–6), 467–473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2008.09.011
Purnamasari, D. M. (2020, August). Program Jaring Pengaman Sosial Berlanjut, Pemerintah Tambah Nilai Bansos.
Purwaningtyas, K. (2020, June). Data Semrawut, Penyaluran Bantuan Sosial Tidak Optimal-Ombudsman RI.
Rahmansyah, W., Qadri, R. A., Sakti, R. R. A., & Ikhsan, S. (2020). PEMETAAN PERMASALAHAN PENYALURAN BANTUAN SOSIAL UNTUK PENANGANAN COVID-19 DI INDONESIA | Rahmansyah | JURNAL PKN (Jurnal Pajak dan Keuangan Negara). Jurnal Pajak Dan Keuangan, 2(1), 90–102.
Samodro, D. (2020). Pemerintah sudah siapkan jaring pengaman sosial untuk masyarakat- ANTARA News.
Scarabel, F., Pellis, L., Bragazzi, N. L., & Wu, J. (2020). Canada needs to rapidly escalate public health interventions for its COVID-19 mitigation strategies. Infectious Disease Modelling, 5, 316–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idm.2020.03.004
Shanahan, E. A., Jones, M. D., & Mcbeth, M. K. (2011). Policy narratives and policy processes. Policy Studies Journal, 39(3), 535–561. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.2011.00420.x
Shanahan, E. A., Jones, M. D., & McBeth, M. K. (2018). How to conduct a Narrative Policy Framework study. Social Science Journal, 55(3), 332–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. soscij.2017.12.002
Sumarto, S., Suryahadi, A., & Pritchett, L. (2000). Safety Nets and Safety Ropes - Who Benefited from Two Indonesian Crisis Programs - the “Poor†or the “Shocked� (September), 1–34. Retrieved from http://elibrary.worldbank. org/doi/abs/10.1596/1813-9450-2436
Sumarto, S., Suryahadi, A., & Widyanti, W. (2005). Assessing the impact of Indonesian social safety net programmes on household welfre and poverty dynamics. European Journal of Development Research, 17(1), 155–177. https://doi. org/10.1080/09578810500066746
Suryahadi, A., Al Izzati, R., & Suryadarma, D. (2020). The Impact of COVID-19 Outbreak on Poverty: An Estimation for Indonesia (Draft). SMERU Working Paper, 1–20. Retrieved from http://smeru.or.id/en/ cont ent/impact-co vid-19-out br eak- poverty-estimation-indonesia
Susanto, V. Y. (2020, April). Pemberian Jaring pengaman sosial belum tepat sasaran, pemerintah diminta evaluasi.
Toffler, A. (2009). Alvin Toffler and The Third Wave.
Veselková, M. (2017). Narrative Policy Framework: Narratives as heuristics in the policy process. Human Affairs, 27(2), 178–191. https://doi. org/10.1515/humaff-2017-0016
Weiss, J. (2018). The evolution of reform narratives: a narrative policy framework analysis of German NPM reforms. Critical Policy Studies, 14(1), 106–123. https://doi.org/10.1080/19460171.2018.1530605
Wibowo, A. (2020). Jaring Pengaman Sosial Kurangi Dampak Ekonomi Masyarakat di Tengah Pandemi COVID-19 - BNPB.
Yahya, A. N. (2020, June). Survei: Mayoritas Nilai Bansos Pemerintah Pusat Tak Tepat Sasaran.
Yumna, A., Arfyanto, H., Bima, L., & Bachtiar, P. P. (2020). Jaring Pengaman Sosial dalam Krisis COVID-19: Apa yang Saat Ini Perlu Dilakukan oleh Pemerintah? | The SMERU Research Institute (No. 3/Mar/2020).