An assessment of hospital wastewater and biomedical waste generation, existing legislations, risk assessment, treatment processes, and scenario during COVID-19
Graphical abstract
Keywords
Advanced oxidation processes
Biodegradation
Biomedical waste management
Emerging contaminants
Hospital wastewater treatment
Legislations
Abbreviations
AOP
Advanced oxidation process
ASP
Activated sludge process
ARGs
Antibiotic-resistance genes
ARB
Antibiotic-resistance bacteria
BAT
Best available techniques
BEP
Best environmental practises
BWMHR
Biomedical waste management and handling rules
BMW
Biomedical waste
BOD
Biochemical oxygen demand
CBMW
Common biomedical waste management
COD
Chemical oxygen demand
CPF
Carcinogenic potency factor
CWs
Constructed wetlands
CWA
Clean water act
CWAO
Catalytic wet air oxidation
DWEL
Drinking water equivalent limit
ECs
Emerging contaminants
EU
European Union
FBR
Fluidized bed reactors
GNI
Gross national income
HAdV
Human adenoviruses
HRT
Hydraulic retention time
HQ
Hazard quotient
HWW
Hospital wastewater
ICRP
International commission on radiological protection
ISWA
International Solid Waste Association
Kow
Octanol-water partition coefficient
MBBR
Moving bed biofilm reactor
MBR
Membrane bioreactor
MERS-CoV
Middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus
MWW
Municipal wastewater
NF
Nanofiltration
NSAIDs
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
ORMs
Ozone-reactive moieties
PAC
Powder activated carbon
PhACs
Pharmaceutically active compounds
pKa
Acid dissociation constant
PNEC
Predicted no-effect concentration
POPs
Persistent organic pollutants
PPE
Personal protective equipment
RQ
Risk quotient
RO
Reverse osmosis
SARS-CoV
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
SRT
Sludge retention time
TOC
Total organic carbon
TFs
Trickling filters
US EPA
United States environmental protection agency
UV
Ultraviolet
WHO
World health organisation
WWTP
Wastewater treatment plant
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