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2021, Academia Letters
2020 •
Background: In the midst of COVID-19, healthcare specialists and researchers worldwide have been actively investigating treatments for this new disease. As of July 3rd, 2020, there have been a total of 11,048,509 confirmed cases in more than 188 countries and regions with more and more cases being identified every day. Though there have been a couple of medications given EUA status by the FDA such as chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, and Fresenius Propoven, some of these treatments have been found to carry substantial health risks. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, for example, were found to cause abnormal heart rhythms and facilitated higher rates of death among patients in clinical trials. For this reason, a more natural option such as vitamin D has the potential to be safer and more effective in the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 symptoms. Objective: In this study, we investigate the benefits of vitamin D supplementation as shown in previous clinical trials involving respiratory illnesses and discussed which foods are most rich in vitamin D. Ultimately, we aim to provide an understanding of the mechanisms by which vitamin D is acquired and the most effective amounts that people should regularly consume in order to strengthen their immune system. Methods: All of the case studies cited in this review were found through Google Scholar or NCBI by search queries such as “Vitamin D supplementation to treat respiratory illness.” From over 48,000 results, we further searched for clinical trial studies on human subjects which had already been completed. Additional information regarding vaccinations and medications was sourced from the FDA and information about the nutritional value of foods was obtained from the USDA. Results: Vitamin D has been shown to have many beneficial effects on patients suffering from both respiratory and non-respiratory illnesses. These benefits include, but are not limited to, lowered susceptibility to infection and lower bacterial counts, reduced symptoms of illness, increased serum 25(OH)D, and corrected vitamin D deficiency. Conclusions: Given the striking symptomatic, molecular, and pathological similarities between infection from SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory illnesses such as influenza, the positive results from vitamin D supplementation suggest that vitamin D may be a viable prevention option for SARS-CoV-2 symptoms. Through the consumption of vitamin D-rich foods like UV-exposed mushrooms, salmon, and trout, low serum 25(OH)D levels could be corrected, and the reduction of symptoms could be naturally facilitated. Through the induction of cathelicidin and defensin, the regulation of cytokines, and the increased production of anti-microbial peptides, vitamin D has the potential to act as a natural prevention option without adverse side-effects like those caused by chloroquine and other proposed drugs. Keywords: Vitamin D; Deficiency; Respiratory Illness; COVID-19; Influenza; Cathelicidin; Defensin; SARS-CoV-2; ACE2; ANG II.
Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy
Vitamin D and immuno-pathology of COVID-19: many interactions but uncertain therapeutic benefitsJournal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders
Vitamin D and COVID-19: is there a role?Journal of Advanced Biotechnology and Experimental Therapeutics
Prospects of vitamin D in the treatment of COVID-19 patient and improving maternal and child health during pandemic2021 •
ABSTRACT: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is supposed to cause vitamin D deficiency in many people by a direct effect of home quarantine in the affected countries. Generally, vitamin D provides human body with significant health benefits including bone development, specific gene regulation and protection against different diseases. However, deficiency of optimal amount of vitamin D inside human body may result in susceptibility to multiple infectious diseases. Therefore, with vitamin D levels gravely decreased by reduced movement and activity, a number of possible negative outcomes are expected in COVID-19 patients, pregnant women and children during this ongoing pandemic. Vitamin D has a direct inhibitory effect on post infection through a number of mechanisms that promises to make vitamin D a future adjunctive therapy for COVID-19 treatment. Besides, clinical evidence also supports its role in preventing pregnancy complications and improving pregnancy outcomes. Consistent with the manifold role of vitamin D, an increasing number of studies suggest its role in improving the mental health of children who have been adversely affected throughout this pandemic. This review article discusses the potential roles of vitamin D on COVID-19 patients, pregnant women and children focusing its scope to become a supplementary candidate for these vulnerable groups to combat the ongoing pandemic.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Can Optimum Solar Radiation Exposure or Supplemented Vitamin D Intake Reduce the Severity of COVID-19 Symptoms?The foremost mortality-causing symptom associated with COVID-19 is acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). A significant correlation has been identified between the deficiency in vitamin D and the risk of developing ARDS. It has been suggested that if we can reduce or modify ARDS in COVID-19 patients, we may significantly reduce the severity of COVID-19 symptoms and associated mortality rates. The increased mortality of dark-skinned people, who have a reduced UV absorption capacity, may be consistent with diminished vitamin D status. The factors associated with COVID-19 mortality, such as old age, ethnicity, obesity, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes, are all found to be linked with vitamin D deficiency. Based on this review and as a precautionary measure, it is suggested that the adoption of appropriate and safe solar exposure and vitamin D enriched foods and supplements should be considered to reduce the possible severity of COVID-19 symptoms. Safe sun exposu...
Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU
Immunomodulatory Effects of Vitamin D and Vitamin C to Improve Immunity in COVID-19 PatientsSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV2) infection causes life-threatening respiratory illness, which has caused significant mortality and morbidity around the globe. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) causes mild respiratory illness in most infected individuals; however, in some patients it may progress to sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), cytokine release syndrome (CRS), and multiorgan dysfunction (MODS), which results in intensive care unit (ICU) admissions and increased fatalities. Recent evidence shows that most of these comorbidities associated with COVID-19 infection are associated with dysregulation of the host immune response. Vitamins C and D have been shown to regulate immune response by decreasing the proinflammatory cytokine release from immune cells and inducing proliferation of other immune cells to robustly fight infection. This review critically evaluates the current literature on vitamins C and D in modulating an immune respons...
Covid-19 and Nutraceuticals: A Guidebook Bohr Publishers and New Century Health Publishers, LLC, Chandan Prasad, PhD and Güler Öztürk, PhD, Editors
THE INFLUENCE OF VITAMIN D ON COVID-19 OUTCOMES Chapter 4 of Covid-19 and Nutraceuticals: A Guidebook2021 •
Most of the world's population has vitamin D levels which are suboptimal for healthy immune system function. Recent recommended goals are far higher than legacy guidelines, which are based entirely upon promoting bone health, rather than on supporting all the many other functions of vitamin D. Vitamin D strengthens the innate immune response, decreasing the likelihood of infection from SARS-CoV-2 exposure. Vitamin D also regulates the adaptive immune system and inflammation. Thus, with appropriate levels, infected persons have a reduced likelihood of developing hyperinflammatory (severe) Covid-19 (the cytokine or bradykinin "storm"). Many experts have noted that vitamin D plays a role in preventing every one of the disorders associated with severe Covid-19. In addition, the risk factors for getting severe Covid-19 are identical to the risk factors for becoming vitamin D deficient. Evidence of a link between low vitamin D levels and poor Covid-19 outcomes is robust, including numerous population and individual correlational studies, causal modeling, prospective cohort intervention studies, and randomized controlled trials.
Vitamin D Deficiency Relation with COVID-19 Literature Review
Covid 19 + Vit Din the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B. Pharm.
The outbreak of COVID-19 has created a global public health crisis. WHO declared SARS-CoV-2 a global pandemic. Little is known about the protective factors of this infection. Therefore, preventive health measures that can reduce the risk of infection, progression and severity are desperately needed. This become one of the most important epidemiological events within the last 100 years, causing devastating consequences for the public health systems and the socio economical tissue around the world. Infection with SARS-CoV-2 can lead to a mild or highly acute respiratory syndrome fuelled by altered secretion of inflammatory cytokines (cytokine storm) that can be fatal within children, elderly populations, patients with chronic pulmonary or hypertension diseases, and people living in cities with poor air quality. Evidence recommends that vitamin D might be an important supportive agent for the immune system, mainly in cytokine response regulation against COVID-19.
Journal of Endocrinological Investigation
Vitamin D supplementation and COVID-19 risk: a population-based, cohort studyIndian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry
Review on COVID-19 Etiopathogenesis, Clinical Presentation and Treatment Available with Emphasis on ACE2Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives
Back to basics: review on vitamin D and respiratory viral infections including COVID-19Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry
Vitamin D deficiency: concern for rheumatoid arthritis and COVID-19?International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Fibrosis in Chronic Kidney Disease: Pathogenesis and ConsequencesJournal of Translational Medicine
COVID-19: Is there a role for immunonutrition in obese patient?Inflammopharmacology
Role of vitamins and minerals as immunity boosters in COVID-19Expert review of clinical immunology
Vitamin D: a new player in kidney transplantation?2014 •
FUNCTIONAL FOODS AND VIRAL DISEASE
Chapter 8_T8_Mila Emerald.pdfInternational Journal of Public Health Science
The role of nutrition the COVID-19 pandemicBMC Infectious Diseases
Vitamin D and COVID-19 severity and related mortality: a prospective study in ItalyAJP: Cell Physiology
The world pandemic of vitamin D deficiency could possibly be explained by cellular inflammatory response activity induced by the renin-angiotensin system2013 •
Journal of Dietary Supplements
Potential Efficacy of Nutrient Supplements for Treatment or Prevention of COVID-19International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Vitamin D and Rheumatic Diseases: A Review of Clinical EvidenceClinica Chimica Acta
Effect of cholecalciferol supplementation on blood glucose in an experimental model of type 2 diabetes mellitus in spontaneously hypertensive rats and Wistar rats2005 •
Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
Potential therapeutic and pharmacological strategies for SARS-CoV2Journal of the Endocrine Society
The Impact of SARS-Cov-2 Virus Infection on the Endocrine SystemNutrition journal
The beneficial role of vitamin D in obesity: possible genetic and cell signaling mechanisms2013 •
Bioactive Compounds in Health and Disease
COVID-19: human immune response and the influence of food ingredients and active compounds2021 •
Journal of Inflammation Research
Fat-Soluble Vitamins and the Current Global Pandemic of COVID-19: Evidence-Based Efficacy from Literature Review2021 •
International Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Research
Vitamin D nemesis of COVID-19Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research
The renin-angiotensin system mediates EGF receptor-vitamin d receptor cross-talk in colitis-associated colon cancer2014 •