Abstract

The continued rise in obesity is a serious worry, and in many countries it has approached epidemic rates. Elevated concentrations of endocrine peptides such as leptin, insulin, and adiponectin, which are standard characteristic markers for obesity, are created by increased White Adipose Tissue (WAT) in obese people. Significant research approaches are focused at identifying variables that impact obesity directly, which could promote earlier and more precise prediction of obesity and provide therapeutic goals for obesity remediation. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNA molecules that, by inhibiting translational processes and RNA degradation, regulate target gene expression. Cellular processes such as cell development, proliferation, and apoptosis are directly connected with miRNA expression. The functions of miRNAs in cancer, inflammation, and immunity have been studied in several researches. The recent finding of readily observable and measurable circulating miRNAs in plasma and other body fluids has led to the hypothesis of their possible function as markers of sickness, as well as obesity too. miRNAs are implicated in numerous metabolic processes, including weight homeostasis. Actually, it could be hypothesized that deficiency of miRNAs could lead to severe COVID-19 status observed in obesity, but further research is required.

Keywords: Obesity; Microrna; Disease Predictors; Covid 19

Editorial

The continued rise in obesity is a serious worry, and in many countries it has approached epidemic rates. Elevated concentrations of endocrine peptides such as leptin, insulin, and adiponectin, which are standard characteristic markers for obesity, are created by increased White Adipose Tissue (WAT) in obese people. Significant research approaches are focused at identifying variables that impact obesity directly, which could promote earlier and more precise prediction of obesity and provide therapeutic goals for obesity remediation [1]. This overall prevalence happens early in life as well. 110 million children and teenagers between the ages of 2-19 have obesity in general [1,2]. Obesity increases the susceptibility to an increased risk of complications in this demographic, with a greater number of cardio-respiratory, musculoskeletal and psychological disorders during puberty and adulthood, with an increased possibility of developing diabetes, impairment and even premature death [3,4]. The obesity-related complications are connected to the chronic inflammation in the adipose tissue that actually occurs in a low grade. In this tissue, its normal function is modified throughout obesity with changes in its cytokine development [5,6].

Proteins such as IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, leptin, TNF-α, CCL2, and resistin have been correlated with pro-inflammatory conditions and the progression of obesity-related complications, among others [5,7,8]. Setting up the pathway involved in the regulation of genes correlated with this immune response at the molecular level will allow an advancement in early-stage obesity treatment in order to minimize complications in adulthood. By binding to a complementary sequence of mRNA, molecules such as microRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression [6,9,10]. Mechanisms that depend on miRNAs control up to 30% of all human genes [6,11,12]. Multiple pathways are affected by miRNAs, like insulin production, immune-mediated inflammation, adipokine expression, adipogenesis, lipid metabolism and food intake control [6,10,11,13]. Disruptions in the expression of miRNAs impair the expression of the gene and thus the cellular function in the pathological phase [14]. In the beginning phases, the introduction of innovative approaches to recognize the progress from obesity to inflammation will help to explain the various mechanisms that control this process. Even, for this population, it will provide details on proper management.

MicroRNAs and Obesity

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNA molecules that, by inhibiting translational processes and RNA degradation, regulate target gene expression [15]. Cellular processes such as cell development, proliferation, and apoptosis are directly connected with miRNA expression. The functions of miRNAs in cancer, inflammation, and immunity have been studied in several researches [16,17]. New researches have shown that miRNA profiles, including circulating miRNAs and those related to cancer or inflammatory process, can be defined from blood [18,19]. Circulating miRNAs are important markers for common diseases because they are relevant to human blood in a surprisingly stable state, and the findings may have a high degree of individual reproducibility [1,20]. Numerous miRNAs demonstrate typical dysregulation of obese patients in fat tissues and blood [21-23]. These research indicates that the circulating miRNA expression patterns represent the omental fat tissue expression patterns and act as obesity predictors. The importance of circulating miRNAs for obesity is still remain unclear, while research is trying to expose the connections between miRNAs and obesity. In terms of obesity, multiple researchers have described different miRNA expression profiles, and these findings are discussed in the literature [22,24,25]. Many research concentrate on model systems, so there is a lack of human subject knowledge. Obesity is a dynamic disorder and variations in miRNA expression profiles could be produced by intrinsic differences between fat tissues or individuals, such as adipocyte phenotype and obesity-related parameters [26].

Gender-specific variations can also lead to a change in miRNA expression profiles recorded in the literature [27]. The high circulating miR-122 expression levels increase the risk of obesity, which has also been correlated with higher anthropometric or biochemical parameters, such as body mass index, waist to height ratio, fat percentage, serum high-density lipid levels, triglycerides [28]. For a complete understanding of obesity-related miRNAs, these variables should be regarded. Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can produce an abnormal host immune response and can lead to serious illness, a life-threatening disease that occurs more commonly in patients with comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. The role of various human and SARS-CoV-2 miRNAs in the pathophysiology of COVID-19 has recently been shown in some studies [29]. Human corona virus infection is highly dependent on host miRNA involved in host innate immune response control and inflammation-modulatory miR-146a is among the first miRNAs induced by virus immune response [30].

Discussion

In conclusion, miRNAs are short non-coding RNA sequences synthesized in the nucleus of the cell via a complex multi-stage biosynthetic process beginning with RNA polymerase II; more than 2500 mature miRNAs are identified in the human genome. A broad range of biological processes, such as cell differentiation, proliferation and development, cell-to-cell communication, cell metabolism and apoptosis, are regulated by miRNAs. Insulin signalling, immune-mediated inflammation, adipokine expression, adipogenesis, lipid metabolism, and food intake appear to also be regulated by miRNAs. There is suggestion that miRNAs might also have a role in molecular processes linked to cellular pathways of certain diseases, such as viral infections, cancer, diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular disease. The recent finding of readily observable and measurable circulating miRNAs in plasma and other body fluids has led to the hypothesis of their possible function as markers of sickness, as well as obesity too. miRNAs are implicated in numerous metabolic processes, including weight homeostasis. Actually, it could be hypothesized that deficiency of miRNAs could lead to severe COVID-19 status observed in obesity, but further research is required.

Disclosure Statement

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

References

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Abstract

The continued rise in obesity is a serious worry, and in many countries it has approached epidemic rates. Elevated concentrations of endocrine peptides such as leptin, insulin, and adiponectin, which are standard characteristic markers for obesity, are created by increased White Adipose Tissue (WAT) in obese people. Significant research approaches are focused at identifying variables that impact obesity directly, which could promote earlier and more precise prediction of obesity and provide therapeutic goals for obesity remediation. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNA molecules that, by inhibiting translational processes and RNA degradation, regulate target gene expression. Cellular processes such as cell development, proliferation, and apoptosis are directly connected with miRNA expression. The functions of miRNAs in cancer, inflammation, and immunity have been studied in several researches. The recent finding of readily observable and measurable circulating miRNAs in plasma and other body fluids has led to the hypothesis of their possible function as markers of sickness, as well as obesity too. miRNAs are implicated in numerous metabolic processes, including weight homeostasis. Actually, it could be hypothesized that deficiency of miRNAs could lead to severe COVID-19 status observed in obesity, but further research is required.

Keywords: Obesity; Microrna; Disease Predictors; Covid 19