The way people travel has been entirely altered by COVID-19. Additionally, past studies reported that tourist behaviour has shifted because of the pandemic. Therefore, tourism management must identify the variables that impact tourists’ decisions to travel during COVID-19. However, the problem arises since research into tourist motivation, behaviour, and intention to travel in Southeast Asia is still scarce. In light of this issue, this study aims to bridge the gap by analysing tourists’ travel intentions during COVID-19 using the theory of planned behaviour broadened with push and pull factors. An online survey among Indonesians was employed to acquire data using judgment sampling. Three hundred sixty-one surveys were completed, and the data were analysed using the PLS-SEM technique. Based on the findings, only one variable had no significant effect on the intention to travel during COVID-19. Besides that, attitude towards a behaviour was the most potent variable affecting a tourist’s decision to travel. Thus, this study contributes both theoretically and practically.

• Ab Hamid, M. R., Sami, W., & Mohmad Sidek, M. H. (2017). Discriminant validity assessment: Use of Fornell & Larcker criterion versus HTMT Criterion. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 890(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/890/1/012163

• Abbas, J., Mubeen, R., Terhemba, P., & Raza, S. (2021). Exploring the impact of COVID-19 on tourism: Transformational potential and implications for a sustainable recovery of the travel and leisure industry. Current Research in Behavioral Sciences, 2(February), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crbeha.2021.100033

• Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior organizational behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T

• Allan, M. (2014). Why do Jordanian tourists travel abroad? Push and pull theory perspective. Dirasat: Human and Social Sciences, 41(1), 662-670. https://doi.org/10.12816/0026940

• Bayih, B. E., & Singh, A. (2020). Modeling domestic tourism: Motivations, satisfaction and tourist behavioral intentions. Heliyon, 6(9). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04839

• Bhrammanachote, W., & Sawangdee, Y. (2021). Sustaining or surviving? An exploratory case study on Covid-19’s impact towards hotel businesses. Tourism and Hospitality Management, 27(2), 273-292. https://doi.org/10.20867/thm.27.2.3

• Bianchi, C., Milberg, S., & Cúneo, A. (2017). Understanding travelers’ intentions to visit a short versus long-haul emerging vacation destination: The case of Chile. Tourism Management, 59(April), 312-324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.08.013

• Bogari, N. B., Crowther, G., & Marr, N. (2003). Motivation for domestic tourism: A case study of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Tourism Analysis, 8(2), 137-141. https://doi.org/10.3727/108354203774076625

• BPS-Statistics Indonesia. (2020). Statistik Wisatawan Nusantara 2020 [Domestic Tourism Statistics 2020]. 270. https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2021/12/14/fab1c19a78b537d19ced25db/statistik-wisatawan-nusantara-2020.html

• Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1(3), 185-216. https://doi.org/10.1177/135910457000100301

• Chi, N. T. K., & Phuong, V. H. (2021). Studying tourist intention on city tourism: The role of travel motivation. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 8(2), 497-512. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-03-2021-0042

• Chien, G. C. L., Yen, I. Y., & Hoang, P. Q. (2012). Combination of theory of planned behavior and motivation: An exploratory study of potential beach-based resorts in Vietnam. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 17(5), 489-508. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2011.627352

• Conner, M., & Abraham, C. (2001). Conscientiousness and the theory of planned behavior: Toward a more complete model of the antecedents of intentions and behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(11), 1547-1561. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672012711014

• Dann, G. M. S. (1977). Anomie, ego-enhancement and tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, IV(March/April), 184-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(77)90037-8

• Dann, G. M. S. (1981). Tourist motivation: An appraisal. Annals of Tourism Research, VIII(2), 187-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(81)90082-7

• Das, S. S., & Tiwari, A. K. (2020). Understanding international and domestic travel intention of Indian travellers during COVID-19 using a Bayesian approach. Tourism Recreation Research, 46(2), 228-244. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2020.1830341

• De Vaus, D. (2002). Analyzing social science data. In D. de Vaus (Ed.), 50 key problems in data analysis (Issue 80, pp. 65-69). Sage Publications, Ltd. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23893707

• Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention and behaviour: An introduction to theory and research (Vol. 27). Addison-Wesley.

• Giddy, J. K. (2018). Adventure tourism motivations: A push and pull factor approach. Bulletin of Geography, 42(42), 47-58. https://doi.org/10.2478/bog-2018-0030

• Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. (2014). Multivariate data analysis (7th Ed.). Pearson Education Limited.

• Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N., & Ray, S. (2021). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using R: A workbook. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80519-7

• Han, H., Al-Ansi, A., Chua, B. L., Tariq, B., Radic, A., & Park, S. H. (2020). The post-coronavirus world in the international tourism industry: Application of the theory of planned behavior to safer destination choices in the case of US outbound tourism. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(18), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186485

• Han, H., Meng, B., & Kim, W. (2017). Emerging bicycle tourism and the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25(2), 292-309. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2016.1202955

• Hazzi, O. A., & Maaldaon, I. S. (2015). A pilot study: Vital methodological issues. Business: Theory and Practice, 16(1), 53-62. https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2015.437

• Hsu, C. H. C., & Huang, S. (2012). An extension of the theory of planned behavior model for tourists. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 36(3), 390-417. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348010390817

• Huang, Y. C., Chang, L. L., & Backman, K. F. (2019). Detecting common method bias in predicting creative tourists behavioural intention with an illustration of theory of planned behaviour. Current Issues in Tourism, 22(3), 307-329. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2018.1424809

• Humagain, P., & Singleton, P. A. (2021). Exploring tourists’ motivations, constraints, and negotiations regarding outdoor recreation trips during COVID-19 through a focus group study. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 36(December), Article 100447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2021.100447

• Ivanova, M., Ivanov, I. K., & Ivanov, S. H. (2020). Travel behaviour after the pandemic: The case of Bulgaria. Anatolia, 32(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2020.1818267

• Joo, D., Xu, W., Lee, J., Lee, C. K., & Woosnam, K. M. (2021). Residents’ perceived risk, emotional solidarity, and support for tourism amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 19(January), Article 100553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2021.100553

• Juschten, M., Jiricka-pürrer, A., Unbehaun, W., & Hössinger, R. (2019). The mountains are calling! An extended TPB model for understanding metropolitan residents’ intentions to visit nearby alpine destinations in summer. Tourism Management, 75(May), 293-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.05.014

• Kock, N. (2015). Common method bias in PLS-SEM: A full collinearity assessment approach. International Journal of E-Collaboration, 11(4), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijec.2015100101

• Kock, N., & Hadaya, P. (2018). Minimum sample size estimation in PLS-SEM: The inverse square root and gamma-exponential methods. Information Systems Journal, 28(1), 227-261. https://doi.org/10.1111/isj.12131

• Kuo, N.-W., & Dai, Y.-Y. (2012). Applying the theory of planned behavior to predict low-carbon tourism behavior: A modifed model from Taiwan. International Journal of Technology and Human Interaction, 8(4), 45-62. https://doi.org/10.4018/jthi.2012100103

• Lam, T., & Hsu, C. H. C. (2006). Predicting behavioral intention of choosing a travel destination. Tourism Management, 27(4), 589-599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.02.003

• Lee, C. K., Song, H. J., Bendle, L. J., Kim, M. J., & Han, H. (2012). The impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions for 2009 H1N1 influenza on travel intentions: A model of goal-directed behavior. Tourism Management, 33(1), 89-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.02.006

• Li, J., Hong, T., Nguyen, H., & Coca-stefaniak, J. A. (2020). Coronavirus impact on post-pandemic planned travel behaviors. Annals of Tourism Research, 102964(January). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102964

• Liu, Y., Shi, H., Li, Y., & Amin, A. (2020). Factors influencing Chinese residents ’ post-pandemic outbound travel intentions: An extended theory of planned behavior model based on the perception of COVID-19. Tourism Review, 76(4), 871-891. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-09-2020-0458

• Luo, J. M., & Lam, C. F. (2020). Travel anxiety, risk attitude and travel intentions towards “travel bubble” destinations in Hong Kong: Effect of the fear of COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217859

• Madden, T. J., Ellen, P. S., & Ajzen, I. (1992). A comparison of the theory of planned behavior and the theory of reasoned action. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18(1), 3-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167292181001

• Meng, B., Ryu, H. B., Chua, B.-L., & Han, H. (2020). Predictors of intention for continuing volunteer tourism activities among young tourists. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 25(3), 261-273. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2019.1692046

• Monoarfa, H., Rahayu, A., Adirestuty, F., Abu Karim, R., Bahtar, A. Z., Ahmad Nazari, Z., & Mahmud, N. (2022). The influence of Islamic attributes on tourist satisfaction with pull motivation as an intervening variables. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 8(1), 140-152. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-02-2021-0033

• Neuburger, L., & Egger, R. (2020). Travel risk perception and travel behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic 2020: A case study of the DACH region. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(7), 1003-1016. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1803807

• Ong, T. F., & Musa, G. (2011). An examination of recreational divers’ underwater behaviour by attitude-behaviour theories. Current Issues in Tourism, 14(8), 779-795. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2010.545370

• Pahrudin, P., Chen, C.-T., & Liu, L.-W. (2021). A modified theory of planned behavioral: A case of tourist intention to visit a destination post pandemic Covid-19 in Indonesia. Heliyon, 7(10), Article e08230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08230

• Perić, G., Dramićanin, S., & Conić, M. (2021). The impact of Serbian tourists’ risk perception on their travel intentions during the COVID-19 pandemic. European Journal of Tourism Research, 27, 2705. https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v27i.2125

• Qiu, R. T. R., Park, J., Li, S., & Song, H. (2020). Social costs of tourism during the COVID-19 pandemic. Annals of Tourism Research, 84(January), Article 102994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102994

• Rahmafitria, F., Suryadi, K., Oktadiana, H., Putro, H. P. H., & Rosyidie, A. (2021). Applying knowledge, social concern and perceived risk in planned behavior theory for tourism in the Covid-19 pandemic. Tourism Review, 76(4), 809-828. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-11-2020-0542

• Ringle, C. M., Wende, S., & Becker, J. M. (2015). SmartPLS (3.0). SmarPLS GmbH. http://www.smartpls.com

• Roy, G., & Sharma, S. (2020). Analyzing one-day tour trends during COVID 19 disruption–applying push and pull theory and text mining approach. Tourism Recreation Research, 46(2), 288-303. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2020.1858614

• Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2009). Research methods for business students (5th ed.). London Pearson Education.

• Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2016). Research methods for business: A skill-building approach (7th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.

• Seong, B., & Hong, C. (2021). Does risk awareness of COVID-19 affect visits to National Parks? Analyzing the tourist decision-making process using the theory of planned behavior. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(10), 5081. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105081

• Seyitoğlu, F., & Davras, Ö. (2022). Determinants and implications of travel motivations: international travellers visiting Cappadocia. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 8(2), 311-326. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-01-2021-0006

• Soliman, M. (2019). Extending the theory of planned behavior to predict tourism destination revisit intention. International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Administration, November, 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/15256480.2019.1692755

• Song, H., Lee, C.-K., Reisinger, Y., & Xu, H.-L. (2017). The role of visa exemption in Chinese tourists’ decision-making: A model of goal-directed behavior. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 34(5), 666-679. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2016.1223777

• Srinivasan, R., & Lohith, C. P. (2017). Pilot study—Assessment of validity and reliability. In R. Srinivasan, & C. P. Lohith (Eds.), Strategic marketing and innovation for Indian MSMEs (pp. 43-49). Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3590-6_6

• Ulker-Demirel, E., & Ciftci, G. (2020). A systematic literature review of the theory of planned behavior in tourism, leisure and hospitality management research. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 43(September), 209-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2020.04.003

• United Nations World Tourism Organization. (2020, April 28). 100% of global destinations now have COVID-19 travel restrictions, UNWTO Reports. The World Tourism Organization. https://www.unwto.org/news/covid-19-travel-restrictions

• Urbonavicius, S., Palaima, T., Radaviciene, I., & Cherian, J. (2017). Push and pull factors of senior travelers: The lingering influence of past restrictions. Market-Trziste, 29(1), 93-108. https://doi.org/10.22598/mt/2017.29.1.93

• Wang, C., Zhang, J., Cao, J., Hu, H., & Yu, P. (2019). The influence of environmental background on tourists’ environmentally responsible behaviour. Journal of Environmental Management, 231, 804-810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.10.089

• Wang, X., Zhang, J. J., Song, G., & Wan, X. (2020). Push and pull factors influencing the winter sport tourists in China: The case of leisure skiers. SAGE Open, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020938739

• Whitehead, A. L., Julious, S. A., Cooper, C. L., & Campbell, M. J. (2016). Estimating the sample size for a pilot randomised trial to minimise the overall trial sample size for the external pilot and main trial for a continuous outcome variable. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 25(3), 1057-1073. https://doi.org/10.1177/0962280215588241

• Wijaya, S., Wahyudi, W., Kusuma, C. B., & Sugianto, E. (2018). Travel motivation of Indonesian seniors in choosing destination overseas. International Journal of Culture, Tourism, and Hospitality Research, 12(2), 185-197. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCTHR-09-2017-0095

• Yang, Y., Zhang, C. X., & Rickly, J. M. (2021). A review of early COVID-19 research in tourism: Launching the Annals of Tourism Research’s Curated Collection on coronavirus and tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 91, Article 103313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2021.103313

• Yousaf, A., Amin, I., & Jose Antonio, C. (2018). Tourists’ motivations to travel: A theoretical perspective on the existing literature. Tourism and Hospitality Management, 24(1), 197-211. https://doi.org/10.20867/thm.24.1.8