ReviewMesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) and MSC-derived extracellular vesicles in COVID-19-induced ARDS: Mechanisms of action, research progress, challenges, and opportunities
Graphical abstract
Keywords
Mesenchymal stem cells
Extracellular vesicles
COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Immunomodulation
Abbreviations
ACE2
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2
AD-MSC
Adipocyte-Derived MSC
AFC
Alveolar Fluid Clearance
ALI
Acute Lung Injury
ALT
Alanine Aminotransferase
Ang-1
Angiopoietin-1
ARDS
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
AST
Aspartate Aminotransferase
AT II
Type II Alveolar Epithelial
BDNF
Brain-Derived Neutrophilic Factor
BM-MSC
Bone Marrow MSC
COPD
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
CRP
C-Reactive Protein
CT
Computerized Tomography
DC
Dendritic Cell
DIC
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
EV
Extracellular Vesicle
GVHD
Graft-Versus-Host Disease
hESC
Human Embryonic Stem Cell
HGF
Hepatocyte Growth Factor
HIF1-α
Hypoxia-Induced Factor 1-Α
IFN
Interferon
IMRC
Immunity and Matrix-Regulatory Cell
IPF
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
ISG
Interferon-Stimulated Genes
IV
Intravenous
KGF
Keratinocyte Growth Factor
LDH
Lactate Dehydrogenase
LIF
Leukemia Inhibitory Factor
LPS
Lipopolysaccharide
MERS-CoV
The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
MIP-2
Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-2
MOD
Multiple Organ Dysfunction
MSC
Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cell
MVB
Multi Vesicle Body
NGF
Nerve Growth Factor
NK cell
Natural Killer Cell
PDGF
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor
PGE2
Prostaglandin E2
ROS
Reactive Oxygen Species
SARS-CoV
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
SPA
Surfactant Protein A
SPC
Surfactant Protein C
TGF-β
Transforming Growth Factor-Β
Th
T Helper
TMPRSS2
Transmembrane Protease Serine 2
TNF- α
Tumor Necrosis Factor- Α
UC-MSC
Umbilical Cord MSC
VEGF
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
WBC
White Blood Cell
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