COVID-19 IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENT: CHARACTERISTICS AND SPECIFICITIES IN IMMUNOCOMPETENT AND ONCOHEMATOLOGICAL PATIENTS COVID-19 IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENT.
Main Article Content
Keywords
COVID 19, SARS-CoV-2 infection, Coronavirus, pediatric, pediatric malignancy
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 pandemic affected less children and adolescents, morbidity and mortality figures being inferior to that reported for adults. In this review we focused on the clinical course, risk factors for severe COVID-19, mortality, treatment options and prevention measures in the pediatric and adolescent setting with special attention to the pediatric oncohematological patients. In this subgroups of patients, SARS-CoV-2 infection was often asyntomatic but 47 to 68% of patients require hospitalization and 9-10% of those hospitalized needed intensive care with a COVID-19 attributable mortality of about 4%. The multisystem inflammatory syndrome associated to Coronavirus 2019 was less frequent than that reported in the non-oncohematological pediatric population. Noteworthy, the course of COVID-19 was more severe in low-middle income countries. The key measures to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection are the reduction of patients exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 and vaccination, now available fore care givers and parents and for patients and siblings > 12 years old. The treatment of COVID-19 in pediatric patients was mainly based on supportive care with dexamethasone and heparin prophylaxis for severely ill patients. Other measures, such as convalescent plasma, remdesivir and monoclonal antibodies have been used in limited case or within experimental protocols. Further studies are needed on the risk factors and outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the pediatric immunocompromised patients.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
Abstract 1128
PDF Downloads 619
HTML Downloads 169
References
1. V’kovski P, Kratzel A, Steiner S, Stalder H, Thiel V (2021) Coronavirus biology and replication: implications for SARS-CoV-2. Nat Rev Microbiol 19:155–170 . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-020-00468-6
2. Hu B, Guo H, Zhou P, Shi Z-L (2021) Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Nat Rev Microbiol 19:141–154 . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-020-00459-7
3. Guan W-J, Ni Z-Y, Hu Y, Liang W-H, Ou C-Q, He J-X, Liu L, Shan H, Lei C-L, Hui DSC, Du B, Li L-J, Zeng G, Yuen K-Y, Chen R-C, Tang C-L, Wang T, Chen P-Y, Xiang J, Li S-Y, Wang J-L, Liang Z-J, Peng Y-X, Wei L, Liu Y, Hu Y-H, Peng P, Wang J-M, Liu J-Y, Chen Z, Li G, Zheng Z-J, Qiu S-Q, Luo J, Ye C-J, Zhu S-Y, Zhong N-S, China Medical Treatment Expert Group for Covid-19 (2020) Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med 382:1708–1720 . https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2002032
4. Wölfel R, Corman VM, Guggemos W, Seilmaier M, Zange S, Müller MA, Niemeyer D, Jones TC, Vollmar P, Rothe C, Hoelscher M, Bleicker T, Brünink S, Schneider J, Ehmann R, Zwirglmaier K, Drosten C, Wendtner C (2020) Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019. Nature 581:465–469 . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2196-x
5. Salzberger B, Buder F, Lampl B, Ehrenstein B, Hitzenbichler F, Holzmann T, Schmidt B, Hanses F (2021) Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2. Infection 49:233–239 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-020-01531-3
6. Dai M, Liu D, Liu M, Zhou F, Li G, Chen Z, Zhang Z, You H, Wu M, Zheng Q, Xiong Y, Xiong H, Wang C, Chen C, Xiong F, Zhang Y, Peng Y, Ge S, Zhen B, Yu T, Wang L, Wang H, Liu Y, Chen Y, Mei J, Gao X, Li Z, Gan L, He C, Li Z, Shi Y, Qi Y, Yang J, Tenen DG, Chai L, Mucci LA, Santillana M, Cai H (2020) Patients with Cancer Appear More Vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2: A Multicenter Study during the COVID-19 Outbreak. Cancer Discov 10:783–791 . https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-20-0422
7. Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19 - 28 September 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19---28-september-2021. Accessed 2 Oct 2021
8. Onder G, Rezza G, Brusaferro S (2020) Case-Fatality Rate and Characteristics of Patients Dying in Relation to COVID-19 in Italy. JAMA 323:1775–1776 . https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.4683
9. Booth A, Reed AB, Ponzo S, Yassaee A, Aral M, Plans D, Labrique A, Mohan D (2021) Population risk factors for severe disease and mortality in COVID-19: A global systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS One 16:e0247461 . https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247461
10. Tian J, Yuan X, Xiao J, Zhong Q, Yang C, Liu B, Cai Y, Lu Z, Wang J, Wang Y, Liu S, Cheng B, Wang J, Zhang M, Wang L, Niu S, Yao Z, Deng X, Zhou F, Wei W, Li Q, Chen X, Chen W, Yang Q, Wu S, Fan J, Shu B, Hu Z, Wang S, Yang X-P, Liu W, Miao X, Wang Z (2020) Clinical characteristics and risk factors associated with COVID-19 disease severity in patients with cancer in Wuhan, China: a multicentre, retrospective, cohort study. Lancet Oncol 21:893–903 . https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30309-0
11. Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall RS, Manson JJ, HLH Across Speciality Collaboration, UK (2020) COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet Lond Engl 395:1033–1034 . https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30628-0
12. El-Sharkawi D, Iyengar S (2020) Haematological cancers and the risk of severe COVID-19: Exploration and critical evaluation of the evidence to date. Br J Haematol 190:336–345 . https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.16956
13. Passamonti F, Cattaneo C, Arcaini L, Bruna R, Cavo M, Merli F, Angelucci E, Krampera M, Cairoli R, Della Porta MG, Fracchiolla N, Ladetto M, Gambacorti Passerini C, Salvini M, Marchetti M, Lemoli R, Molteni A, Busca A, Cuneo A, Romano A, Giuliani N, Galimberti S, Corso A, Morotti A, Falini B, Billio A, Gherlinzoni F, Visani G, Tisi MC, Tafuri A, Tosi P, Lanza F, Massaia M, Turrini M, Ferrara F, Gurrieri C, Vallisa D, Martelli M, Derenzini E, Guarini A, Conconi A, Cuccaro A, Cudillo L, Russo D, Ciambelli F, Scattolin AM, Luppi M, Selleri C, Ortu La Barbera E, Ferrandina C, Di Renzo N, Olivieri A, Bocchia M, Gentile M, Marchesi F, Musto P, Federici AB, Candoni A, Venditti A, Fava C, Pinto A, Galieni P, Rigacci L, Armiento D, Pane F, Oberti M, Zappasodi P, Visco C, Franchi M, Grossi PA, Bertù L, Corrao G, Pagano L, Corradini P, ITA-HEMA-COV Investigators (2020) Clinical characteristics and risk factors associated with COVID-19 severity in patients with haematological malignancies in Italy: a retrospective, multicentre, cohort study. Lancet Haematol 7:e737–e745 . https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3026(20)30251-9
14. Lee P-I, Hu Y-L, Chen P-Y, Huang Y-C, Hsueh P-R (2020) Are children less susceptible to COVID-19? J Microbiol Immunol Infect Wei Mian Yu Gan Ran Za Zhi 53:371–372 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2020.02.011
15. Ledford H (2021) Deaths from COVID “incredibly rare” among children. Nature 595:639 . https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-01897-w
16. Dong Y, Mo X, Hu Y, Qi X, Jiang F, Jiang Z, Tong S (2020) Epidemiology of COVID-19 Among Children in China. Pediatrics 145:e20200702 . https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-0702
17. Cui X, Zhao Z, Zhang T, Guo W, Guo W, Zheng J, Zhang J, Dong C, Na R, Zheng L, Li W, Liu Z, Ma J, Wang J, He S, Xu Y, Si P, Shen Y, Cai C (2021) A systematic review and meta-analysis of children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). J Med Virol 93:1057–1069 . https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26398
18. Ludvigsson JF (2020) Systematic review of COVID-19 in children shows milder cases and a better prognosis than adults. Acta Paediatr Oslo Nor 1992 109:1088–1095 . https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.15270
19. Stokes EK, Zambrano LD, Anderson KN, Marder EP, Raz KM, El Burai Felix S, Tie Y, Fullerton KE (2020) Coronavirus Disease 2019 Case Surveillance - United States, January 22-May 30, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 69:759–765 . https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6924e2
20. Swann OV, Holden KA, Turtle L, Pollock L, Fairfield CJ, Drake TM, Seth S, Egan C, Hardwick HE, Halpin S, Girvan M, Donohue C, Pritchard M, Patel LB, Ladhani S, Sigfrid L, Sinha IP, Olliaro PL, Nguyen-Van-Tam JS, Horby PW, Merson L, Carson G, Dunning J, Openshaw PJM, Baillie JK, Harrison EM, Docherty AB, Semple MG, ISARIC4C Investigators (2020) Clinical characteristics of children and young people admitted to hospital with covid-19 in United Kingdom: prospective multicentre observational cohort study. BMJ 370:m3249 . https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m3249
21. Liguoro I, Pilotto C, Bonanni M, Ferrari ME, Pusiol A, Nocerino A, Vidal E, Cogo P (2021) Correction to: SARS-COV-2 infection in children and newborns: a systematic review. Eur J Pediatr 180:2343 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-021-03961-z
22. Samuel S, Friedman RA, Sharma C, Ganigara M, Mitchell E, Schleien C, Blaufox AD (2020) Incidence of arrhythmias and electrocardiographic abnormalities in symptomatic pediatric patients with PCR-positive SARS-CoV-2 infection, including drug-induced changes in the corrected QT interval. Heart Rhythm 17:1960–1966 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.06.033
23. Wu L, O’Kane AM, Peng H, Bi Y, Motriuk-Smith D, Ren J (2020) SARS-CoV-2 and cardiovascular complications: From molecular mechanisms to pharmaceutical management. Biochem Pharmacol 178:114114 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114114
24. LaRovere KL, Riggs BJ, Poussaint TY, Young CC, Newhams MM, Maamari M, Walker TC, Singh AR, Dapul H, Hobbs CV, McLaughlin GE, Son MBF, Maddux AB, Clouser KN, Rowan CM, McGuire JK, Fitzgerald JC, Gertz SJ, Shein SL, Munoz AC, Thomas NJ, Irby K, Levy ER, Staat MA, Tenforde MW, Feldstein LR, Halasa NB, Giuliano JS, Hall MW, Kong M, Carroll CL, Schuster JE, Doymaz S, Loftis LL, Tarquinio KM, Babbitt CJ, Nofziger RA, Kleinman LC, Keenaghan MA, Cvijanovich NZ, Spinella PC, Hume JR, Wellnitz K, Mack EH, Michelson KN, Flori HR, Patel MM, Randolph AG, Overcoming COVID-19 Investigators (2021) Neurologic Involvement in Children and Adolescents Hospitalized in the United States for COVID-19 or Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome. JAMA Neurol 78:536–547 . https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.0504
25. Ray STJ, Abdel-Mannan O, Sa M, Fuller C, Wood GK, Pysden K, Yoong M, McCullagh H, Scott D, McMahon M, Thomas N, Taylor M, Illingworth M, McCrea N, Davies V, Whitehouse W, Zuberi S, Guthrie K, Wassmer E, Shah N, Baker MR, Tiwary S, Tan HJ, Varma U, Ram D, Avula S, Enright N, Hassell J, Ross Russell AL, Kumar R, Mulholland RE, Pett S, Galea I, Thomas RH, Lim M, Hacohen Y, Solomon T, Griffiths MJ, Michael BD, Kneen R, CoroNerve study group (2021) Neurological manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection in hospitalised children and adolescents in the UK: a prospective national cohort study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 5:631–641 . https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(21)00193-0
26. Andina D, Belloni-Fortina A, Bodemer C, Bonifazi E, Chiriac A, Colmenero I, Diociaiuti A, El-Hachem M, Fertitta L, van Gysel D, Hernández-Martín A, Hubiche T, Luca C, Martos-Cabrera L, Maruani A, Mazzotta F, Akkaya AD, Casals M, Ferrando J, Grimalt R, Grozdev I, Kinsler V, Morren MA, Munisami M, Nanda A, Novoa MP, Ott H, Pasmans S, Salavastru C, Zawar V, Torrelo A, ESPD Group for the Skin Manifestations of COVID-19 (2021) Skin manifestations of COVID-19 in children: Part 1. Clin Exp Dermatol 46:444–450 . https://doi.org/10.1111/ced.14481
27. Levin M (2020) Childhood Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome - A New Challenge in the Pandemic. N Engl J Med 383:393–395 . https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMe2023158
28. Feldstein LR, Rose EB, Horwitz SM, Collins JP, Newhams MM, Son MBF, Newburger JW, Kleinman LC, Heidemann SM, Martin AA, Singh AR, Li S, Tarquinio KM, Jaggi P, Oster ME, Zackai SP, Gillen J, Ratner AJ, Walsh RF, Fitzgerald JC, Keenaghan MA, Alharash H, Doymaz S, Clouser KN, Giuliano JS, Gupta A, Parker RM, Maddux AB, Havalad V, Ramsingh S, Bukulmez H, Bradford TT, Smith LS, Tenforde MW, Carroll CL, Riggs BJ, Gertz SJ, Daube A, Lansell A, Coronado Munoz A, Hobbs CV, Marohn KL, Halasa NB, Patel MM, Randolph AG, Overcoming COVID-19 Investigators, CDC COVID-19 Response Team (2020) Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in U.S. Children and Adolescents. N Engl J Med 383:334–346 . https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2021680
29. Payne AB, Gilani Z, Godfred-Cato S, Belay ED, Feldstein LR, Patel MM, Randolph AG, Newhams M, Thomas D, Magleby R, Hsu K, Burns M, Dufort E, Maxted A, Pietrowski M, Longenberger A, Bidol S, Henderson J, Sosa L, Edmundson A, Tobin-D’Angelo M, Edison L, Heidemann S, Singh AR, Giuliano JS, Kleinman LC, Tarquinio KM, Walsh RF, Fitzgerald JC, Clouser KN, Gertz SJ, Carroll RW, Carroll CL, Hoots BE, Reed C, Dahlgren FS, Oster ME, Pierce TJ, Curns AT, Langley GE, Campbell AP, MIS-C Incidence Authorship Group, Balachandran N, Murray TS, Burkholder C, Brancard T, Lifshitz J, Leach D, Charpie I, Tice C, Coffin SE, Perella D, Jones K, Marohn KL, Yager PH, Fernandes ND, Flori HR, Koncicki ML, Walker KS, Di Pentima MC, Li S, Horwitz SM, Gaur S, Coffey DC, Harwayne-Gidansky I, Hymes SR, Thomas NJ, Ackerman KG, Cholette JM (2021) Incidence of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Among US Persons Infected With SARS-CoV-2. JAMA Netw Open 4:e2116420 . https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.16420
30. Castagnola E, Mariani M, Sticchi C, Sticchi L, Spiazzi R, Caorsi R, Gattorno M, Ravelli A (2021) Incidence rate of MIS-C in paediatrics: A good reason to vaccinate children against SARS-CoV-2. Acta Paediatr Oslo Nor 1992. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.16081
31. Ben-Shimol S, Livni G, Megged O, Greenberg D, Danino D, Youngster I, Shachor-Meyouhas Y, Dabaja-Younis H, Scheuerman O, Mor M, Somekh E, Yakub Hanna H, Givon-Lavi N, Guri A, Leibovitz E, Alkan Y, Grupel D, Rubinstein U, Steinberg Ben Zeev Z, Bamberger E, Asher Kuperman A, Grisaru-Soen G, Tasher D, Gottesman G, Glikman D, Stein M (2021) COVID-19 in a Subset of Hospitalized Children in Israel. J Pediatr Infect Dis Soc 10:757–765 . https://doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piab035
32. Kaushik A, Gupta S, Sood M, Sharma S, Verma S (2020) A Systematic Review of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Associated With SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 39:e340–e346 . https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000002888
33. McArdle AJ, Vito O, Patel H, Seaby EG, Shah P, Wilson C, Broderick C, Nijman R, Tremoulet AH, Munblit D, Ulloa-Gutierrez R, Carter MJ, De T, Hoggart C, Whittaker E, Herberg JA, Kaforou M, Cunnington AJ, Levin M, BATS Consortium (2021) Treatment of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children. N Engl J Med 385:11–22 . https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2102968
34. Son MBF, Murray N, Friedman K, Young CC, Newhams MM, Feldstein LR, Loftis LL, Tarquinio KM, Singh AR, Heidemann SM, Soma VL, Riggs BJ, Fitzgerald JC, Kong M, Doymaz S, Giuliano JS, Keenaghan MA, Hume JR, Hobbs CV, Schuster JE, Clouser KN, Hall MW, Smith LS, Horwitz SM, Schwartz SP, Irby K, Bradford TT, Maddux AB, Babbitt CJ, Rowan CM, McLaughlin GE, Yager PH, Maamari M, Mack EH, Carroll CL, Montgomery VL, Halasa NB, Cvijanovich NZ, Coates BM, Rose CE, Newburger JW, Patel MM, Randolph AG, Overcoming COVID-19 Investigators (2021) Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children - Initial Therapy and Outcomes. N Engl J Med 385:23–34 . https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2102605
35. Ouldali N, Toubiana J, Antona D, Javouhey E, Madhi F, Lorrot M, Léger P-L, Galeotti C, Claude C, Wiedemann A, Lachaume N, Ovaert C, Dumortier M, Kahn J-E, Mandelcwajg A, Percheron L, Biot B, Bordet J, Girardin M-L, Yang DD, Grimaud M, Oualha M, Allali S, Bajolle F, Beyler C, Meinzer U, Levy M, Paulet A-M, Levy C, Cohen R, Belot A, Angoulvant F, French Covid-19 Paediatric Inflammation Consortium (2021) Association of Intravenous Immunoglobulins Plus Methylprednisolone vs Immunoglobulins Alone With Course of Fever in Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children. JAMA 325:855–864 . https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.0694
36. Wang J-G, Zhong Z-J, Mo Y-F, Wang L-C, Chen R (2021) Epidemiological features of coronavirus disease 2019 in children: a meta-analysis. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 25:1146–1157 . https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_202101_24685
37. Kim L, Whitaker M, O’Halloran A, Kambhampati A, Chai SJ, Reingold A, Armistead I, Kawasaki B, Meek J, Yousey-Hindes K, Anderson EJ, Openo KP, Weigel A, Ryan P, Monroe ML, Fox K, Kim S, Lynfield R, Bye E, Shrum Davis S, Smelser C, Barney G, Spina NL, Bennett NM, Felsen CB, Billing LM, Shiltz J, Sutton M, West N, Talbot HK, Schaffner W, Risk I, Price A, Brammer L, Fry AM, Hall AJ, Langley GE, Garg S, COVID-NET Surveillance Team (2020) Hospitalization Rates and Characteristics of Children Aged <18 Years Hospitalized with Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 - COVID-NET, 14 States, March 1-July 25, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 69:1081–1088 . https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6932e3
38. Götzinger F, Santiago-García B, Noguera-Julián A, Lanaspa M, Lancella L, Calò Carducci FI, Gabrovska N, Velizarova S, Prunk P, Osterman V, Krivec U, Lo Vecchio A, Shingadia D, Soriano-Arandes A, Melendo S, Lanari M, Pierantoni L, Wagner N, L’Huillier AG, Heininger U, Ritz N, Bandi S, Krajcar N, Roglić S, Santos M, Christiaens C, Creuven M, Buonsenso D, Welch SB, Bogyi M, Brinkmann F, Tebruegge M, ptbnet COVID-19 Study Group (2020) COVID-19 in children and adolescents in Europe: a multinational, multicentre cohort study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 4:653–661 . https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30177-2
39. Havers FP, Whitaker M, Self JL, Chai SJ, Kirley PD, Alden NB, Kawasaki B, Meek J, Yousey-Hindes K, Anderson EJ, Openo KP, Weigel A, Teno K, Monroe ML, Ryan PA, Reeg L, Kohrman A, Lynfield R, Como-Sabetti K, Poblete M, McMullen C, Muse A, Spina N, Bennett NM, Gaitán M, Billing LM, Shiltz J, Sutton M, Abdullah N, Schaffner W, Talbot HK, Crossland M, George A, Patel K, Pham H, Milucky J, Anglin O, Ujamaa D, Hall AJ, Garg S, Taylor CA, COVID-NET Surveillance Team (2021) Hospitalization of Adolescents Aged 12-17 Years with Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 - COVID-NET, 14 States, March 1, 2020-April 24, 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 70:851–857 . https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7023e1
40. Bhopal SS, Bagaria J, Olabi B, Bhopal R (2021) Children and young people remain at low risk of COVID-19 mortality. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 5:e12–e13 . https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(21)00066-3
41. McCormick DW, Richardson LC, Young PR, Viens LJ, Gould CV, Kimball A, Pindyck T, Rosenblum HG, Siegel DA, Vu QM, Komatsu K, Venkat H, Openshaw JJ, Kawasaki B, Siniscalchi AJ, Gumke M, Leapley A, Tobin-D’Angelo M, Kauerauf J, Reid H, White K, Ahmed FS, Richardson G, Hand J, Kirkey K, Larson L, Byers P, Garcia A, Ojo M, Zamcheck A, Lash MK, Lee EH, Reilly KH, Wilson E, de Fijter S, Naqvi OH, Harduar-Morano L, Burch A-K, Lewis A, Kolsin J, Pont SJ, Barbeau B, Bixler D, Reagan-Steiner S, Koumans EH, Pediatric Mortality Investigation Team (2021) Deaths in Children and Adolescents Associated With COVID-19 and MIS-C in the United States. Pediatrics e2021052273 . https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2021-052273
42. Bixler D, Miller AD, Mattison CP, Taylor B, Komatsu K, Peterson Pompa X, Moon S, Karmarkar E, Liu CY, Openshaw JJ, Plotzker RE, Rosen HE, Alden N, Kawasaki B, Siniscalchi A, Leapley A, Drenzek C, Tobin-D’Angelo M, Kauerauf J, Reid H, Hawkins E, White K, Ahmed F, Hand J, Richardson G, Sokol T, Eckel S, Collins J, Holzbauer S, Kollmann L, Larson L, Schiffman E, Kittle TS, Hertin K, Kraushaar V, Raman D, LeGarde V, Kinsinger L, Peek-Bullock M, Lifshitz J, Ojo M, Arciuolo RJ, Davidson A, Huynh M, Lash MK, Latash J, Lee EH, Li L, McGibbon E, McIntosh-Beckles N, Pouchet R, Ramachandran JS, Reilly KH, Dufort E, Pulver W, Zamcheck A, Wilson E, de Fijter S, Naqvi O, Nalluswami K, Waller K, Bell LJ, Burch A-K, Radcliffe R, Fiscus MD, Lewis A, Kolsin J, Pont S, Salinas A, Sanders K, Barbeau B, Althomsons S, Atti S, Brown JS, Chang A, Clarke KR, Datta SD, Iskander J, Leitgeb B, Pindyck T, Priyamvada L, Reagan-Steiner S, Scott NA, Viens LJ, Zhong J, Koumans EH, Pediatric Mortality Investigation Team (2020) SARS-CoV-2-Associated Deaths Among Persons Aged <21 Years - United States, February 12-July 31, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 69:1324–1329 . https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6937e4
43. Irfan O, Muttalib F, Tang K, Jiang L, Lassi ZS, Bhutta Z (2021) Clinical characteristics, treatment and outcomes of paediatric COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child archdischild-2020-321385 . https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2020-321385
44. Turner D, Huang Y, Martín-de-Carpi J, Aloi M, Focht G, Kang B, Zhou Y, Sanchez C, Kappelman MD, Uhlig HH, Pujol-Muncunill G, Ledder O, Lionetti P, Dias JA, Ruemmele FM, Russell RK, Paediatric IBD Porto group of ESPGHAN (2020) Corona Virus Disease 2019 and Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Global Experience and Provisional Guidance (March 2020) from the Paediatric IBD Porto Group of European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 70:727–733 . https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0000000000002729
45. Sengler C, Eulert S, Minden K, Niewerth M, Horneff G, Kuemmerle-Deschner J, Siemer C, Berendes R, Girschick H, Hühn R, Borte M, Hospach A, Emminger W, Armann J, Klein A, Kallinich T (2021) Clinical manifestations and outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infections in children and adolescents with rheumatic musculoskeletal diseases: data from the National Paediatric Rheumatology Database in Germany. RMD Open 7:e001687 . https://doi.org/10.1136/rmdopen-2021-001687
46. Marlais M, Wlodkowski T, Vivarelli M, Pape L, Tönshoff B, Schaefer F, Tullus K (2020) The severity of COVID-19 in children on immunosuppressive medication. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 4:e17–e18 . https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30145-0
47. CDC (2020) Healthcare Workers. In: Cent. Dis. Control Prev. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/clinical-care/underlyingconditions.html. Accessed 25 Sep 2021
48. CDC (2020) Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). In: Cent. Dis. Control Prev. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/science/science-briefs/underlying-evidence-table.html. Accessed 25 Sep 2021
49. Saini KS, Tagliamento M, Lambertini M, McNally R, Romano M, Leone M, Curigliano G, de Azambuja E (2020) Mortality in patients with cancer and coronavirus disease 2019: A systematic review and pooled analysis of 52 studies. Eur J Cancer Oxf Engl 1990 139:43–50 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2020.08.011
50. de Rojas T, Pérez-Martínez A, Cela E, Baragaño M, Galán V, Mata C, Peretó A, Madero L (2020) COVID-19 infection in children and adolescents with cancer in Madrid. Pediatr Blood Cancer 67:e28397 . https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.28397
51. Bouffet E, Challinor J, Sullivan M, Biondi A, Rodriguez-Galindo C, Pritchard-Jones K (2020) Early advice on managing children with cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic and a call for sharing experiences. Pediatr Blood Cancer 67:e28327 . https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.28327
52. Meena JP, Kumar Gupta A, Tanwar P, Ram Jat K, Mohan Pandey R, Seth R (2021) Clinical presentations and outcomes of children with cancer and COVID-19: A systematic review. Pediatr Blood Cancer 68:e29005 . https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.29005
53. Boulad F, Kamboj M, Bouvier N, Mauguen A, Kung AL (2020) COVID-19 in Children With Cancer in New York City. JAMA Oncol 6:1459–1460 . https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2020.2028
54. Cesaro S, Compagno F, Zama D, Meneghello L, Giurici N, Soncini E, Onofrillo D, Mercolini F, Mura R, Perruccio K, De Santis R, Colombini A, Barone A, Sainati L, Baretta V, Petris MG (2020) Screening for SARS-CoV-2 infection in pediatric oncology patients during the epidemic peak in Italy. Pediatr Blood Cancer 67:e28466 . https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.28466
55. Ferrari A, Zecca M, Rizzari C, Porta F, Provenzi M, Marinoni M, Schumacher RF, Luksch R, Terenziani M, Casanova M, Spreafico F, Chiaravalli S, Compagno F, Bruni F, Piccolo C, Bettini L, D’Angiò M, Ferrari GM, Biondi A, Massimino M, Balduzzi A (2020) Children with cancer in the time of COVID-19: An 8-week report from the six pediatric onco-hematology centers in Lombardia, Italy. Pediatr Blood Cancer 67:e28410 . https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.28410
56. Hamdy R, El-Mahallawy H, Ebeid E (2021) COVID-19 infection in febrile neutropenic pediatric hematology oncology patients. Pediatr Blood Cancer 68:e28765 . https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.28765
57. López-Aguilar E, Cárdenas-Navarrete R, Simental-Toba A, Pacheco-Rosas D, Thomé-Ortiz P, Soto-Pérez G, Martín-Trejo J, Vázquez-Rosales G, Miranda-Novales G (2021) Children with cancer during COVID-19 pandemic: Early experience in Mexico. Pediatr Blood Cancer 68:e28660 . https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.28660
58. Sieni E, Pegoraro F, Casini T, Tondo A, Bortone B, Moriondo M, Azzari C, Galli L, Favre C (2020) Favourable outcome of coronavirus disease 2019 in a 1-year-old girl with acute myeloid leukaemia and severe treatment-induced immunosuppression. Br J Haematol 189:e222–e224 . https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.16781
59. Wang S-M, Tao F, Hou Y, Zhang A, Xiong H, Sun J-J, Luo X-P, Hao Y, Li J-X, Hu Q, Liu A-G (2020) Screening of SARS-CoV-2 in 299 Hospitalized Children with Hemato-oncological Diseases: A Multicenter Survey in Hubei, China. Curr Med Sci 40:642–645 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s11596-020-2228-7
60. André N, Rouger-Gaudichon J, Brethon B, Phulpin A, Thébault É, Pertuisel S, Gandemer V (2020) COVID-19 in pediatric oncology from French pediatric oncology and hematology centers: High risk of severe forms? Pediatr Blood Cancer 67:e28392 . https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.28392
61. Bisogno G, Provenzi M, Zama D, Tondo A, Meazza C, Colombini A, Galaverna F, Compagno F, Carraro F, De Santis R, Meneghello L, Baretta V, Cesaro S (2020) Clinical Characteristics and Outcome of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection in Italian Pediatric Oncology Patients: A Study From the Infectious Diseases Working Group of the Associazione Italiana di Oncologia e Ematologia Pediatrica. J Pediatr Infect Dis Soc 9:530–534 . https://doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piaa088
62. Pérez-Martinez A, Guerra-García P, Melgosa M, Frauca E, Fernandez-Camblor C, Remesal A, Calvo C (2021) Clinical outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection in immunosuppressed children in Spain. Eur J Pediatr 180:967–971 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-020-03793-3
63. Montoya J, Ugaz C, Alarcon S, Maradiegue E, García J, Díaz R, Zapata A, Chávez S, Morales R, Ordoñez K, Hernandez E, Reaño R, Gutierrez C, Vargas MP, Sanchez K, Valdiviezo C, Maza I, Rojas N, Moore C, León E, Vásquez L (2021) COVID-19 in pediatric cancer patients in a resource-limited setting: National data from Peru. Pediatr Blood Cancer 68:e28610 . https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.28610
64. Almassi N, Mulhall JP, Funt SA, Sheinfeld J (2020) “Case of the Month” from Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA: managing newly diagnosed metastatic testicular germ cell tumour in a COVID-19-positive patient. BJU Int 126:333–335 . https://doi.org/10.1111/bju.15157
65. Bernar B, Kropshofer G, Crazzolara R, Kapelari K, Griesmacher A, Müller T, Scholl-Bürgi S (2020) SARS-CoV-2 infection in a 7-year-old girl with pancytopenia during acute lymphocytic leukemia maintenance therapy. Pediatr Blood Cancer 67:e28391 . https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.28391
66. Dantonello TM, Kartal-Kaess M, Aebi C, Suter-Riniker F, Busch JD, Kubetzko S, Bourquin J-P, Roessler J (2021) SARS-CoV-2 Infection During Induction Chemotherapy in a Child With High-risk T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 43:e804–e807 . https://doi.org/10.1097/MPH.0000000000001943
67. Flores V, Miranda R, Merino L, González C, Serrano C, Solano M, Herrera J, González P, Ruiz G, Saldaña R, Cárdenas A, Chávez-Aguilar LA (2020) SARS-CoV-2 infection in children with febrile neutropenia. Ann Hematol 99:1941–1942 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s00277-020-04115-1
68. Jarmoliński T, Matkowska-Kocjan A, Rosa M, Olejnik I, Gorczyńska E, Kałwak K, Ussowicz M (2021) SARS-CoV-2 viral clearance during bone marrow aplasia after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation-A case report. Pediatr Transplant 25:e13875 . https://doi.org/10.1111/petr.13875
69. Marcia M, Vania B, Pruccoli G, Vallero SG, Barisone E, Scolfaro C, Fagioli F (2020) Acute lymphoblastic leukemia onset in a 3-year-old child with COVID-19. Pediatr Blood Cancer 67:e28423 . https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.28423
70. Offenbacher R, Fabish L, Baker A, Chou AJ, Loeb DM (2021) Respiratory Failure in a Child With Pulmonary Metastatic Osteosarcoma and COVID-19. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 43:e859–e860 . https://doi.org/10.1097/MPH.0000000000001897
71. Orf K, Rogosic S, Dexter D, Ancliff P, Badle S, Brierley J, Cheng D, Dalton C, Dixon G, Du Pré P, Grandjean L, Ghorashian S, Mittal P, O’Connor D, Pavasovic V, Rao A, Samarasinghe S, Vora A, Bamford A, Bartram J (2020) Remdesivir during induction chemotherapy for newly diagnosed paediatric acute lymphoblastic leukaemia with concomitant SARS-CoV-2 infection. Br J Haematol 190:e274–e276 . https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.17014
72. Pérez-Heras I, Fernandez-Escobar V, Del Pozo-Carlavilla M, Díaz-Merchán R, Valerio-Alonso ME, Domínguez-Pinilla N (2020) Two Cases of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Pediatric Oncohematologic Patients in Spain. Pediatr Infect Dis J 39:1040–1042 . https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000002841
73. Velasco Puyó P, Moreno L, Díaz de Heredia C, Rivière JG, Soler Palacín P (2020) Tocilizumab in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and COVID-19-related cytokine release syndrome. An Pediatr 93:132–133 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anpede.2020.05.002
74. Radhakrishnan V, Gangopadhyay D (2021) Repeat-positive SARS-CoV-2 in a child with cancer. Pediatr Blood Cancer 68:e28744 . https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.28744
75. Schied A, Trovillion E, Moodley A (2020) SARS-CoV-2 infection in a neutropenic pediatric patient with leukemia: Addressing the need for universal guidelines for treatment of SARS-CoV-2-positive, immunocompromised patients. Pediatr Blood Cancer 67:e28546 . https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.28546
76. Shankar R, Radhakrishnan N, Dua S, Arora S, Rana M, Sahu DK, Rai S, Gupta DK (2021) Convalescent plasma to aid in recovery of COVID-19 pneumonia in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Transfus Apher Sci Off J World Apher Assoc Off J Eur Soc Haemapheresis 60:102956 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transci.2020.102956
77. Smith VR, Whittle SB, Coleman RD, Munoz FM, De Guzman MM, Foster JH, Navai SA (2021) Severe COVID-19 infection in a child receiving immunotherapy for cancer. Pediatr Blood Cancer 68:e28710 . https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.28710
78. Stokes CL, Patel PA, Sabnis HS, Mitchell SG, Yildirim IB, Pauly MG (2020) Severe COVID-19 disease in two pediatric oncology patients. Pediatr Blood Cancer 67:e28432 . https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.28432
79. Vicent MG, Martinez AP, Trabazo Del Castillo M, Molina B, Sisini L, Morón-Cazalilla G, Díaz MÁ (2020) COVID-19 in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: The experience of Spanish Group of Transplant (GETMON/GETH). Pediatr Blood Cancer 67:e28514 . https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.28514
80. Zamperlini-Netto G, Fernandes JF, Garcia JL, Ribeiro AAF, Camargo LFA, de Moraes Terra C, Hamerschlak N (2021) COVID-19 after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: report of two children. Bone Marrow Transplant 56:713–715 . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41409-020-01041-8
81. Zhao Y, Zhao W, Wang A, Qian F, Wang S, Zhuang L, Zhang F, Sun D, Gao G (2020) First Case of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Childhood Leukemia in China. Pediatr Infect Dis J 39:e142–e145 . https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000002742
82. Zhou X, Wang G, Chen L, Meng F, Huang L, Huang L, Wang N, Li T, Cao Y, Zhou J (2020) Clinical characteristics of hematological patients concomitant with COVID-19. Cancer Sci 111:3379–3385 . https://doi.org/10.1111/cas.14544
83. Sun D, Li H, Lu X-X, Xiao H, Ren J, Zhang F-R, Liu Z-S (2020) Clinical features of severe pediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan: a single center’s observational study. World J Pediatr WJP 16:251–259 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s12519-020-00354-4
84. Rossoff J, Patel AB, Muscat E, Kociolek LK, Muller WJ (2020) Benign course of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a series of pediatric oncology patients. Pediatr Blood Cancer 67:e28504 . https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.28504
85. Dorantes-Acosta E, Ávila-Montiel D, Klünder-Klünder M, Juárez-Villegas L, Márquez-González H (2020) Survival and Complications in Pediatric Patients With Cancer and COVID-19: A Meta-Analysis. Front Oncol 10:608282 . https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2020.608282
86. Nicastro E, Verdoni L, Bettini LR, Zuin G, Balduzzi A, Montini G, Biondi A, D’Antiga L (2021) COVID-19 in Immunosuppressed Children. Front Pediatr 9:629240 . https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2021.629240
87. Mukkada S, Bhakta N, Chantada GL, Chen Y, Vedaraju Y, Faughnan L, Homsi MR, Muniz-Talavera H, Ranadive R, Metzger M, Friedrich P, Agulnik A, Jeha S, Lam C, Dalvi R, Hessissen L, Moreira DC, Santana VM, Sullivan M, Bouffet E, Caniza MA, Devidas M, Pritchard-Jones K, Rodriguez-Galindo C, Global Registry of COVID-19 in Childhood Cancer (2021) Global characteristics and outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adolescents with cancer (GRCCC): a cohort study. Lancet Oncol S1470-2045(21)00454-X . https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(21)00454-X
88. Ljungman P, de la Camara R, Mikulska M, Tridello G, Aguado B, Zahrani MA, Apperley J, Berceanu A, Bofarull RM, Calbacho M, Ciceri F, Lopez-Corral L, Crippa C, Fox ML, Grassi A, Jimenez M-J, Demir SK, Kwon M, Llamas CV, Lorenzo JLL, Mielke S, Orchard K, Porras RP, Vallisa D, Xhaard A, Knelange NS, Cedillo A, Kröger N, Piñana JL, Styczynski J (2021) COVID-19 and stem cell transplantation; results from an EBMT and GETH multicenter prospective survey. Leukemia. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41375-021-01302-5
89. COVID-19 resources. In: RCPCH. https://www.rcpch.ac.uk/key-topics/covid-19/all-resources. Accessed 25 Sep 2021
90. Society CP The acute management of COVID-19 in paediatrics (spring 2021 update) | Canadian Paediatric Society. https://www.cps.ca/en/documents/position/the-acute-management-of-paediatric-coronavirus-disease-2019covid-19. Accessed 25 Sep 2021
91. Jiehao C, Jin X, Daojiong L, Zhi Y, Lei X, Zhenghai Q, Yuehua Z, Hua Z, Ran J, Pengcheng L, Xiangshi W, Yanling G, Aimei X, He T, Hailing C, Chuning W, Jingjing L, Jianshe W, Mei Z (2020) A Case Series of Children With 2019 Novel Coronavirus Infection: Clinical and Epidemiological Features. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am 71:1547–1551 . https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa198
92. Zimmermann P, Curtis N (2020) Coronavirus Infections in Children Including COVID-19: An Overview of the Epidemiology, Clinical Features, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention Options in Children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 39:355–368 . https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000002660
93. Reis G, Moreira Silva EADS, Medeiros Silva DC, Thabane L, Singh G, Park JJH, Forrest JI, Harari O, Quirino Dos Santos CV, Guimarães de Almeida APF, Figueiredo Neto AD de, Savassi LCM, Milagres AC, Teixeira MM, Simplicio MIC, Ribeiro LB, Oliveira R, Mills EJ, TOGETHER Investigators (2021) Effect of Early Treatment With Hydroxychloroquine or Lopinavir and Ritonavir on Risk of Hospitalization Among Patients With COVID-19: The TOGETHER Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open 4:e216468 . https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.6468
94. RECOVERY Collaborative Group, Horby P, Mafham M, Linsell L, Bell JL, Staplin N, Emberson JR, Wiselka M, Ustianowski A, Elmahi E, Prudon B, Whitehouse T, Felton T, Williams J, Faccenda J, Underwood J, Baillie JK, Chappell LC, Faust SN, Jaki T, Jeffery K, Lim WS, Montgomery A, Rowan K, Tarning J, Watson JA, White NJ, Juszczak E, Haynes R, Landray MJ (2020) Effect of Hydroxychloroquine in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med 383:2030–2040 . https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2022926
95. Kashour Z, Riaz M, Garbati MA, AlDosary O, Tlayjeh H, Gerberi D, Murad MH, Sohail MR, Kashour T, Tleyjeh IM (2021) Efficacy of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother 76:30–42 . https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkaa403
96. Cao B, Wang Y, Wen D, Liu W, Wang J, Fan G, Ruan L, Song B, Cai Y, Wei M, Li X, Xia J, Chen N, Xiang J, Yu T, Bai T, Xie X, Zhang L, Li C, Yuan Y, Chen H, Li H, Huang H, Tu S, Gong F, Liu Y, Wei Y, Dong C, Zhou F, Gu X, Xu J, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Li H, Shang L, Wang K, Li K, Zhou X, Dong X, Qu Z, Lu S, Hu X, Ruan S, Luo S, Wu J, Peng L, Cheng F, Pan L, Zou J, Jia C, Wang J, Liu X, Wang S, Wu X, Ge Q, He J, Zhan H, Qiu F, Guo L, Huang C, Jaki T, Hayden FG, Horby PW, Zhang D, Wang C (2020) A Trial of Lopinavir-Ritonavir in Adults Hospitalized with Severe Covid-19. N Engl J Med 382:1787–1799 . https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001282
97. RECOVERY Collaborative Group (2020) Lopinavir-ritonavir in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. Lancet Lond Engl 396:1345–1352 . https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32013-4
98. WHO Solidarity Trial Consortium, Pan H, Peto R, Henao-Restrepo A-M, Preziosi M-P, Sathiyamoorthy V, Abdool Karim Q, Alejandria MM, Hernández García C, Kieny M-P, Malekzadeh R, Murthy S, Reddy KS, Roses Periago M, Abi Hanna P, Ader F, Al-Bader AM, Alhasawi A, Allum E, Alotaibi A, Alvarez-Moreno CA, Appadoo S, Asiri A, Aukrust P, Barratt-Due A, Bellani S, Branca M, Cappel-Porter HBC, Cerrato N, Chow TS, Como N, Eustace J, García PJ, Godbole S, Gotuzzo E, Griskevicius L, Hamra R, Hassan M, Hassany M, Hutton D, Irmansyah I, Jancoriene L, Kirwan J, Kumar S, Lennon P, Lopardo G, Lydon P, Magrini N, Maguire T, Manevska S, Manuel O, McGinty S, Medina MT, Mesa Rubio ML, Miranda-Montoya MC, Nel J, Nunes EP, Perola M, Portolés A, Rasmin MR, Raza A, Rees H, Reges PPS, Rogers CA, Salami K, Salvadori MI, Sinani N, Sterne JAC, Stevanovikj M, Tacconelli E, Tikkinen KAO, Trelle S, Zaid H, Røttingen J-A, Swaminathan S (2021) Repurposed Antiviral Drugs for Covid-19 - Interim WHO Solidarity Trial Results. N Engl J Med 384:497–511 . https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2023184
99. Cavalcanti AB, Zampieri FG, Rosa RG, Azevedo LCP, Veiga VC, Avezum A, Damiani LP, Marcadenti A, Kawano-Dourado L, Lisboa T, Junqueira DLM, de Barros E Silva PGM, Tramujas L, Abreu-Silva EO, Laranjeira LN, Soares AT, Echenique LS, Pereira AJ, Freitas FGR, Gebara OCE, Dantas VCS, Furtado RHM, Milan EP, Golin NA, Cardoso FF, Maia IS, Hoffmann Filho CR, Kormann APM, Amazonas RB, Bocchi de Oliveira MF, Serpa-Neto A, Falavigna M, Lopes RD, Machado FR, Berwanger O, Coalition Covid-19 Brazil I Investigators (2020) Hydroxychloroquine with or without Azithromycin in Mild-to-Moderate Covid-19. N Engl J Med 383:2041–2052 . https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2019014
100. Furtado RHM, Berwanger O, Fonseca HA, Corrêa TD, Ferraz LR, Lapa MG, Zampieri FG, Veiga VC, Azevedo LCP, Rosa RG, Lopes RD, Avezum A, Manoel ALO, Piza FMT, Martins PA, Lisboa TC, Pereira AJ, Olivato GB, Dantas VCS, Milan EP, Gebara OCE, Amazonas RB, Oliveira MB, Soares RVP, Moia DDF, Piano LPA, Castilho K, Momesso RGRAP, Schettino GPP, Rizzo LV, Neto AS, Machado FR, Cavalcanti AB, COALITION COVID-19 Brazil II Investigators (2020) Azithromycin in addition to standard of care versus standard of care alone in the treatment of patients admitted to the hospital with severe COVID-19 in Brazil (COALITION II): a randomised clinical trial. Lancet Lond Engl 396:959–967 . https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31862-6
101. RECOVERY Collaborative Group (2021) Azithromycin in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. Lancet Lond Engl 397:605–612 . https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00149-5
102. Rosenberg ES, Dufort EM, Udo T, Wilberschied LA, Kumar J, Tesoriero J, Weinberg P, Kirkwood J, Muse A, DeHovitz J, Blog DS, Hutton B, Holtgrave DR, Zucker HA (2020) Association of Treatment With Hydroxychloroquine or Azithromycin With In-Hospital Mortality in Patients With COVID-19 in New York State. JAMA 323:2493–2502 . https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.8630
103. Rochwerg B, Agarwal A, Siemieniuk RA, Agoritsas T, Lamontagne F, Askie L, Lytvyn L, Leo Y-S, Macdonald H, Zeng L, Amin W, Burhan E, Bausch FJ, Calfee CS, Cecconi M, Chanda D, Du B, Geduld H, Gee P, Harley N, Hashimi M, Hunt B, Kabra SK, Kanda S, Kawano-Dourado L, Kim Y-J, Kissoon N, Kwizera A, Mahaka I, Manai H, Mino G, Nsutebu E, Preller J, Pshenichnaya N, Qadir N, Sabzwari S, Sarin R, Shankar-Hari M, Sharland M, Shen Y, Ranganathan SS, Souza JP, Stegemann M, De Sutter A, Ugarte S, Venkatapuram S, Dat VQ, Vuyiseka D, Wijewickrama A, Maguire B, Zeraatkar D, Bartoszko JJ, Ge L, Brignardello-Petersen R, Owen A, Guyatt G, Diaz J, Jacobs M, Vandvik PO (2020) A living WHO guideline on drugs for covid-19. BMJ 370:m3379 . https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m3379
104. Sarkar S, Khanna P, Soni KD (2021) Are the steroids a blanket solution for COVID-19? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Med Virol 93:1538–1547 . https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26483
105. Rivera DR, Peters S, Panagiotou OA, Shah DP, Kuderer NM, Hsu C-Y, Rubinstein SM, Lee BJ, Choueiri TK, de Lima Lopes G, Grivas P, Painter CA, Rini BI, Thompson MA, Arcobello J, Bakouny Z, Doroshow DB, Egan PC, Farmakiotis D, Fecher LA, Friese CR, Galsky MD, Goel S, Gupta S, Halfdanarson TR, Halmos B, Hawley JE, Khaki AR, Lemmon CA, Mishra S, Olszewski AJ, Pennell NA, Puc MM, Revankar SG, Schapira L, Schmidt A, Schwartz GK, Shah SA, Wu JT, Xie Z, Yeh AC, Zhu H, Shyr Y, Lyman GH, Warner JL, COVID-19 and Cancer Consortium (2020) Utilization of COVID-19 Treatments and Clinical Outcomes among Patients with Cancer: A COVID-19 and Cancer Consortium (CCC19) Cohort Study. Cancer Discov 10:1514–1527 . https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-20-0941
106. Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19 - PubMed. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32678530/. Accessed 2 Oct 2021
107. Dulek DE, Fuhlbrigge RC, Tribble AC, Connelly JA, Loi MM, El Chebib H, Chandrakasan S, Otto WR, Diorio C, Keim G, Walkovich K, Jaggi P, Girotto JE, Yarbrough A, Behrens EM, Cron RQ, Bassiri H (2020) Multidisciplinary Guidance Regarding the Use of Immunomodulatory Therapies for Acute Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Pediatric Patients. J Pediatr Infect Dis Soc 9:716–737 . https://doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piaa098
108. Beigel JH, Tomashek KM, Dodd LE, Mehta AK, Zingman BS, Kalil AC, Hohmann E, Chu HY, Luetkemeyer A, Kline S, Lopez de Castilla D, Finberg RW, Dierberg K, Tapson V, Hsieh L, Patterson TF, Paredes R, Sweeney DA, Short WR, Touloumi G, Lye DC, Ohmagari N, Oh M-D, Ruiz-Palacios GM, Benfield T, Fätkenheuer G, Kortepeter MG, Atmar RL, Creech CB, Lundgren J, Babiker AG, Pett S, Neaton JD, Burgess TH, Bonnett T, Green M, Makowski M, Osinusi A, Nayak S, Lane HC, ACTT-1 Study Group Members (2020) Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19 - Final Report. N Engl J Med 383:1813–1826 . https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2007764
109. Chiotos K, Hayes M, Kimberlin DW, Jones SB, James SH, Pinninti SG, Yarbrough A, Abzug MJ, MacBrayne CE, Soma VL, Dulek DE, Vora SB, Waghmare A, Wolf J, Olivero R, Grapentine S, Wattier RL, Bio L, Cross SJ, Dillman NO, Downes KJ, Oliveira CR, Timberlake K, Young J, Orscheln RC, Tamma PD, Schwenk HT, Zachariah P, Aldrich ML, Goldman DL, Groves HE, Rajapakse NS, Lamb GS, Tribble AC, Hersh AL, Thorell EA, Denison MR, Ratner AJ, Newland JG, Nakamura MM (2021) Multicenter Interim Guidance on Use of Antivirals for Children With Coronavirus Disease 2019/Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. J Pediatr Infect Dis Soc 10:34–48 . https://doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piaa115
110. Chen P, Nirula A, Heller B, Gottlieb RL, Boscia J, Morris J, Huhn G, Cardona J, Mocherla B, Stosor V, Shawa I, Adams AC, Van Naarden J, Custer KL, Shen L, Durante M, Oakley G, Schade AE, Sabo J, Patel DR, Klekotka P, Skovronsky DM, BLAZE-1 Investigators (2021) SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody LY-CoV555 in Outpatients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med 384:229–237 . https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2029849
111. Dougan M, Nirula A, Azizad M, Mocherla B, Gottlieb RL, Chen P, Hebert C, Perry R, Boscia J, Heller B, Morris J, Crystal C, Igbinadolor A, Huhn G, Cardona J, Shawa I, Kumar P, Adams AC, Van Naarden J, Custer KL, Durante M, Oakley G, Schade AE, Holzer TR, Ebert PJ, Higgs RE, Kallewaard NL, Sabo J, Patel DR, Dabora MC, Klekotka P, Shen L, Skovronsky DM, BLAZE-1 Investigators (2021) Bamlanivimab plus Etesevimab in Mild or Moderate Covid-19. N Engl J Med. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2102685
112. Weinreich DM, Sivapalasingam S, Norton T, Ali S, Gao H, Bhore R, Musser BJ, Soo Y, Rofail D, Im J, Perry C, Pan C, Hosain R, Mahmood A, Davis JD, Turner KC, Hooper AT, Hamilton JD, Baum A, Kyratsous CA, Kim Y, Cook A, Kampman W, Kohli A, Sachdeva Y, Graber X, Kowal B, DiCioccio T, Stahl N, Lipsich L, Braunstein N, Herman G, Yancopoulos GD, Trial Investigators (2021) REGN-COV2, a Neutralizing Antibody Cocktail, in Outpatients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med 384:238–251 . https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2035002
113. PINHO AC (2021) EMA reviewing data on monoclonal antibody use for COVID-19. In: Eur. Med. Agency. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/ema-reviewing-data-monoclonal-antibody-use-covid-19. Accessed 25 Sep 2021
114. Commissioner O of the (2020) Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Authorizes Monoclonal Antibody for Treatment of COVID-19. In: FDA. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-authorizes-monoclonal-antibody-treatment-covid-19. Accessed 25 Sep 2021
115. Outcomes of active cancer patients with COVID-19 infection treated with COVID-19 neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. | Journal of Clinical Oncology. https://ascopubs.org/doi/abs/10.1200/JCO.2021.39.15_suppl.3137. Accessed 24 Sep 2021
116. Wolf J, Abzug MJ, Wattier RL, Sue PK, Vora SB, Zachariah P, Dulek DE, Waghmare A, Olivero R, Downes KJ, James SH, Pinninti SG, Yarbrough A, Aldrich ML, MacBrayne CE, Soma VL, Grapentine SP, Oliveira CR, Hayes M, Kimberlin DW, Jones SB, Bio LL, Morton TH, Hankins JS, Maron GM, Timberlake K, Young JL, Orscheln RC, Schwenk HT, Goldman DL, Groves HE, Huskins WC, Rajapakse NS, Lamb GS, Tribble AC, Lloyd EC, Hersh AL, Thorell EA, Ratner AJ, Chiotos K, Nakamura MM (2021) Initial Guidance on Use of Monoclonal Antibody Therapy for Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Children and Adolescents. J Pediatr Infect Dis Soc 10:629–634 . https://doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piaa175
117. Esposito S, Zona S, Pession A, Iughetti L, Migliori GB, Principi N (2021) Use of Monoclonal Antibody to Treat COVID-19 in Children and Adolescents: Risk of Abuse of Prescription and Exacerbation of Health Inequalities. Pharm Basel Switz 14:673 . https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14070673
118. Simonovich VA, Burgos Pratx LD, Scibona P, Beruto MV, Vallone MG, Vázquez C, Savoy N, Giunta DH, Pérez LG, Sánchez MDL, Gamarnik AV, Ojeda DS, Santoro DM, Camino PJ, Antelo S, Rainero K, Vidiella GP, Miyazaki EA, Cornistein W, Trabadelo OA, Ross FM, Spotti M, Funtowicz G, Scordo WE, Losso MH, Ferniot I, Pardo PE, Rodriguez E, Rucci P, Pasquali J, Fuentes NA, Esperatti M, Speroni GA, Nannini EC, Matteaccio A, Michelangelo HG, Follmann D, Lane HC, Belloso WH, PlasmAr Study Group (2021) A Randomized Trial of Convalescent Plasma in Covid-19 Severe Pneumonia. N Engl J Med 384:619–629 . https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2031304
119. RECOVERY Collaborative Group (2021) Convalescent plasma in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised controlled, open-label, platform trial. Lancet Lond Engl 397:2049–2059 . https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00897-7
120. Joyner MJ, Carter RE, Senefeld JW, Klassen SA, Mills JR, Johnson PW, Theel ES, Wiggins CC, Bruno KA, Klompas AM, Lesser ER, Kunze KL, Sexton MA, Diaz Soto JC, Baker SE, Shepherd JRA, van Helmond N, Verdun NC, Marks P, van Buskirk CM, Winters JL, Stubbs JR, Rea RF, Hodge DO, Herasevich V, Whelan ER, Clayburn AJ, Larson KF, Ripoll JG, Andersen KJ, Buras MR, Vogt MNP, Dennis JJ, Regimbal RJ, Bauer PR, Blair JE, Paneth NS, Fairweather D, Wright RS, Casadevall A (2021) Convalescent Plasma Antibody Levels and the Risk of Death from Covid-19. N Engl J Med 384:1015–1027 . https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2031893
121. Libster R, Pérez Marc G, Wappner D, Coviello S, Bianchi A, Braem V, Esteban I, Caballero MT, Wood C, Berrueta M, Rondan A, Lescano G, Cruz P, Ritou Y, Fernández Viña V, Álvarez Paggi D, Esperante S, Ferreti A, Ofman G, Ciganda Á, Rodriguez R, Lantos J, Valentini R, Itcovici N, Hintze A, Oyarvide ML, Etchegaray C, Neira A, Name I, Alfonso J, López Castelo R, Caruso G, Rapelius S, Alvez F, Etchenique F, Dimase F, Alvarez D, Aranda SS, Sánchez Yanotti C, De Luca J, Jares Baglivo S, Laudanno S, Nowogrodzki F, Larrea R, Silveyra M, Leberzstein G, Debonis A, Molinos J, González M, Perez E, Kreplak N, Pastor Argüello S, Gibbons L, Althabe F, Bergel E, Polack FP, Fundación INFANT–COVID-19 Group (2021) Early High-Titer Plasma Therapy to Prevent Severe Covid-19 in Older Adults. N Engl J Med 384:610–618 . https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2033700
122. Gharbharan A, GeurtsvanKessel CH, Jordans CCE, Blaauw M, van der Klift M, Hassing R-J, Smits-Zwinkels M, Meertens M, van den Hout EC, de Man AM, Hageman I, Bogers S, van der Schoot CE, Swaneveld F, Anas AA, Rokx C, Rijnders BJA (2021) Effects of treatment of COVID-19 with convalescent plasma in 25 B-cell depleted patients. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am ciab647 . https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab647
123. Thompson MA, Henderson JP, Shah PK, Rubinstein SM, Joyner MJ, Choueiri TK, Flora DB, Griffiths EA, Gulati AP, Hwang C, Koshkin VS, Papadopoulos EB, Robilotti EV, Su CT, Wulff-Burchfield EM, Xie Z, Yu PP, Mishra S, Senefeld JW, Shah DP, Warner JL, COVID-19 and Cancer Consortium (2021) Association of Convalescent Plasma Therapy With Survival in Patients With Hematologic Cancers and COVID-19. JAMA Oncol. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2021.1799
124. Lyman GH, Desai A, Leyfman Y, Kuderer NM (2021) Opportunities and Challenges of Observational Studies and Randomized Controlled Trials for Evaluating the Therapeutic Efficacy of COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma. Cancer Invest 39:449–456 . https://doi.org/10.1080/07357907.2021.1942127
125. Joyner MJ, Bruno KA, Klassen SA, Kunze KL, Johnson PW, Lesser ER, Wiggins CC, Senefeld JW, Klompas AM, Hodge DO, Shepherd JRA, Rea RF, Whelan ER, Clayburn AJ, Spiegel MR, Baker SE, Larson KF, Ripoll JG, Andersen KJ, Buras MR, Vogt MNP, Herasevich V, Dennis JJ, Regimbal RJ, Bauer PR, Blair JE, van Buskirk CM, Winters JL, Stubbs JR, van Helmond N, Butterfield BP, Sexton MA, Diaz Soto JC, Paneth NS, Verdun NC, Marks P, Casadevall A, Fairweather D, Carter RE, Wright RS (2020) Safety Update: COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma in 20,000 Hospitalized Patients. Mayo Clin Proc 95:1888–1897 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.06.028
126. Zaffanello M, Piacentini G, Nosetti L, Franchini M (2021) The use of convalescent plasma for pediatric patients with SARS-CoV-2: A systematic literature review. Transfus Apher Sci Off J World Apher Assoc Off J Eur Soc Haemapheresis 60:103043 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transci.2020.103043
127. Campochiaro C, Della-Torre E, Cavalli G, De Luca G, Ripa M, Boffini N, Tomelleri A, Baldissera E, Rovere-Querini P, Ruggeri A, Monti G, De Cobelli F, Zangrillo A, Tresoldi M, Castagna A, Dagna L, TOCI-RAF Study Group (2020) Efficacy and safety of tocilizumab in severe COVID-19 patients: a single-centre retrospective cohort study. Eur J Intern Med 76:43–49 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2020.05.021
128. Rojas-Marte G, Khalid M, Mukhtar O, Hashmi AT, Waheed MA, Ehrlich S, Aslam A, Siddiqui S, Agarwal C, Malyshev Y, Henriquez-Felipe C, Sharma D, Sharma S, Chukwuka N, Rodriguez DC, Alliu S, Le J, Shani J (2020) Outcomes in patients with severe COVID-19 disease treated with tocilizumab: a case-controlled study. QJM Mon J Assoc Physicians 113:546–550 . https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcaa206
129. Somers EC, Eschenauer GA, Troost JP, Golob JL, Gandhi TN, Wang L, Zhou N, Petty LA, Baang JH, Dillman NO, Frame D, Gregg KS, Kaul DR, Nagel J, Patel TS, Zhou S, Lauring AS, Hanauer DA, Martin E, Sharma P, Fung CM, Pogue JM (2021) Tocilizumab for Treatment of Mechanically Ventilated Patients With COVID-19. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am 73:e445–e454 . https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa954
130. Giesen N, Sprute R, Rüthrich M, Khodamoradi Y, Mellinghoff SC, Beutel G, Lueck C, Koldehoff M, Hentrich M, Sandherr M, von Bergwelt-Baildon M, Wolf H-H, Hirsch HH, Wörmann B, Cornely OA, Köhler P, Schalk E, von Lilienfeld-Toal M (2020) Evidence-based management of COVID-19 in cancer patients: Guideline by the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society for Haematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO). Eur J Cancer Oxf Engl 1990 140:86–104 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2020.09.009
131. Goldenberg NA, Sochet A, Albisetti M, Biss T, Bonduel M, Jaffray J, MacLaren G, Monagle P, O’Brien S, Raffini L, Revel-Vilk S, Sirachainan N, Williams S, Zia A, Male C, Pediatric/Neonatal Hemostasis and Thrombosis Subcommittee of the ISTH SSC (2020) Consensus-based clinical recommendations and research priorities for anticoagulant thromboprophylaxis in children hospitalized for COVID-19-related illness. J Thromb Haemost JTH 18:3099–3105 . https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.15073
132. Loi M, Branchford B, Kim J, Self C, Nuss R (2020) COVID-19 anticoagulation recommendations in children. Pediatr Blood Cancer 67:e28485 . https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.28485
133. Kamidani S, Rostad CA, Anderson EJ (2021) COVID-19 vaccine development: a pediatric perspective. Curr Opin Pediatr 33:144–151 . https://doi.org/10.1097/MOP.0000000000000978
134. Frenck RW, Klein NP, Kitchin N, Gurtman A, Absalon J, Lockhart S, Perez JL, Walter EB, Senders S, Bailey R, Swanson KA, Ma H, Xu X, Koury K, Kalina WV, Cooper D, Jennings T, Brandon DM, Thomas SJ, Türeci Ö, Tresnan DB, Mather S, Dormitzer PR, Şahin U, Jansen KU, Gruber WC, C4591001 Clinical Trial Group (2021) Safety, Immunogenicity, and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 Covid-19 Vaccine in Adolescents. N Engl J Med 385:239–250 . https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2107456
135. Ali K, Berman G, Zhou H, Deng W, Faughnan V, Coronado-Voges M, Ding B, Dooley J, Girard B, Hillebrand W, Pajon R, Miller JM, Leav B, McPhee R (2021) Evaluation of mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in Adolescents. N Engl J Med. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2109522
136. Monin L, Laing AG, Muñoz-Ruiz M, McKenzie DR, Del Molino Del Barrio I, Alaguthurai T, Domingo-Vila C, Hayday TS, Graham C, Seow J, Abdul-Jawad S, Kamdar S, Harvey-Jones E, Graham R, Cooper J, Khan M, Vidler J, Kakkassery H, Sinha S, Davis R, Dupont L, Francos Quijorna I, O’Brien-Gore C, Lee PL, Eum J, Conde Poole M, Joseph M, Davies D, Wu Y, Swampillai A, North BV, Montes A, Harries M, Rigg A, Spicer J, Malim MH, Fields P, Patten P, Di Rosa F, Papa S, Tree T, Doores KJ, Hayday AC, Irshad S (2021) Safety and immunogenicity of one versus two doses of the COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b2 for patients with cancer: interim analysis of a prospective observational study. Lancet Oncol 22:765–778 . https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(21)00213-8
137. Benjamini O, Rokach L, Itchaki G, Braester A, Shvidel L, Goldschmidt N, Shapira S, Dally N, Avigdor A, Rahav G, Lustig Y, Ben David SS, Fineman R, Paz A, Bairey O, Polliack A, Levy I, Tadmor T (2021) Safety and efficacy of BNT162b mRNA Covid19 Vaccine in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Haematologica. https://doi.org/10.3324/haematol.2021.279196
138. Greenberger LM, Saltzman LA, Senefeld JW, Johnson PW, DeGennaro LJ, Nichols GL (2021) Antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in patients with hematologic malignancies. Cancer Cell 39:1031–1033 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2021.07.012
139. Perry C, Luttwak E, Balaban R, Shefer G, Morales MM, Aharon A, Tabib Y, Cohen YC, Benyamini N, Beyar-Katz O, Neaman M, Vitkon R, Keren-Khadmy N, Levin M, Herishanu Y, Avivi I (2021) Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in patients with B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood Adv 5:3053–3061 . https://doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2021005094
140. Herzog Tzarfati K, Gutwein O, Apel A, Rahimi-Levene N, Sadovnik M, Harel L, Benveniste-Levkovitz P, Bar Chaim A, Koren-Michowitz M (2021) BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine is significantly less effective in patients with hematologic malignancies. Am J Hematol 96:1195–1203 . https://doi.org/10.1002/ajh.26284
141. Redjoul R, Le Bouter A, Beckerich F, Fourati S, Maury S (2021) Antibody response after second BNT162b2 dose in allogeneic HSCT recipients. Lancet Lond Engl 398:298–299 . https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01594-4
142. Maneikis K, Šablauskas K, Ringelevičiūtė U, Vaitekėnaitė V, Čekauskienė R, Kryžauskaitė L, Naumovas D, Banys V, Pečeliūnas V, Beinortas T, Griškevičius L (2021) Immunogenicity of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 mRNA vaccine and early clinical outcomes in patients with haematological malignancies in Lithuania: a national prospective cohort study. Lancet Haematol 8:e583–e592 . https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3026(21)00169-1
143. Association (EHA) TEH Expert opinions for COVID-19 vaccination in patients with hematologic cancer. In: Eur. Hematol. Assoc. EHA. https://ehaweb.org/covid-19/eha-statement-on-covid-19-vaccines/recommendations-for-covid-19-vaccination-in-patients-with-hematologic-cancer/. Accessed 25 Sep 2021
144. COVID-19 Vaccine. http://www.bccdc.ca/health-info/diseases-conditions/covid-19/covid-19-vaccine. Accessed 25 Sep 2021
145. Revon-Riviere G, Ninove L, Min V, Rome A, Coze C, Verschuur A, de Lamballerie X, André N (2021) The BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in adolescents and young adults with cancer: A monocentric experience. Eur J Cancer Oxf Engl 1990 154:30–34 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2021.06.002
146. Mark C, Gupta S, Punnett A, Upton J, Orkin J, Atkinson A, Clarke L, Heisey A, McGovern C, Alexander S (2021) Safety of administration of BNT162b2 mRNA (Pfizer-BioNTech) COVID-19 vaccine in youths and young adults with a history of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and allergy to PEG-asparaginase. Pediatr Blood Cancer e29295 . https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.29295
147. Tande AJ, Pollock BD, Shah ND, Farrugia G, Virk A, Swift M, Breeher L, Binnicker M, Berbari EF (2021) Impact of the COVID-19 Vaccine on Asymptomatic Infection Among Patients Undergoing Pre-Procedural COVID-19 Molecular Screening. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am ciab229 . https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab229
2. Hu B, Guo H, Zhou P, Shi Z-L (2021) Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Nat Rev Microbiol 19:141–154 . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-020-00459-7
3. Guan W-J, Ni Z-Y, Hu Y, Liang W-H, Ou C-Q, He J-X, Liu L, Shan H, Lei C-L, Hui DSC, Du B, Li L-J, Zeng G, Yuen K-Y, Chen R-C, Tang C-L, Wang T, Chen P-Y, Xiang J, Li S-Y, Wang J-L, Liang Z-J, Peng Y-X, Wei L, Liu Y, Hu Y-H, Peng P, Wang J-M, Liu J-Y, Chen Z, Li G, Zheng Z-J, Qiu S-Q, Luo J, Ye C-J, Zhu S-Y, Zhong N-S, China Medical Treatment Expert Group for Covid-19 (2020) Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med 382:1708–1720 . https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2002032
4. Wölfel R, Corman VM, Guggemos W, Seilmaier M, Zange S, Müller MA, Niemeyer D, Jones TC, Vollmar P, Rothe C, Hoelscher M, Bleicker T, Brünink S, Schneider J, Ehmann R, Zwirglmaier K, Drosten C, Wendtner C (2020) Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019. Nature 581:465–469 . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2196-x
5. Salzberger B, Buder F, Lampl B, Ehrenstein B, Hitzenbichler F, Holzmann T, Schmidt B, Hanses F (2021) Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2. Infection 49:233–239 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-020-01531-3
6. Dai M, Liu D, Liu M, Zhou F, Li G, Chen Z, Zhang Z, You H, Wu M, Zheng Q, Xiong Y, Xiong H, Wang C, Chen C, Xiong F, Zhang Y, Peng Y, Ge S, Zhen B, Yu T, Wang L, Wang H, Liu Y, Chen Y, Mei J, Gao X, Li Z, Gan L, He C, Li Z, Shi Y, Qi Y, Yang J, Tenen DG, Chai L, Mucci LA, Santillana M, Cai H (2020) Patients with Cancer Appear More Vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2: A Multicenter Study during the COVID-19 Outbreak. Cancer Discov 10:783–791 . https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-20-0422
7. Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19 - 28 September 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19---28-september-2021. Accessed 2 Oct 2021
8. Onder G, Rezza G, Brusaferro S (2020) Case-Fatality Rate and Characteristics of Patients Dying in Relation to COVID-19 in Italy. JAMA 323:1775–1776 . https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.4683
9. Booth A, Reed AB, Ponzo S, Yassaee A, Aral M, Plans D, Labrique A, Mohan D (2021) Population risk factors for severe disease and mortality in COVID-19: A global systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS One 16:e0247461 . https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247461
10. Tian J, Yuan X, Xiao J, Zhong Q, Yang C, Liu B, Cai Y, Lu Z, Wang J, Wang Y, Liu S, Cheng B, Wang J, Zhang M, Wang L, Niu S, Yao Z, Deng X, Zhou F, Wei W, Li Q, Chen X, Chen W, Yang Q, Wu S, Fan J, Shu B, Hu Z, Wang S, Yang X-P, Liu W, Miao X, Wang Z (2020) Clinical characteristics and risk factors associated with COVID-19 disease severity in patients with cancer in Wuhan, China: a multicentre, retrospective, cohort study. Lancet Oncol 21:893–903 . https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30309-0
11. Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall RS, Manson JJ, HLH Across Speciality Collaboration, UK (2020) COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet Lond Engl 395:1033–1034 . https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30628-0
12. El-Sharkawi D, Iyengar S (2020) Haematological cancers and the risk of severe COVID-19: Exploration and critical evaluation of the evidence to date. Br J Haematol 190:336–345 . https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.16956
13. Passamonti F, Cattaneo C, Arcaini L, Bruna R, Cavo M, Merli F, Angelucci E, Krampera M, Cairoli R, Della Porta MG, Fracchiolla N, Ladetto M, Gambacorti Passerini C, Salvini M, Marchetti M, Lemoli R, Molteni A, Busca A, Cuneo A, Romano A, Giuliani N, Galimberti S, Corso A, Morotti A, Falini B, Billio A, Gherlinzoni F, Visani G, Tisi MC, Tafuri A, Tosi P, Lanza F, Massaia M, Turrini M, Ferrara F, Gurrieri C, Vallisa D, Martelli M, Derenzini E, Guarini A, Conconi A, Cuccaro A, Cudillo L, Russo D, Ciambelli F, Scattolin AM, Luppi M, Selleri C, Ortu La Barbera E, Ferrandina C, Di Renzo N, Olivieri A, Bocchia M, Gentile M, Marchesi F, Musto P, Federici AB, Candoni A, Venditti A, Fava C, Pinto A, Galieni P, Rigacci L, Armiento D, Pane F, Oberti M, Zappasodi P, Visco C, Franchi M, Grossi PA, Bertù L, Corrao G, Pagano L, Corradini P, ITA-HEMA-COV Investigators (2020) Clinical characteristics and risk factors associated with COVID-19 severity in patients with haematological malignancies in Italy: a retrospective, multicentre, cohort study. Lancet Haematol 7:e737–e745 . https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3026(20)30251-9
14. Lee P-I, Hu Y-L, Chen P-Y, Huang Y-C, Hsueh P-R (2020) Are children less susceptible to COVID-19? J Microbiol Immunol Infect Wei Mian Yu Gan Ran Za Zhi 53:371–372 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2020.02.011
15. Ledford H (2021) Deaths from COVID “incredibly rare” among children. Nature 595:639 . https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-01897-w
16. Dong Y, Mo X, Hu Y, Qi X, Jiang F, Jiang Z, Tong S (2020) Epidemiology of COVID-19 Among Children in China. Pediatrics 145:e20200702 . https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-0702
17. Cui X, Zhao Z, Zhang T, Guo W, Guo W, Zheng J, Zhang J, Dong C, Na R, Zheng L, Li W, Liu Z, Ma J, Wang J, He S, Xu Y, Si P, Shen Y, Cai C (2021) A systematic review and meta-analysis of children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). J Med Virol 93:1057–1069 . https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26398
18. Ludvigsson JF (2020) Systematic review of COVID-19 in children shows milder cases and a better prognosis than adults. Acta Paediatr Oslo Nor 1992 109:1088–1095 . https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.15270
19. Stokes EK, Zambrano LD, Anderson KN, Marder EP, Raz KM, El Burai Felix S, Tie Y, Fullerton KE (2020) Coronavirus Disease 2019 Case Surveillance - United States, January 22-May 30, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 69:759–765 . https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6924e2
20. Swann OV, Holden KA, Turtle L, Pollock L, Fairfield CJ, Drake TM, Seth S, Egan C, Hardwick HE, Halpin S, Girvan M, Donohue C, Pritchard M, Patel LB, Ladhani S, Sigfrid L, Sinha IP, Olliaro PL, Nguyen-Van-Tam JS, Horby PW, Merson L, Carson G, Dunning J, Openshaw PJM, Baillie JK, Harrison EM, Docherty AB, Semple MG, ISARIC4C Investigators (2020) Clinical characteristics of children and young people admitted to hospital with covid-19 in United Kingdom: prospective multicentre observational cohort study. BMJ 370:m3249 . https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m3249
21. Liguoro I, Pilotto C, Bonanni M, Ferrari ME, Pusiol A, Nocerino A, Vidal E, Cogo P (2021) Correction to: SARS-COV-2 infection in children and newborns: a systematic review. Eur J Pediatr 180:2343 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-021-03961-z
22. Samuel S, Friedman RA, Sharma C, Ganigara M, Mitchell E, Schleien C, Blaufox AD (2020) Incidence of arrhythmias and electrocardiographic abnormalities in symptomatic pediatric patients with PCR-positive SARS-CoV-2 infection, including drug-induced changes in the corrected QT interval. Heart Rhythm 17:1960–1966 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.06.033
23. Wu L, O’Kane AM, Peng H, Bi Y, Motriuk-Smith D, Ren J (2020) SARS-CoV-2 and cardiovascular complications: From molecular mechanisms to pharmaceutical management. Biochem Pharmacol 178:114114 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114114
24. LaRovere KL, Riggs BJ, Poussaint TY, Young CC, Newhams MM, Maamari M, Walker TC, Singh AR, Dapul H, Hobbs CV, McLaughlin GE, Son MBF, Maddux AB, Clouser KN, Rowan CM, McGuire JK, Fitzgerald JC, Gertz SJ, Shein SL, Munoz AC, Thomas NJ, Irby K, Levy ER, Staat MA, Tenforde MW, Feldstein LR, Halasa NB, Giuliano JS, Hall MW, Kong M, Carroll CL, Schuster JE, Doymaz S, Loftis LL, Tarquinio KM, Babbitt CJ, Nofziger RA, Kleinman LC, Keenaghan MA, Cvijanovich NZ, Spinella PC, Hume JR, Wellnitz K, Mack EH, Michelson KN, Flori HR, Patel MM, Randolph AG, Overcoming COVID-19 Investigators (2021) Neurologic Involvement in Children and Adolescents Hospitalized in the United States for COVID-19 or Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome. JAMA Neurol 78:536–547 . https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.0504
25. Ray STJ, Abdel-Mannan O, Sa M, Fuller C, Wood GK, Pysden K, Yoong M, McCullagh H, Scott D, McMahon M, Thomas N, Taylor M, Illingworth M, McCrea N, Davies V, Whitehouse W, Zuberi S, Guthrie K, Wassmer E, Shah N, Baker MR, Tiwary S, Tan HJ, Varma U, Ram D, Avula S, Enright N, Hassell J, Ross Russell AL, Kumar R, Mulholland RE, Pett S, Galea I, Thomas RH, Lim M, Hacohen Y, Solomon T, Griffiths MJ, Michael BD, Kneen R, CoroNerve study group (2021) Neurological manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection in hospitalised children and adolescents in the UK: a prospective national cohort study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 5:631–641 . https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(21)00193-0
26. Andina D, Belloni-Fortina A, Bodemer C, Bonifazi E, Chiriac A, Colmenero I, Diociaiuti A, El-Hachem M, Fertitta L, van Gysel D, Hernández-Martín A, Hubiche T, Luca C, Martos-Cabrera L, Maruani A, Mazzotta F, Akkaya AD, Casals M, Ferrando J, Grimalt R, Grozdev I, Kinsler V, Morren MA, Munisami M, Nanda A, Novoa MP, Ott H, Pasmans S, Salavastru C, Zawar V, Torrelo A, ESPD Group for the Skin Manifestations of COVID-19 (2021) Skin manifestations of COVID-19 in children: Part 1. Clin Exp Dermatol 46:444–450 . https://doi.org/10.1111/ced.14481
27. Levin M (2020) Childhood Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome - A New Challenge in the Pandemic. N Engl J Med 383:393–395 . https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMe2023158
28. Feldstein LR, Rose EB, Horwitz SM, Collins JP, Newhams MM, Son MBF, Newburger JW, Kleinman LC, Heidemann SM, Martin AA, Singh AR, Li S, Tarquinio KM, Jaggi P, Oster ME, Zackai SP, Gillen J, Ratner AJ, Walsh RF, Fitzgerald JC, Keenaghan MA, Alharash H, Doymaz S, Clouser KN, Giuliano JS, Gupta A, Parker RM, Maddux AB, Havalad V, Ramsingh S, Bukulmez H, Bradford TT, Smith LS, Tenforde MW, Carroll CL, Riggs BJ, Gertz SJ, Daube A, Lansell A, Coronado Munoz A, Hobbs CV, Marohn KL, Halasa NB, Patel MM, Randolph AG, Overcoming COVID-19 Investigators, CDC COVID-19 Response Team (2020) Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in U.S. Children and Adolescents. N Engl J Med 383:334–346 . https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2021680
29. Payne AB, Gilani Z, Godfred-Cato S, Belay ED, Feldstein LR, Patel MM, Randolph AG, Newhams M, Thomas D, Magleby R, Hsu K, Burns M, Dufort E, Maxted A, Pietrowski M, Longenberger A, Bidol S, Henderson J, Sosa L, Edmundson A, Tobin-D’Angelo M, Edison L, Heidemann S, Singh AR, Giuliano JS, Kleinman LC, Tarquinio KM, Walsh RF, Fitzgerald JC, Clouser KN, Gertz SJ, Carroll RW, Carroll CL, Hoots BE, Reed C, Dahlgren FS, Oster ME, Pierce TJ, Curns AT, Langley GE, Campbell AP, MIS-C Incidence Authorship Group, Balachandran N, Murray TS, Burkholder C, Brancard T, Lifshitz J, Leach D, Charpie I, Tice C, Coffin SE, Perella D, Jones K, Marohn KL, Yager PH, Fernandes ND, Flori HR, Koncicki ML, Walker KS, Di Pentima MC, Li S, Horwitz SM, Gaur S, Coffey DC, Harwayne-Gidansky I, Hymes SR, Thomas NJ, Ackerman KG, Cholette JM (2021) Incidence of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Among US Persons Infected With SARS-CoV-2. JAMA Netw Open 4:e2116420 . https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.16420
30. Castagnola E, Mariani M, Sticchi C, Sticchi L, Spiazzi R, Caorsi R, Gattorno M, Ravelli A (2021) Incidence rate of MIS-C in paediatrics: A good reason to vaccinate children against SARS-CoV-2. Acta Paediatr Oslo Nor 1992. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.16081
31. Ben-Shimol S, Livni G, Megged O, Greenberg D, Danino D, Youngster I, Shachor-Meyouhas Y, Dabaja-Younis H, Scheuerman O, Mor M, Somekh E, Yakub Hanna H, Givon-Lavi N, Guri A, Leibovitz E, Alkan Y, Grupel D, Rubinstein U, Steinberg Ben Zeev Z, Bamberger E, Asher Kuperman A, Grisaru-Soen G, Tasher D, Gottesman G, Glikman D, Stein M (2021) COVID-19 in a Subset of Hospitalized Children in Israel. J Pediatr Infect Dis Soc 10:757–765 . https://doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piab035
32. Kaushik A, Gupta S, Sood M, Sharma S, Verma S (2020) A Systematic Review of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Associated With SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 39:e340–e346 . https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000002888
33. McArdle AJ, Vito O, Patel H, Seaby EG, Shah P, Wilson C, Broderick C, Nijman R, Tremoulet AH, Munblit D, Ulloa-Gutierrez R, Carter MJ, De T, Hoggart C, Whittaker E, Herberg JA, Kaforou M, Cunnington AJ, Levin M, BATS Consortium (2021) Treatment of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children. N Engl J Med 385:11–22 . https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2102968
34. Son MBF, Murray N, Friedman K, Young CC, Newhams MM, Feldstein LR, Loftis LL, Tarquinio KM, Singh AR, Heidemann SM, Soma VL, Riggs BJ, Fitzgerald JC, Kong M, Doymaz S, Giuliano JS, Keenaghan MA, Hume JR, Hobbs CV, Schuster JE, Clouser KN, Hall MW, Smith LS, Horwitz SM, Schwartz SP, Irby K, Bradford TT, Maddux AB, Babbitt CJ, Rowan CM, McLaughlin GE, Yager PH, Maamari M, Mack EH, Carroll CL, Montgomery VL, Halasa NB, Cvijanovich NZ, Coates BM, Rose CE, Newburger JW, Patel MM, Randolph AG, Overcoming COVID-19 Investigators (2021) Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children - Initial Therapy and Outcomes. N Engl J Med 385:23–34 . https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2102605
35. Ouldali N, Toubiana J, Antona D, Javouhey E, Madhi F, Lorrot M, Léger P-L, Galeotti C, Claude C, Wiedemann A, Lachaume N, Ovaert C, Dumortier M, Kahn J-E, Mandelcwajg A, Percheron L, Biot B, Bordet J, Girardin M-L, Yang DD, Grimaud M, Oualha M, Allali S, Bajolle F, Beyler C, Meinzer U, Levy M, Paulet A-M, Levy C, Cohen R, Belot A, Angoulvant F, French Covid-19 Paediatric Inflammation Consortium (2021) Association of Intravenous Immunoglobulins Plus Methylprednisolone vs Immunoglobulins Alone With Course of Fever in Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children. JAMA 325:855–864 . https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.0694
36. Wang J-G, Zhong Z-J, Mo Y-F, Wang L-C, Chen R (2021) Epidemiological features of coronavirus disease 2019 in children: a meta-analysis. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 25:1146–1157 . https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_202101_24685
37. Kim L, Whitaker M, O’Halloran A, Kambhampati A, Chai SJ, Reingold A, Armistead I, Kawasaki B, Meek J, Yousey-Hindes K, Anderson EJ, Openo KP, Weigel A, Ryan P, Monroe ML, Fox K, Kim S, Lynfield R, Bye E, Shrum Davis S, Smelser C, Barney G, Spina NL, Bennett NM, Felsen CB, Billing LM, Shiltz J, Sutton M, West N, Talbot HK, Schaffner W, Risk I, Price A, Brammer L, Fry AM, Hall AJ, Langley GE, Garg S, COVID-NET Surveillance Team (2020) Hospitalization Rates and Characteristics of Children Aged <18 Years Hospitalized with Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 - COVID-NET, 14 States, March 1-July 25, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 69:1081–1088 . https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6932e3
38. Götzinger F, Santiago-García B, Noguera-Julián A, Lanaspa M, Lancella L, Calò Carducci FI, Gabrovska N, Velizarova S, Prunk P, Osterman V, Krivec U, Lo Vecchio A, Shingadia D, Soriano-Arandes A, Melendo S, Lanari M, Pierantoni L, Wagner N, L’Huillier AG, Heininger U, Ritz N, Bandi S, Krajcar N, Roglić S, Santos M, Christiaens C, Creuven M, Buonsenso D, Welch SB, Bogyi M, Brinkmann F, Tebruegge M, ptbnet COVID-19 Study Group (2020) COVID-19 in children and adolescents in Europe: a multinational, multicentre cohort study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 4:653–661 . https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30177-2
39. Havers FP, Whitaker M, Self JL, Chai SJ, Kirley PD, Alden NB, Kawasaki B, Meek J, Yousey-Hindes K, Anderson EJ, Openo KP, Weigel A, Teno K, Monroe ML, Ryan PA, Reeg L, Kohrman A, Lynfield R, Como-Sabetti K, Poblete M, McMullen C, Muse A, Spina N, Bennett NM, Gaitán M, Billing LM, Shiltz J, Sutton M, Abdullah N, Schaffner W, Talbot HK, Crossland M, George A, Patel K, Pham H, Milucky J, Anglin O, Ujamaa D, Hall AJ, Garg S, Taylor CA, COVID-NET Surveillance Team (2021) Hospitalization of Adolescents Aged 12-17 Years with Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 - COVID-NET, 14 States, March 1, 2020-April 24, 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 70:851–857 . https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7023e1
40. Bhopal SS, Bagaria J, Olabi B, Bhopal R (2021) Children and young people remain at low risk of COVID-19 mortality. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 5:e12–e13 . https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(21)00066-3
41. McCormick DW, Richardson LC, Young PR, Viens LJ, Gould CV, Kimball A, Pindyck T, Rosenblum HG, Siegel DA, Vu QM, Komatsu K, Venkat H, Openshaw JJ, Kawasaki B, Siniscalchi AJ, Gumke M, Leapley A, Tobin-D’Angelo M, Kauerauf J, Reid H, White K, Ahmed FS, Richardson G, Hand J, Kirkey K, Larson L, Byers P, Garcia A, Ojo M, Zamcheck A, Lash MK, Lee EH, Reilly KH, Wilson E, de Fijter S, Naqvi OH, Harduar-Morano L, Burch A-K, Lewis A, Kolsin J, Pont SJ, Barbeau B, Bixler D, Reagan-Steiner S, Koumans EH, Pediatric Mortality Investigation Team (2021) Deaths in Children and Adolescents Associated With COVID-19 and MIS-C in the United States. Pediatrics e2021052273 . https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2021-052273
42. Bixler D, Miller AD, Mattison CP, Taylor B, Komatsu K, Peterson Pompa X, Moon S, Karmarkar E, Liu CY, Openshaw JJ, Plotzker RE, Rosen HE, Alden N, Kawasaki B, Siniscalchi A, Leapley A, Drenzek C, Tobin-D’Angelo M, Kauerauf J, Reid H, Hawkins E, White K, Ahmed F, Hand J, Richardson G, Sokol T, Eckel S, Collins J, Holzbauer S, Kollmann L, Larson L, Schiffman E, Kittle TS, Hertin K, Kraushaar V, Raman D, LeGarde V, Kinsinger L, Peek-Bullock M, Lifshitz J, Ojo M, Arciuolo RJ, Davidson A, Huynh M, Lash MK, Latash J, Lee EH, Li L, McGibbon E, McIntosh-Beckles N, Pouchet R, Ramachandran JS, Reilly KH, Dufort E, Pulver W, Zamcheck A, Wilson E, de Fijter S, Naqvi O, Nalluswami K, Waller K, Bell LJ, Burch A-K, Radcliffe R, Fiscus MD, Lewis A, Kolsin J, Pont S, Salinas A, Sanders K, Barbeau B, Althomsons S, Atti S, Brown JS, Chang A, Clarke KR, Datta SD, Iskander J, Leitgeb B, Pindyck T, Priyamvada L, Reagan-Steiner S, Scott NA, Viens LJ, Zhong J, Koumans EH, Pediatric Mortality Investigation Team (2020) SARS-CoV-2-Associated Deaths Among Persons Aged <21 Years - United States, February 12-July 31, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 69:1324–1329 . https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6937e4
43. Irfan O, Muttalib F, Tang K, Jiang L, Lassi ZS, Bhutta Z (2021) Clinical characteristics, treatment and outcomes of paediatric COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child archdischild-2020-321385 . https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2020-321385
44. Turner D, Huang Y, Martín-de-Carpi J, Aloi M, Focht G, Kang B, Zhou Y, Sanchez C, Kappelman MD, Uhlig HH, Pujol-Muncunill G, Ledder O, Lionetti P, Dias JA, Ruemmele FM, Russell RK, Paediatric IBD Porto group of ESPGHAN (2020) Corona Virus Disease 2019 and Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Global Experience and Provisional Guidance (March 2020) from the Paediatric IBD Porto Group of European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 70:727–733 . https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0000000000002729
45. Sengler C, Eulert S, Minden K, Niewerth M, Horneff G, Kuemmerle-Deschner J, Siemer C, Berendes R, Girschick H, Hühn R, Borte M, Hospach A, Emminger W, Armann J, Klein A, Kallinich T (2021) Clinical manifestations and outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infections in children and adolescents with rheumatic musculoskeletal diseases: data from the National Paediatric Rheumatology Database in Germany. RMD Open 7:e001687 . https://doi.org/10.1136/rmdopen-2021-001687
46. Marlais M, Wlodkowski T, Vivarelli M, Pape L, Tönshoff B, Schaefer F, Tullus K (2020) The severity of COVID-19 in children on immunosuppressive medication. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 4:e17–e18 . https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30145-0
47. CDC (2020) Healthcare Workers. In: Cent. Dis. Control Prev. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/clinical-care/underlyingconditions.html. Accessed 25 Sep 2021
48. CDC (2020) Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). In: Cent. Dis. Control Prev. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/science/science-briefs/underlying-evidence-table.html. Accessed 25 Sep 2021
49. Saini KS, Tagliamento M, Lambertini M, McNally R, Romano M, Leone M, Curigliano G, de Azambuja E (2020) Mortality in patients with cancer and coronavirus disease 2019: A systematic review and pooled analysis of 52 studies. Eur J Cancer Oxf Engl 1990 139:43–50 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2020.08.011
50. de Rojas T, Pérez-Martínez A, Cela E, Baragaño M, Galán V, Mata C, Peretó A, Madero L (2020) COVID-19 infection in children and adolescents with cancer in Madrid. Pediatr Blood Cancer 67:e28397 . https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.28397
51. Bouffet E, Challinor J, Sullivan M, Biondi A, Rodriguez-Galindo C, Pritchard-Jones K (2020) Early advice on managing children with cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic and a call for sharing experiences. Pediatr Blood Cancer 67:e28327 . https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.28327
52. Meena JP, Kumar Gupta A, Tanwar P, Ram Jat K, Mohan Pandey R, Seth R (2021) Clinical presentations and outcomes of children with cancer and COVID-19: A systematic review. Pediatr Blood Cancer 68:e29005 . https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.29005
53. Boulad F, Kamboj M, Bouvier N, Mauguen A, Kung AL (2020) COVID-19 in Children With Cancer in New York City. JAMA Oncol 6:1459–1460 . https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2020.2028
54. Cesaro S, Compagno F, Zama D, Meneghello L, Giurici N, Soncini E, Onofrillo D, Mercolini F, Mura R, Perruccio K, De Santis R, Colombini A, Barone A, Sainati L, Baretta V, Petris MG (2020) Screening for SARS-CoV-2 infection in pediatric oncology patients during the epidemic peak in Italy. Pediatr Blood Cancer 67:e28466 . https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.28466
55. Ferrari A, Zecca M, Rizzari C, Porta F, Provenzi M, Marinoni M, Schumacher RF, Luksch R, Terenziani M, Casanova M, Spreafico F, Chiaravalli S, Compagno F, Bruni F, Piccolo C, Bettini L, D’Angiò M, Ferrari GM, Biondi A, Massimino M, Balduzzi A (2020) Children with cancer in the time of COVID-19: An 8-week report from the six pediatric onco-hematology centers in Lombardia, Italy. Pediatr Blood Cancer 67:e28410 . https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.28410
56. Hamdy R, El-Mahallawy H, Ebeid E (2021) COVID-19 infection in febrile neutropenic pediatric hematology oncology patients. Pediatr Blood Cancer 68:e28765 . https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.28765
57. López-Aguilar E, Cárdenas-Navarrete R, Simental-Toba A, Pacheco-Rosas D, Thomé-Ortiz P, Soto-Pérez G, Martín-Trejo J, Vázquez-Rosales G, Miranda-Novales G (2021) Children with cancer during COVID-19 pandemic: Early experience in Mexico. Pediatr Blood Cancer 68:e28660 . https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.28660
58. Sieni E, Pegoraro F, Casini T, Tondo A, Bortone B, Moriondo M, Azzari C, Galli L, Favre C (2020) Favourable outcome of coronavirus disease 2019 in a 1-year-old girl with acute myeloid leukaemia and severe treatment-induced immunosuppression. Br J Haematol 189:e222–e224 . https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.16781
59. Wang S-M, Tao F, Hou Y, Zhang A, Xiong H, Sun J-J, Luo X-P, Hao Y, Li J-X, Hu Q, Liu A-G (2020) Screening of SARS-CoV-2 in 299 Hospitalized Children with Hemato-oncological Diseases: A Multicenter Survey in Hubei, China. Curr Med Sci 40:642–645 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s11596-020-2228-7
60. André N, Rouger-Gaudichon J, Brethon B, Phulpin A, Thébault É, Pertuisel S, Gandemer V (2020) COVID-19 in pediatric oncology from French pediatric oncology and hematology centers: High risk of severe forms? Pediatr Blood Cancer 67:e28392 . https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.28392
61. Bisogno G, Provenzi M, Zama D, Tondo A, Meazza C, Colombini A, Galaverna F, Compagno F, Carraro F, De Santis R, Meneghello L, Baretta V, Cesaro S (2020) Clinical Characteristics and Outcome of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection in Italian Pediatric Oncology Patients: A Study From the Infectious Diseases Working Group of the Associazione Italiana di Oncologia e Ematologia Pediatrica. J Pediatr Infect Dis Soc 9:530–534 . https://doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piaa088
62. Pérez-Martinez A, Guerra-García P, Melgosa M, Frauca E, Fernandez-Camblor C, Remesal A, Calvo C (2021) Clinical outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection in immunosuppressed children in Spain. Eur J Pediatr 180:967–971 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-020-03793-3
63. Montoya J, Ugaz C, Alarcon S, Maradiegue E, García J, Díaz R, Zapata A, Chávez S, Morales R, Ordoñez K, Hernandez E, Reaño R, Gutierrez C, Vargas MP, Sanchez K, Valdiviezo C, Maza I, Rojas N, Moore C, León E, Vásquez L (2021) COVID-19 in pediatric cancer patients in a resource-limited setting: National data from Peru. Pediatr Blood Cancer 68:e28610 . https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.28610
64. Almassi N, Mulhall JP, Funt SA, Sheinfeld J (2020) “Case of the Month” from Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA: managing newly diagnosed metastatic testicular germ cell tumour in a COVID-19-positive patient. BJU Int 126:333–335 . https://doi.org/10.1111/bju.15157
65. Bernar B, Kropshofer G, Crazzolara R, Kapelari K, Griesmacher A, Müller T, Scholl-Bürgi S (2020) SARS-CoV-2 infection in a 7-year-old girl with pancytopenia during acute lymphocytic leukemia maintenance therapy. Pediatr Blood Cancer 67:e28391 . https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.28391
66. Dantonello TM, Kartal-Kaess M, Aebi C, Suter-Riniker F, Busch JD, Kubetzko S, Bourquin J-P, Roessler J (2021) SARS-CoV-2 Infection During Induction Chemotherapy in a Child With High-risk T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 43:e804–e807 . https://doi.org/10.1097/MPH.0000000000001943
67. Flores V, Miranda R, Merino L, González C, Serrano C, Solano M, Herrera J, González P, Ruiz G, Saldaña R, Cárdenas A, Chávez-Aguilar LA (2020) SARS-CoV-2 infection in children with febrile neutropenia. Ann Hematol 99:1941–1942 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s00277-020-04115-1
68. Jarmoliński T, Matkowska-Kocjan A, Rosa M, Olejnik I, Gorczyńska E, Kałwak K, Ussowicz M (2021) SARS-CoV-2 viral clearance during bone marrow aplasia after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation-A case report. Pediatr Transplant 25:e13875 . https://doi.org/10.1111/petr.13875
69. Marcia M, Vania B, Pruccoli G, Vallero SG, Barisone E, Scolfaro C, Fagioli F (2020) Acute lymphoblastic leukemia onset in a 3-year-old child with COVID-19. Pediatr Blood Cancer 67:e28423 . https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.28423
70. Offenbacher R, Fabish L, Baker A, Chou AJ, Loeb DM (2021) Respiratory Failure in a Child With Pulmonary Metastatic Osteosarcoma and COVID-19. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 43:e859–e860 . https://doi.org/10.1097/MPH.0000000000001897
71. Orf K, Rogosic S, Dexter D, Ancliff P, Badle S, Brierley J, Cheng D, Dalton C, Dixon G, Du Pré P, Grandjean L, Ghorashian S, Mittal P, O’Connor D, Pavasovic V, Rao A, Samarasinghe S, Vora A, Bamford A, Bartram J (2020) Remdesivir during induction chemotherapy for newly diagnosed paediatric acute lymphoblastic leukaemia with concomitant SARS-CoV-2 infection. Br J Haematol 190:e274–e276 . https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.17014
72. Pérez-Heras I, Fernandez-Escobar V, Del Pozo-Carlavilla M, Díaz-Merchán R, Valerio-Alonso ME, Domínguez-Pinilla N (2020) Two Cases of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Pediatric Oncohematologic Patients in Spain. Pediatr Infect Dis J 39:1040–1042 . https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000002841
73. Velasco Puyó P, Moreno L, Díaz de Heredia C, Rivière JG, Soler Palacín P (2020) Tocilizumab in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and COVID-19-related cytokine release syndrome. An Pediatr 93:132–133 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anpede.2020.05.002
74. Radhakrishnan V, Gangopadhyay D (2021) Repeat-positive SARS-CoV-2 in a child with cancer. Pediatr Blood Cancer 68:e28744 . https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.28744
75. Schied A, Trovillion E, Moodley A (2020) SARS-CoV-2 infection in a neutropenic pediatric patient with leukemia: Addressing the need for universal guidelines for treatment of SARS-CoV-2-positive, immunocompromised patients. Pediatr Blood Cancer 67:e28546 . https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.28546
76. Shankar R, Radhakrishnan N, Dua S, Arora S, Rana M, Sahu DK, Rai S, Gupta DK (2021) Convalescent plasma to aid in recovery of COVID-19 pneumonia in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Transfus Apher Sci Off J World Apher Assoc Off J Eur Soc Haemapheresis 60:102956 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transci.2020.102956
77. Smith VR, Whittle SB, Coleman RD, Munoz FM, De Guzman MM, Foster JH, Navai SA (2021) Severe COVID-19 infection in a child receiving immunotherapy for cancer. Pediatr Blood Cancer 68:e28710 . https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.28710
78. Stokes CL, Patel PA, Sabnis HS, Mitchell SG, Yildirim IB, Pauly MG (2020) Severe COVID-19 disease in two pediatric oncology patients. Pediatr Blood Cancer 67:e28432 . https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.28432
79. Vicent MG, Martinez AP, Trabazo Del Castillo M, Molina B, Sisini L, Morón-Cazalilla G, Díaz MÁ (2020) COVID-19 in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: The experience of Spanish Group of Transplant (GETMON/GETH). Pediatr Blood Cancer 67:e28514 . https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.28514
80. Zamperlini-Netto G, Fernandes JF, Garcia JL, Ribeiro AAF, Camargo LFA, de Moraes Terra C, Hamerschlak N (2021) COVID-19 after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: report of two children. Bone Marrow Transplant 56:713–715 . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41409-020-01041-8
81. Zhao Y, Zhao W, Wang A, Qian F, Wang S, Zhuang L, Zhang F, Sun D, Gao G (2020) First Case of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Childhood Leukemia in China. Pediatr Infect Dis J 39:e142–e145 . https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000002742
82. Zhou X, Wang G, Chen L, Meng F, Huang L, Huang L, Wang N, Li T, Cao Y, Zhou J (2020) Clinical characteristics of hematological patients concomitant with COVID-19. Cancer Sci 111:3379–3385 . https://doi.org/10.1111/cas.14544
83. Sun D, Li H, Lu X-X, Xiao H, Ren J, Zhang F-R, Liu Z-S (2020) Clinical features of severe pediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan: a single center’s observational study. World J Pediatr WJP 16:251–259 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s12519-020-00354-4
84. Rossoff J, Patel AB, Muscat E, Kociolek LK, Muller WJ (2020) Benign course of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a series of pediatric oncology patients. Pediatr Blood Cancer 67:e28504 . https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.28504
85. Dorantes-Acosta E, Ávila-Montiel D, Klünder-Klünder M, Juárez-Villegas L, Márquez-González H (2020) Survival and Complications in Pediatric Patients With Cancer and COVID-19: A Meta-Analysis. Front Oncol 10:608282 . https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2020.608282
86. Nicastro E, Verdoni L, Bettini LR, Zuin G, Balduzzi A, Montini G, Biondi A, D’Antiga L (2021) COVID-19 in Immunosuppressed Children. Front Pediatr 9:629240 . https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2021.629240
87. Mukkada S, Bhakta N, Chantada GL, Chen Y, Vedaraju Y, Faughnan L, Homsi MR, Muniz-Talavera H, Ranadive R, Metzger M, Friedrich P, Agulnik A, Jeha S, Lam C, Dalvi R, Hessissen L, Moreira DC, Santana VM, Sullivan M, Bouffet E, Caniza MA, Devidas M, Pritchard-Jones K, Rodriguez-Galindo C, Global Registry of COVID-19 in Childhood Cancer (2021) Global characteristics and outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adolescents with cancer (GRCCC): a cohort study. Lancet Oncol S1470-2045(21)00454-X . https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(21)00454-X
88. Ljungman P, de la Camara R, Mikulska M, Tridello G, Aguado B, Zahrani MA, Apperley J, Berceanu A, Bofarull RM, Calbacho M, Ciceri F, Lopez-Corral L, Crippa C, Fox ML, Grassi A, Jimenez M-J, Demir SK, Kwon M, Llamas CV, Lorenzo JLL, Mielke S, Orchard K, Porras RP, Vallisa D, Xhaard A, Knelange NS, Cedillo A, Kröger N, Piñana JL, Styczynski J (2021) COVID-19 and stem cell transplantation; results from an EBMT and GETH multicenter prospective survey. Leukemia. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41375-021-01302-5
89. COVID-19 resources. In: RCPCH. https://www.rcpch.ac.uk/key-topics/covid-19/all-resources. Accessed 25 Sep 2021
90. Society CP The acute management of COVID-19 in paediatrics (spring 2021 update) | Canadian Paediatric Society. https://www.cps.ca/en/documents/position/the-acute-management-of-paediatric-coronavirus-disease-2019covid-19. Accessed 25 Sep 2021
91. Jiehao C, Jin X, Daojiong L, Zhi Y, Lei X, Zhenghai Q, Yuehua Z, Hua Z, Ran J, Pengcheng L, Xiangshi W, Yanling G, Aimei X, He T, Hailing C, Chuning W, Jingjing L, Jianshe W, Mei Z (2020) A Case Series of Children With 2019 Novel Coronavirus Infection: Clinical and Epidemiological Features. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am 71:1547–1551 . https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa198
92. Zimmermann P, Curtis N (2020) Coronavirus Infections in Children Including COVID-19: An Overview of the Epidemiology, Clinical Features, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention Options in Children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 39:355–368 . https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000002660
93. Reis G, Moreira Silva EADS, Medeiros Silva DC, Thabane L, Singh G, Park JJH, Forrest JI, Harari O, Quirino Dos Santos CV, Guimarães de Almeida APF, Figueiredo Neto AD de, Savassi LCM, Milagres AC, Teixeira MM, Simplicio MIC, Ribeiro LB, Oliveira R, Mills EJ, TOGETHER Investigators (2021) Effect of Early Treatment With Hydroxychloroquine or Lopinavir and Ritonavir on Risk of Hospitalization Among Patients With COVID-19: The TOGETHER Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open 4:e216468 . https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.6468
94. RECOVERY Collaborative Group, Horby P, Mafham M, Linsell L, Bell JL, Staplin N, Emberson JR, Wiselka M, Ustianowski A, Elmahi E, Prudon B, Whitehouse T, Felton T, Williams J, Faccenda J, Underwood J, Baillie JK, Chappell LC, Faust SN, Jaki T, Jeffery K, Lim WS, Montgomery A, Rowan K, Tarning J, Watson JA, White NJ, Juszczak E, Haynes R, Landray MJ (2020) Effect of Hydroxychloroquine in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med 383:2030–2040 . https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2022926
95. Kashour Z, Riaz M, Garbati MA, AlDosary O, Tlayjeh H, Gerberi D, Murad MH, Sohail MR, Kashour T, Tleyjeh IM (2021) Efficacy of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother 76:30–42 . https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkaa403
96. Cao B, Wang Y, Wen D, Liu W, Wang J, Fan G, Ruan L, Song B, Cai Y, Wei M, Li X, Xia J, Chen N, Xiang J, Yu T, Bai T, Xie X, Zhang L, Li C, Yuan Y, Chen H, Li H, Huang H, Tu S, Gong F, Liu Y, Wei Y, Dong C, Zhou F, Gu X, Xu J, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Li H, Shang L, Wang K, Li K, Zhou X, Dong X, Qu Z, Lu S, Hu X, Ruan S, Luo S, Wu J, Peng L, Cheng F, Pan L, Zou J, Jia C, Wang J, Liu X, Wang S, Wu X, Ge Q, He J, Zhan H, Qiu F, Guo L, Huang C, Jaki T, Hayden FG, Horby PW, Zhang D, Wang C (2020) A Trial of Lopinavir-Ritonavir in Adults Hospitalized with Severe Covid-19. N Engl J Med 382:1787–1799 . https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001282
97. RECOVERY Collaborative Group (2020) Lopinavir-ritonavir in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. Lancet Lond Engl 396:1345–1352 . https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32013-4
98. WHO Solidarity Trial Consortium, Pan H, Peto R, Henao-Restrepo A-M, Preziosi M-P, Sathiyamoorthy V, Abdool Karim Q, Alejandria MM, Hernández García C, Kieny M-P, Malekzadeh R, Murthy S, Reddy KS, Roses Periago M, Abi Hanna P, Ader F, Al-Bader AM, Alhasawi A, Allum E, Alotaibi A, Alvarez-Moreno CA, Appadoo S, Asiri A, Aukrust P, Barratt-Due A, Bellani S, Branca M, Cappel-Porter HBC, Cerrato N, Chow TS, Como N, Eustace J, García PJ, Godbole S, Gotuzzo E, Griskevicius L, Hamra R, Hassan M, Hassany M, Hutton D, Irmansyah I, Jancoriene L, Kirwan J, Kumar S, Lennon P, Lopardo G, Lydon P, Magrini N, Maguire T, Manevska S, Manuel O, McGinty S, Medina MT, Mesa Rubio ML, Miranda-Montoya MC, Nel J, Nunes EP, Perola M, Portolés A, Rasmin MR, Raza A, Rees H, Reges PPS, Rogers CA, Salami K, Salvadori MI, Sinani N, Sterne JAC, Stevanovikj M, Tacconelli E, Tikkinen KAO, Trelle S, Zaid H, Røttingen J-A, Swaminathan S (2021) Repurposed Antiviral Drugs for Covid-19 - Interim WHO Solidarity Trial Results. N Engl J Med 384:497–511 . https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2023184
99. Cavalcanti AB, Zampieri FG, Rosa RG, Azevedo LCP, Veiga VC, Avezum A, Damiani LP, Marcadenti A, Kawano-Dourado L, Lisboa T, Junqueira DLM, de Barros E Silva PGM, Tramujas L, Abreu-Silva EO, Laranjeira LN, Soares AT, Echenique LS, Pereira AJ, Freitas FGR, Gebara OCE, Dantas VCS, Furtado RHM, Milan EP, Golin NA, Cardoso FF, Maia IS, Hoffmann Filho CR, Kormann APM, Amazonas RB, Bocchi de Oliveira MF, Serpa-Neto A, Falavigna M, Lopes RD, Machado FR, Berwanger O, Coalition Covid-19 Brazil I Investigators (2020) Hydroxychloroquine with or without Azithromycin in Mild-to-Moderate Covid-19. N Engl J Med 383:2041–2052 . https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2019014
100. Furtado RHM, Berwanger O, Fonseca HA, Corrêa TD, Ferraz LR, Lapa MG, Zampieri FG, Veiga VC, Azevedo LCP, Rosa RG, Lopes RD, Avezum A, Manoel ALO, Piza FMT, Martins PA, Lisboa TC, Pereira AJ, Olivato GB, Dantas VCS, Milan EP, Gebara OCE, Amazonas RB, Oliveira MB, Soares RVP, Moia DDF, Piano LPA, Castilho K, Momesso RGRAP, Schettino GPP, Rizzo LV, Neto AS, Machado FR, Cavalcanti AB, COALITION COVID-19 Brazil II Investigators (2020) Azithromycin in addition to standard of care versus standard of care alone in the treatment of patients admitted to the hospital with severe COVID-19 in Brazil (COALITION II): a randomised clinical trial. Lancet Lond Engl 396:959–967 . https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31862-6
101. RECOVERY Collaborative Group (2021) Azithromycin in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. Lancet Lond Engl 397:605–612 . https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00149-5
102. Rosenberg ES, Dufort EM, Udo T, Wilberschied LA, Kumar J, Tesoriero J, Weinberg P, Kirkwood J, Muse A, DeHovitz J, Blog DS, Hutton B, Holtgrave DR, Zucker HA (2020) Association of Treatment With Hydroxychloroquine or Azithromycin With In-Hospital Mortality in Patients With COVID-19 in New York State. JAMA 323:2493–2502 . https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.8630
103. Rochwerg B, Agarwal A, Siemieniuk RA, Agoritsas T, Lamontagne F, Askie L, Lytvyn L, Leo Y-S, Macdonald H, Zeng L, Amin W, Burhan E, Bausch FJ, Calfee CS, Cecconi M, Chanda D, Du B, Geduld H, Gee P, Harley N, Hashimi M, Hunt B, Kabra SK, Kanda S, Kawano-Dourado L, Kim Y-J, Kissoon N, Kwizera A, Mahaka I, Manai H, Mino G, Nsutebu E, Preller J, Pshenichnaya N, Qadir N, Sabzwari S, Sarin R, Shankar-Hari M, Sharland M, Shen Y, Ranganathan SS, Souza JP, Stegemann M, De Sutter A, Ugarte S, Venkatapuram S, Dat VQ, Vuyiseka D, Wijewickrama A, Maguire B, Zeraatkar D, Bartoszko JJ, Ge L, Brignardello-Petersen R, Owen A, Guyatt G, Diaz J, Jacobs M, Vandvik PO (2020) A living WHO guideline on drugs for covid-19. BMJ 370:m3379 . https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m3379
104. Sarkar S, Khanna P, Soni KD (2021) Are the steroids a blanket solution for COVID-19? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Med Virol 93:1538–1547 . https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26483
105. Rivera DR, Peters S, Panagiotou OA, Shah DP, Kuderer NM, Hsu C-Y, Rubinstein SM, Lee BJ, Choueiri TK, de Lima Lopes G, Grivas P, Painter CA, Rini BI, Thompson MA, Arcobello J, Bakouny Z, Doroshow DB, Egan PC, Farmakiotis D, Fecher LA, Friese CR, Galsky MD, Goel S, Gupta S, Halfdanarson TR, Halmos B, Hawley JE, Khaki AR, Lemmon CA, Mishra S, Olszewski AJ, Pennell NA, Puc MM, Revankar SG, Schapira L, Schmidt A, Schwartz GK, Shah SA, Wu JT, Xie Z, Yeh AC, Zhu H, Shyr Y, Lyman GH, Warner JL, COVID-19 and Cancer Consortium (2020) Utilization of COVID-19 Treatments and Clinical Outcomes among Patients with Cancer: A COVID-19 and Cancer Consortium (CCC19) Cohort Study. Cancer Discov 10:1514–1527 . https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-20-0941
106. Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19 - PubMed. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32678530/. Accessed 2 Oct 2021
107. Dulek DE, Fuhlbrigge RC, Tribble AC, Connelly JA, Loi MM, El Chebib H, Chandrakasan S, Otto WR, Diorio C, Keim G, Walkovich K, Jaggi P, Girotto JE, Yarbrough A, Behrens EM, Cron RQ, Bassiri H (2020) Multidisciplinary Guidance Regarding the Use of Immunomodulatory Therapies for Acute Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Pediatric Patients. J Pediatr Infect Dis Soc 9:716–737 . https://doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piaa098
108. Beigel JH, Tomashek KM, Dodd LE, Mehta AK, Zingman BS, Kalil AC, Hohmann E, Chu HY, Luetkemeyer A, Kline S, Lopez de Castilla D, Finberg RW, Dierberg K, Tapson V, Hsieh L, Patterson TF, Paredes R, Sweeney DA, Short WR, Touloumi G, Lye DC, Ohmagari N, Oh M-D, Ruiz-Palacios GM, Benfield T, Fätkenheuer G, Kortepeter MG, Atmar RL, Creech CB, Lundgren J, Babiker AG, Pett S, Neaton JD, Burgess TH, Bonnett T, Green M, Makowski M, Osinusi A, Nayak S, Lane HC, ACTT-1 Study Group Members (2020) Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19 - Final Report. N Engl J Med 383:1813–1826 . https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2007764
109. Chiotos K, Hayes M, Kimberlin DW, Jones SB, James SH, Pinninti SG, Yarbrough A, Abzug MJ, MacBrayne CE, Soma VL, Dulek DE, Vora SB, Waghmare A, Wolf J, Olivero R, Grapentine S, Wattier RL, Bio L, Cross SJ, Dillman NO, Downes KJ, Oliveira CR, Timberlake K, Young J, Orscheln RC, Tamma PD, Schwenk HT, Zachariah P, Aldrich ML, Goldman DL, Groves HE, Rajapakse NS, Lamb GS, Tribble AC, Hersh AL, Thorell EA, Denison MR, Ratner AJ, Newland JG, Nakamura MM (2021) Multicenter Interim Guidance on Use of Antivirals for Children With Coronavirus Disease 2019/Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. J Pediatr Infect Dis Soc 10:34–48 . https://doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piaa115
110. Chen P, Nirula A, Heller B, Gottlieb RL, Boscia J, Morris J, Huhn G, Cardona J, Mocherla B, Stosor V, Shawa I, Adams AC, Van Naarden J, Custer KL, Shen L, Durante M, Oakley G, Schade AE, Sabo J, Patel DR, Klekotka P, Skovronsky DM, BLAZE-1 Investigators (2021) SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody LY-CoV555 in Outpatients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med 384:229–237 . https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2029849
111. Dougan M, Nirula A, Azizad M, Mocherla B, Gottlieb RL, Chen P, Hebert C, Perry R, Boscia J, Heller B, Morris J, Crystal C, Igbinadolor A, Huhn G, Cardona J, Shawa I, Kumar P, Adams AC, Van Naarden J, Custer KL, Durante M, Oakley G, Schade AE, Holzer TR, Ebert PJ, Higgs RE, Kallewaard NL, Sabo J, Patel DR, Dabora MC, Klekotka P, Shen L, Skovronsky DM, BLAZE-1 Investigators (2021) Bamlanivimab plus Etesevimab in Mild or Moderate Covid-19. N Engl J Med. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2102685
112. Weinreich DM, Sivapalasingam S, Norton T, Ali S, Gao H, Bhore R, Musser BJ, Soo Y, Rofail D, Im J, Perry C, Pan C, Hosain R, Mahmood A, Davis JD, Turner KC, Hooper AT, Hamilton JD, Baum A, Kyratsous CA, Kim Y, Cook A, Kampman W, Kohli A, Sachdeva Y, Graber X, Kowal B, DiCioccio T, Stahl N, Lipsich L, Braunstein N, Herman G, Yancopoulos GD, Trial Investigators (2021) REGN-COV2, a Neutralizing Antibody Cocktail, in Outpatients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med 384:238–251 . https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2035002
113. PINHO AC (2021) EMA reviewing data on monoclonal antibody use for COVID-19. In: Eur. Med. Agency. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/ema-reviewing-data-monoclonal-antibody-use-covid-19. Accessed 25 Sep 2021
114. Commissioner O of the (2020) Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Authorizes Monoclonal Antibody for Treatment of COVID-19. In: FDA. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-authorizes-monoclonal-antibody-treatment-covid-19. Accessed 25 Sep 2021
115. Outcomes of active cancer patients with COVID-19 infection treated with COVID-19 neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. | Journal of Clinical Oncology. https://ascopubs.org/doi/abs/10.1200/JCO.2021.39.15_suppl.3137. Accessed 24 Sep 2021
116. Wolf J, Abzug MJ, Wattier RL, Sue PK, Vora SB, Zachariah P, Dulek DE, Waghmare A, Olivero R, Downes KJ, James SH, Pinninti SG, Yarbrough A, Aldrich ML, MacBrayne CE, Soma VL, Grapentine SP, Oliveira CR, Hayes M, Kimberlin DW, Jones SB, Bio LL, Morton TH, Hankins JS, Maron GM, Timberlake K, Young JL, Orscheln RC, Schwenk HT, Goldman DL, Groves HE, Huskins WC, Rajapakse NS, Lamb GS, Tribble AC, Lloyd EC, Hersh AL, Thorell EA, Ratner AJ, Chiotos K, Nakamura MM (2021) Initial Guidance on Use of Monoclonal Antibody Therapy for Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Children and Adolescents. J Pediatr Infect Dis Soc 10:629–634 . https://doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piaa175
117. Esposito S, Zona S, Pession A, Iughetti L, Migliori GB, Principi N (2021) Use of Monoclonal Antibody to Treat COVID-19 in Children and Adolescents: Risk of Abuse of Prescription and Exacerbation of Health Inequalities. Pharm Basel Switz 14:673 . https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14070673
118. Simonovich VA, Burgos Pratx LD, Scibona P, Beruto MV, Vallone MG, Vázquez C, Savoy N, Giunta DH, Pérez LG, Sánchez MDL, Gamarnik AV, Ojeda DS, Santoro DM, Camino PJ, Antelo S, Rainero K, Vidiella GP, Miyazaki EA, Cornistein W, Trabadelo OA, Ross FM, Spotti M, Funtowicz G, Scordo WE, Losso MH, Ferniot I, Pardo PE, Rodriguez E, Rucci P, Pasquali J, Fuentes NA, Esperatti M, Speroni GA, Nannini EC, Matteaccio A, Michelangelo HG, Follmann D, Lane HC, Belloso WH, PlasmAr Study Group (2021) A Randomized Trial of Convalescent Plasma in Covid-19 Severe Pneumonia. N Engl J Med 384:619–629 . https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2031304
119. RECOVERY Collaborative Group (2021) Convalescent plasma in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised controlled, open-label, platform trial. Lancet Lond Engl 397:2049–2059 . https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00897-7
120. Joyner MJ, Carter RE, Senefeld JW, Klassen SA, Mills JR, Johnson PW, Theel ES, Wiggins CC, Bruno KA, Klompas AM, Lesser ER, Kunze KL, Sexton MA, Diaz Soto JC, Baker SE, Shepherd JRA, van Helmond N, Verdun NC, Marks P, van Buskirk CM, Winters JL, Stubbs JR, Rea RF, Hodge DO, Herasevich V, Whelan ER, Clayburn AJ, Larson KF, Ripoll JG, Andersen KJ, Buras MR, Vogt MNP, Dennis JJ, Regimbal RJ, Bauer PR, Blair JE, Paneth NS, Fairweather D, Wright RS, Casadevall A (2021) Convalescent Plasma Antibody Levels and the Risk of Death from Covid-19. N Engl J Med 384:1015–1027 . https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2031893
121. Libster R, Pérez Marc G, Wappner D, Coviello S, Bianchi A, Braem V, Esteban I, Caballero MT, Wood C, Berrueta M, Rondan A, Lescano G, Cruz P, Ritou Y, Fernández Viña V, Álvarez Paggi D, Esperante S, Ferreti A, Ofman G, Ciganda Á, Rodriguez R, Lantos J, Valentini R, Itcovici N, Hintze A, Oyarvide ML, Etchegaray C, Neira A, Name I, Alfonso J, López Castelo R, Caruso G, Rapelius S, Alvez F, Etchenique F, Dimase F, Alvarez D, Aranda SS, Sánchez Yanotti C, De Luca J, Jares Baglivo S, Laudanno S, Nowogrodzki F, Larrea R, Silveyra M, Leberzstein G, Debonis A, Molinos J, González M, Perez E, Kreplak N, Pastor Argüello S, Gibbons L, Althabe F, Bergel E, Polack FP, Fundación INFANT–COVID-19 Group (2021) Early High-Titer Plasma Therapy to Prevent Severe Covid-19 in Older Adults. N Engl J Med 384:610–618 . https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2033700
122. Gharbharan A, GeurtsvanKessel CH, Jordans CCE, Blaauw M, van der Klift M, Hassing R-J, Smits-Zwinkels M, Meertens M, van den Hout EC, de Man AM, Hageman I, Bogers S, van der Schoot CE, Swaneveld F, Anas AA, Rokx C, Rijnders BJA (2021) Effects of treatment of COVID-19 with convalescent plasma in 25 B-cell depleted patients. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am ciab647 . https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab647
123. Thompson MA, Henderson JP, Shah PK, Rubinstein SM, Joyner MJ, Choueiri TK, Flora DB, Griffiths EA, Gulati AP, Hwang C, Koshkin VS, Papadopoulos EB, Robilotti EV, Su CT, Wulff-Burchfield EM, Xie Z, Yu PP, Mishra S, Senefeld JW, Shah DP, Warner JL, COVID-19 and Cancer Consortium (2021) Association of Convalescent Plasma Therapy With Survival in Patients With Hematologic Cancers and COVID-19. JAMA Oncol. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2021.1799
124. Lyman GH, Desai A, Leyfman Y, Kuderer NM (2021) Opportunities and Challenges of Observational Studies and Randomized Controlled Trials for Evaluating the Therapeutic Efficacy of COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma. Cancer Invest 39:449–456 . https://doi.org/10.1080/07357907.2021.1942127
125. Joyner MJ, Bruno KA, Klassen SA, Kunze KL, Johnson PW, Lesser ER, Wiggins CC, Senefeld JW, Klompas AM, Hodge DO, Shepherd JRA, Rea RF, Whelan ER, Clayburn AJ, Spiegel MR, Baker SE, Larson KF, Ripoll JG, Andersen KJ, Buras MR, Vogt MNP, Herasevich V, Dennis JJ, Regimbal RJ, Bauer PR, Blair JE, van Buskirk CM, Winters JL, Stubbs JR, van Helmond N, Butterfield BP, Sexton MA, Diaz Soto JC, Paneth NS, Verdun NC, Marks P, Casadevall A, Fairweather D, Carter RE, Wright RS (2020) Safety Update: COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma in 20,000 Hospitalized Patients. Mayo Clin Proc 95:1888–1897 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.06.028
126. Zaffanello M, Piacentini G, Nosetti L, Franchini M (2021) The use of convalescent plasma for pediatric patients with SARS-CoV-2: A systematic literature review. Transfus Apher Sci Off J World Apher Assoc Off J Eur Soc Haemapheresis 60:103043 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transci.2020.103043
127. Campochiaro C, Della-Torre E, Cavalli G, De Luca G, Ripa M, Boffini N, Tomelleri A, Baldissera E, Rovere-Querini P, Ruggeri A, Monti G, De Cobelli F, Zangrillo A, Tresoldi M, Castagna A, Dagna L, TOCI-RAF Study Group (2020) Efficacy and safety of tocilizumab in severe COVID-19 patients: a single-centre retrospective cohort study. Eur J Intern Med 76:43–49 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2020.05.021
128. Rojas-Marte G, Khalid M, Mukhtar O, Hashmi AT, Waheed MA, Ehrlich S, Aslam A, Siddiqui S, Agarwal C, Malyshev Y, Henriquez-Felipe C, Sharma D, Sharma S, Chukwuka N, Rodriguez DC, Alliu S, Le J, Shani J (2020) Outcomes in patients with severe COVID-19 disease treated with tocilizumab: a case-controlled study. QJM Mon J Assoc Physicians 113:546–550 . https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcaa206
129. Somers EC, Eschenauer GA, Troost JP, Golob JL, Gandhi TN, Wang L, Zhou N, Petty LA, Baang JH, Dillman NO, Frame D, Gregg KS, Kaul DR, Nagel J, Patel TS, Zhou S, Lauring AS, Hanauer DA, Martin E, Sharma P, Fung CM, Pogue JM (2021) Tocilizumab for Treatment of Mechanically Ventilated Patients With COVID-19. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am 73:e445–e454 . https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa954
130. Giesen N, Sprute R, Rüthrich M, Khodamoradi Y, Mellinghoff SC, Beutel G, Lueck C, Koldehoff M, Hentrich M, Sandherr M, von Bergwelt-Baildon M, Wolf H-H, Hirsch HH, Wörmann B, Cornely OA, Köhler P, Schalk E, von Lilienfeld-Toal M (2020) Evidence-based management of COVID-19 in cancer patients: Guideline by the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society for Haematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO). Eur J Cancer Oxf Engl 1990 140:86–104 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2020.09.009
131. Goldenberg NA, Sochet A, Albisetti M, Biss T, Bonduel M, Jaffray J, MacLaren G, Monagle P, O’Brien S, Raffini L, Revel-Vilk S, Sirachainan N, Williams S, Zia A, Male C, Pediatric/Neonatal Hemostasis and Thrombosis Subcommittee of the ISTH SSC (2020) Consensus-based clinical recommendations and research priorities for anticoagulant thromboprophylaxis in children hospitalized for COVID-19-related illness. J Thromb Haemost JTH 18:3099–3105 . https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.15073
132. Loi M, Branchford B, Kim J, Self C, Nuss R (2020) COVID-19 anticoagulation recommendations in children. Pediatr Blood Cancer 67:e28485 . https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.28485
133. Kamidani S, Rostad CA, Anderson EJ (2021) COVID-19 vaccine development: a pediatric perspective. Curr Opin Pediatr 33:144–151 . https://doi.org/10.1097/MOP.0000000000000978
134. Frenck RW, Klein NP, Kitchin N, Gurtman A, Absalon J, Lockhart S, Perez JL, Walter EB, Senders S, Bailey R, Swanson KA, Ma H, Xu X, Koury K, Kalina WV, Cooper D, Jennings T, Brandon DM, Thomas SJ, Türeci Ö, Tresnan DB, Mather S, Dormitzer PR, Şahin U, Jansen KU, Gruber WC, C4591001 Clinical Trial Group (2021) Safety, Immunogenicity, and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 Covid-19 Vaccine in Adolescents. N Engl J Med 385:239–250 . https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2107456
135. Ali K, Berman G, Zhou H, Deng W, Faughnan V, Coronado-Voges M, Ding B, Dooley J, Girard B, Hillebrand W, Pajon R, Miller JM, Leav B, McPhee R (2021) Evaluation of mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in Adolescents. N Engl J Med. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2109522
136. Monin L, Laing AG, Muñoz-Ruiz M, McKenzie DR, Del Molino Del Barrio I, Alaguthurai T, Domingo-Vila C, Hayday TS, Graham C, Seow J, Abdul-Jawad S, Kamdar S, Harvey-Jones E, Graham R, Cooper J, Khan M, Vidler J, Kakkassery H, Sinha S, Davis R, Dupont L, Francos Quijorna I, O’Brien-Gore C, Lee PL, Eum J, Conde Poole M, Joseph M, Davies D, Wu Y, Swampillai A, North BV, Montes A, Harries M, Rigg A, Spicer J, Malim MH, Fields P, Patten P, Di Rosa F, Papa S, Tree T, Doores KJ, Hayday AC, Irshad S (2021) Safety and immunogenicity of one versus two doses of the COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b2 for patients with cancer: interim analysis of a prospective observational study. Lancet Oncol 22:765–778 . https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(21)00213-8
137. Benjamini O, Rokach L, Itchaki G, Braester A, Shvidel L, Goldschmidt N, Shapira S, Dally N, Avigdor A, Rahav G, Lustig Y, Ben David SS, Fineman R, Paz A, Bairey O, Polliack A, Levy I, Tadmor T (2021) Safety and efficacy of BNT162b mRNA Covid19 Vaccine in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Haematologica. https://doi.org/10.3324/haematol.2021.279196
138. Greenberger LM, Saltzman LA, Senefeld JW, Johnson PW, DeGennaro LJ, Nichols GL (2021) Antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in patients with hematologic malignancies. Cancer Cell 39:1031–1033 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2021.07.012
139. Perry C, Luttwak E, Balaban R, Shefer G, Morales MM, Aharon A, Tabib Y, Cohen YC, Benyamini N, Beyar-Katz O, Neaman M, Vitkon R, Keren-Khadmy N, Levin M, Herishanu Y, Avivi I (2021) Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in patients with B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood Adv 5:3053–3061 . https://doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2021005094
140. Herzog Tzarfati K, Gutwein O, Apel A, Rahimi-Levene N, Sadovnik M, Harel L, Benveniste-Levkovitz P, Bar Chaim A, Koren-Michowitz M (2021) BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine is significantly less effective in patients with hematologic malignancies. Am J Hematol 96:1195–1203 . https://doi.org/10.1002/ajh.26284
141. Redjoul R, Le Bouter A, Beckerich F, Fourati S, Maury S (2021) Antibody response after second BNT162b2 dose in allogeneic HSCT recipients. Lancet Lond Engl 398:298–299 . https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01594-4
142. Maneikis K, Šablauskas K, Ringelevičiūtė U, Vaitekėnaitė V, Čekauskienė R, Kryžauskaitė L, Naumovas D, Banys V, Pečeliūnas V, Beinortas T, Griškevičius L (2021) Immunogenicity of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 mRNA vaccine and early clinical outcomes in patients with haematological malignancies in Lithuania: a national prospective cohort study. Lancet Haematol 8:e583–e592 . https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3026(21)00169-1
143. Association (EHA) TEH Expert opinions for COVID-19 vaccination in patients with hematologic cancer. In: Eur. Hematol. Assoc. EHA. https://ehaweb.org/covid-19/eha-statement-on-covid-19-vaccines/recommendations-for-covid-19-vaccination-in-patients-with-hematologic-cancer/. Accessed 25 Sep 2021
144. COVID-19 Vaccine. http://www.bccdc.ca/health-info/diseases-conditions/covid-19/covid-19-vaccine. Accessed 25 Sep 2021
145. Revon-Riviere G, Ninove L, Min V, Rome A, Coze C, Verschuur A, de Lamballerie X, André N (2021) The BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in adolescents and young adults with cancer: A monocentric experience. Eur J Cancer Oxf Engl 1990 154:30–34 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2021.06.002
146. Mark C, Gupta S, Punnett A, Upton J, Orkin J, Atkinson A, Clarke L, Heisey A, McGovern C, Alexander S (2021) Safety of administration of BNT162b2 mRNA (Pfizer-BioNTech) COVID-19 vaccine in youths and young adults with a history of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and allergy to PEG-asparaginase. Pediatr Blood Cancer e29295 . https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.29295
147. Tande AJ, Pollock BD, Shah ND, Farrugia G, Virk A, Swift M, Breeher L, Binnicker M, Berbari EF (2021) Impact of the COVID-19 Vaccine on Asymptomatic Infection Among Patients Undergoing Pre-Procedural COVID-19 Molecular Screening. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am ciab229 . https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab229
Article Sidebar
Published
Jan 1, 2022
Article Details
How to Cite
Mercolini, F. and Cesaro, S. (2022) “COVID-19 IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENT: CHARACTERISTICS AND SPECIFICITIES IN IMMUNOCOMPETENT AND ONCOHEMATOLOGICAL PATIENTS: COVID-19 IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENT”., Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, 14(1), p. e2022009. doi: 10.4084/MJHID.2022.009.
Section
Review Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Transfer of Copyright and Permission to Reproduce Parts of Published Papers. Authors will grant copyright of their articles to the Institute of Hematology, Catholic University, Rome . No formal permission will be required to reproduce parts (tables or illustrations) of published papers, provided the source is quoted appropriately and reproduction has no commercial intent. Reproductions with commercial intent will require written permission and payment of royalties.