Keywords
Covid-19
Gonads
Vertical transmission
Pregnancy
Male gonadal function, Sex-related hormones, Reproductive system
Gonads
Vertical transmission
Pregnancy
Male gonadal function, Sex-related hormones, Reproductive system
How to Cite
Gómez-Tabares, G., & Barraza-Gerardino, M. (2020). COVID-19 and reproductive health. Revista Colombiana De Endocrinología, Diabetes &Amp; Metabolismo, 7(2S), 89–93. https://doi.org/10.53853/encr.7.2S.591
Abstract
The microbial diseases behavior by viruses, bacteria or protozoa and inflammatory response show differences between men and women. This difference has become noticeable in the face of the emerging from Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). Since the first case of pneumonia in December 2019 in Wuhan-China, it has been spread to 212 countries and territories, and more than 3.5 million cases have been confirmed with a whole mortality of 7%, making it an global health emergency (1). In Colombia there are until now, more than 7000 confirmed cases with more than three hundred deaths, of which more than 60% are male. To date, the available scientific literature related to COVID-19 only covers certain aspects of reproductive health, both female and male, as more information is gathered that allows us to know and carries out a more detailed analysis of its real impact on humans during the infectious process and the sequelae. Medical conditions related to metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in men and women aggravate the clinical presentation and prognosis (2). This review aims to illustrate the mechanisms related to the diverse immune response to viral infections according to the individual’s sex, their gonadal involvement, and effects related to male and female reproductive health, including maternal fetal health and possible vertical transmission.
References
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44. Wang Z, Xu X. scRNA-seq Profiling of Human Testes Reveals the Presence of the ACE2 Receptor, A Target for SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Spermatogonia, Leydig and Sertoli Cells. Cells. 2020;9(4):920. doi:10.3390/cells9040920.
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3. Coronaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2. Nat Microbiol. 2020;5(4):536-44. doi: 10.1038/s41564-020-0695-z.
4. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(8):727- 33. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001017.
5. Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H, et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet. 2020;395(10224):565-74. doi: 10.1016/S0140- 6736(20)30251-8.
6. Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong L, et al. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(13):1199-207. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001316.
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8. Tang X, Wu C, Li X, Song Y, Yao X, Wu X, et al. On the origin and continuing evolution of SARS-CoV-2. Nat Sci Rev. 2020;0:1-2. doi: 10.1093/nsr/ nwaa036.
9. Epidemiology Working Group for NCIP Epidemic Response; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. [The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 2020;41(2):145-51. doi: 10.3760/cma. j.issn.0254-6450.2020.02.003.
10. Grasselli G, Zangrillo A, Zanella A, Antonelli M, Cabrini L, Castelli A, et al. Baseline characteristics and outcomes of 1591 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 admitted to ICUs of the Lombardy Region, Italy. JAMA. 2020;323(16):1574-81. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.5394.
11. Gov.co. Datos Abiertos. Estado de Casos de Coronavirus COVID-19 en Colombia [Internet]. Disponible en: https://bit.ly/36JqVrZ.
12. The Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Emergency Response Epidemiology Team. Vital Surveillances: The Epidemiological Characteristics of an Outbreak of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Diseases (COVID-19). China, 2020. China CDC Weekly. 2020;2(8):113-22.
13. Kadel S, Kovats S. Sex Hormones Regulate Innate Immune Cells and Promote Sex Differences in Respiratory Virus Infection. Front Immunol. 2018;9:1653. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.01653.
14. Chan JF, Yuan S, Kok KH, To KKW, Chu H, Yang J, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):514-23. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9.
15. Zhang W, Du RH, Li B, Zheng XS, Yang XL, Hu B, et al. Molecular and serological investigation of 2019-nCoV infected patients: implication of multiple shedding routes. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2020;9(1):386-9. doi: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1729071.
16. To KK, Tsang OT, Chik-Yan Yip C, Chan KH, Wu TC, et al. Consistent detection of 2019 novel coronavirus in saliva. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;ciaa149. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa149.
17. Xia J, Tong J, Liu M, Shen Y, Guo D. Evaluation of coronavirus in tears and conjunctival secretions of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Med Virol. 2020;10.1002/jmv.25725. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25725.
18. Young K. COVID-19: Virus in Semen/DVT Findings on Autopsy/Anakinra [Internet]. NEJM Journal Watch. 2020. Disponible en: https://bit.ly/2UfFxdx.
19. Li D, Jin M, Bao, P, Zhao W, Zhang S. Clinical Characteristics and Results of Semen Tests Among Men With Coronavirus Disease 2019. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(5):e208292. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.8292.
20. Lauer SA, Grantz KH, Bi Q, Jones FK, Zheng Q, Meredith HR, et al. The incubation period of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from publicly reported confirmed cases: estimation and application. Ann Intern Med. 2020;172(9):577- 82. doi: 10.7326/M20-0504.
21. Jiang X, Niu Y, Li X, Li L, Cai W, Chen Y, et al. Is a 14-day quarantine period optimal for effectively controlling coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)? medRxiv. 2020. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.15.20036533.
22. Yu P, Zhu J, Zhang Z, Han Y. A familial cluster of infection associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating potential person-to-person transmission during the incubation period. J Infect Dis. 2020;221(11):1757-61. doi: 10.1093/ infdis/jiaa077.
23. Du Z, Xu X, Wu Y, Wang L, Cowling BJ, Meyers LA, et al. Serial interval of COVID-19 among publicly reported confirmed cases. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26(6)1341-3. doi: 10.3201/eid2606.200357.
24. Chen H, Guo J, Wang C, Luo F, Yu X, Zhang W, et al. Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records. Lancet. 2020;395(10226):809-15. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30360-3.
25. Schwartz DA, Graham AL. Potential maternal and infant outcomes from (Wuhan) Coronavirus 2019-nCoV infecting pregnant women: Lessons from SARS, MERS, and other human coronavirus infections. Viruses. 2020;12(2):194. doi: 10.3390/v12020194.
26. Karimi-Zarchi M, Neamatzadeh H, Dastgheib SA, Abbasi H, Mirjalili SR, Behforouz A, et al. Vertical transmission of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) from infected pregnant mothers to neonates: a review. Fetal Pediatr Pathol. 2020;1-5. doi: 10.1080/15513815.2020.1747120.
27. Schwartz DA. An analysis of 38 pregnant women with COVID-19, their newborn infants, and maternal- fetal transmission of SARS-CoV-2: maternal coronavirus infections and pregnancy outcomes. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2020. doi: 10.5858/arpa.2020-0901-SA.
28. Wang S, Guo L, Chen L, Liu W, Cao Y, Zhang J, et al. A case report of neonatal COVID-19 infection in China. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;ciaa225. doi: 10.1093/cid/ ciaa225.
29. Zhu H, Wang L, Fang C, Peng S, Zhang L, Chang G, et al. Clinical analysis of 10 neonates born to mothers with 2019-nCoV pneumonia. Transl Pediatr. 2020;9(1):51-60. doi: 10.21037/tp.2020.02.06.
30. Zeng H, Xu C, Fan J, Tang Y, Deng Q, Zhang W, et al. Antibodies in infants born to mothers with COVID-19 pneumonia. JAMA. 2020;323(18):1848-9. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4861.
31. Dong L, Tian J, He S, Zhu C, Wanh J, Liu C, et al. Possible vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from an infected mother to her newborn. JAMA. 2020;323(18):1846-8. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.4621.
32. Favre G, Pomar L, Musso D, Baud D. Epidemia 2019-nCoV: ¿qué pasa con los embarazos? Lancet. 2020;395(10224):e40. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736.
33. Wong SF, Chow KM, Leung TN, Ng WF, Ng Tk, Sjek CC, et al. Pregnancy and Perinatal Outcomes of Women With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;191(1):292-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2003.11.019.
34. Vivanti A, Vauloup-Fellous C, Prevot S, Zupan V, Suffee C, Do-Cao J, et al. Transplacental transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection [Internet]. Nature Research. 2020. doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-28884/v1.
35. Chen L, Li Q, Zheng D, Jiang H, Wei Y, Zou L, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Pregnant Women with Covid-19 in Wuhan, China. N Engl J Med. 202;NEJMc2009226. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2009226.
36. Guan W, Ni Z, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(18):1708-20. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2002032.
37. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507-13. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7.
38. Sutton D, Fuchs K, D’Alton M, Goffman D. Universal Screening for SARSCoV-2 in Women Admitted for Delivery. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(22):2163- 4. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2009316.
39. Pen?a-Lo?pez BO, Rinco?n-Orozco B. Generalidades de la pandemia por COVID-19 y su asociacio?n gene?tica con el virus del SARS. Salud UIS. 2020;52(2):83-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18273/revsal.v52n2-2020001.
40. Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, Kruger N, Herrler T, Erichsen S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell. 2020;181(2):271-280.e8. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052.
41. Ferna?ndez-Serra A, Rubio-Briones B, Garci?a-Casado Z, Solsona E, Lo?pezGuerrero JA. Ca?ncer de pro?stata: la revolucio?n de los genes de fusio?n. Actas Urol Esp. 2011;35(7):420-8.
42. Wambier CA, Goren A. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is likely to be androgen mediated. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020;S0190-9622(20)30608-3. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2020.04.032.
43. Sharifi N, Ryan CJ. Androgen hazards with COVID-19. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2020;27(6):E1-E3. doi: 10.1530/ERC-20-0133.
44. Wang Z, Xu X. scRNA-seq Profiling of Human Testes Reveals the Presence of the ACE2 Receptor, A Target for SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Spermatogonia, Leydig and Sertoli Cells. Cells. 2020;9(4):920. doi:10.3390/cells9040920.
45. Gheblawi M, Wang K, Viveiros A, Nguyen Q, Zhong J, Turner AJ, et al. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2: SARS-CoV-2 Receptor and Regulator of the Renin-Angiotensin System. Circ Res. 2020;126(10):1457-75. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.317015.
46. Douglas GC, O’Bryan MK, Hedger MP, Lee DK, Yarski MA, Smith AI, et al. The novel angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) homolog, ACE2, is selectively expressed by adult Leydig cells of the testis. Endocrinology. 2004;145(10):4703-11. doi: 10.1210/en.2004-0443.
47. Shaw AC, Goldstein DR, Montgomery RR. Age-dependent dysregulation of innate immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 2013;13(12):875-87. doi: 10.1038/nri3547.
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