Análisis de red del Inventario de Crecimiento Postraumático (PTGI-X) en adultos peruanos con familiares fallecidos por COVID-19 en función del sexo
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5944/rppc.30801Resumen
Network analysis of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI-X) in Peruvian adults with family members killed by COVID-19 as a function of sex
Abstract: Posttraumatic growth network structures were evaluated in males and females who lost a family member to COVID-19 to determine network variations according to sex. Six hundred sixty-nine Peruvian adults (M = 25.41, SD = 1.82) were included using the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory-X (PTGI-X) self-report measure. Two Gaussian plot models of partial correlations were estimated through the qgraph statistical package. The most central network domain items were emotional expression, closeness to others, and greater understanding of life-death issues. The highest connections were reported for items on the measures of personal relationships, appreciation for life, and spiritual-existential change. Both network models were found to be invariant and showed no significant differences at the level of structure and connections, and a difference was reported at the score level on the existential-spiritual change subscale in women.
Keywords: Post-traumatic growth; COVID-19; death; grief; mental health; network analysis.
Resumen: Se evaluaron las estructuras de red del crecimiento postraumático en varones y mujeres que perdieron un familiar por COVID-19 para determinar las variaciones de red según sexo. Fueron incluidos 669 adultos peruanos (M = 25.41, DT = 1.82) mediante la medida de autoinforme de Postraumatic Growth Inventory-X (PTGI-X). Se estimaron dos modelos de gráfico gaussiano de correlaciones parciales a través del paquete estadístico qgraph. Los reactivos más centrales del dominio de red fueron la expresión emocional, cercanía a los demás y mayor comprensión de las cuestiones de vida-muerte. Las conexiones más altas se reportaron en los elementos de las medidas de relaciones personales, apreciación por la vida y cambio espiritual-existencial. Se encontró que ambos modelos de red eran invariantes y no mostraban diferencias significativas a nivel de estructura y de conexiones, y se reportó una diferencia a nivel de puntuación en la subescala de cambio existencial-espiritual en las mujeres.
Palabras clave: Crecimiento postraumático; COVID-19; muerte; duelo; salud mental; análisis de redes.
Descargas
Citas
Akbar, Z., y Witruk, E. (2016). Coping Mediates the Relationship Between Gender and Posttraumatic Growth. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 217, 1036–1043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.02.102
Asociación Americana de Psiquiatria. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5a ed.). Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association
Aydin, R., y Kabukçuoğlu, K. (2020). The factor structure of the posttraumatic growth inventory in cancer patients in Turkey. Health & social care in the community, 28(5), 1603-1610. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12985
Baghjari, F., Esmaeilinasab, M., y Shahriari-Ahmadi, A. (2017). Predicting posttraumatic growth based on coping strategies in women and men involving with advanced Cancer. International Journal of Cancer Management, 10(8), e10193 https://dx.doi.org/10.5812/ijcm.10193
Bernabé-Valero, G., Melero-Fuentes, D., De Lima Argimon, I. I., y Gerbino, M. (2021). Individual Differences Facing the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Age, Gender, Personality, and Positive Psychology. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 595. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.644286
Benjet, C., Bromet, E., Karam, E. G., Kessler, R. C., McLaughlin, K. A., Ruscio A.C., …, y Koenen, K. C. (2016). The epidemiology of traumatic event exposure worldwide: results from the World Mental Health Survey Consortium. Psychological Medicine, 46(2), 327–343. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715001981
Birkeland, M. S., Blix, I., Solberg, Ø., y Heir, T. (2017). Gender differences in posttraumatic stress symptoms after a terrorist attack: a network approach. Frontiers in psychology, 8, e2091. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02091
Birkner, G., y Soffer, R. (2020). The Covid-19 Pandemic Will Be Outlasted by the Grief Pandemic-and No One Is Preparing for It. Disponible en: https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/covid-19-pandemic-will-be-outlasted-grief-pandemic-no-one-ncna1242788#
Borghi, L., y Menichetti, J. (2021). Strategies to Cope With the COVID-Related Deaths Among Family Members. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 127. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.622850
Bridgland, V. M., Moeck, E. K., Green, D. M., Swain, T. L., Nayda, D. M., Matson, L. A., ... y Takarangi, M. K. (2021). Why the COVID-19 pandemic is a traumatic stressor. Plos one, 16(1), e0240146. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240146
Bringmann, L. F., Elmer, T., Epskamp, S., Krause, R. W., Schoch, D., Wichers, M., y Snippe, E. (2019). What do centrality measures measure in psychology networks? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 128(8), 892–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000446
Calhoun, L. G., y Tedeschi, R. G. (2014). The foundation of posttraumatic growth: An expanded framework. In L. G. Calhoun & R. G. Tedeschi (Eds.), Handbook of posttraumatic growth: Research and practice. New York: Psychology Press.
Cao, X., Wang, L., Cao, C., Fang, R., Chen, C., Hall, B. J., y Elhai, J. D. (2019). Sex differences in global and local connectivity of adolescent posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 60(2), 216-224. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12963
Cao, X., Yang, C., y Wang, D. (2020). The Impact on Mental Health of Losing an Only Child and the Influence of Social Support and Resilience. Omega, 80(4), 666–684. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222818755284
Cerdá, M. (2014). Posttraumatic growth in the aftermath of a disaster: looking for the role of gender. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 49(12), 1859–1860. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-014-0949-2
Colegio de psicólogos del Perú (2017). Código de ética y deontología. Recuperado de: https://www.cpsp.pe/documentos/marco_legal/codigo_de_etica_y_deontologia.pdf?fbclid=IwAR20yCb5yoFa0d5-OGKXutIfnbVd7a_U-HwrE4b50--B3xooGQ39-FFYt3Y
Costantini, G., Richetin, J., Preti, E., Casini, E., Epskamp, S., y Perugini, M. (2019). Stability and variability of personality networks. A tutorial on recent developments in network psychometrics. Personality and Individual Differences, 136(1), 68-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.06.011
Danaher, P., Wang, P., y Witten, D. M. (2014). The joint graphical lasso for inverse covariance estimation across multiple classes. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B, Statistical methodology, 76(2), 373-397. https://doi.org/10.1111/rssb.12033
Deng, Y., Chang, L., Yang, M., Huo, M., Zhou, R., y Eder, A. (2016).
Gender differences in emotional response: Inconsistency between experience and expressivity. PLoS One, 11(6), e0158666. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158666
Epskamp, S., Waldorp, L. J., Mõttus, R., y Borsboom, D. (2018). The Gaussian Graphical Model in cross-sectional and time-series data. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 53(4), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2018.1454823
European Center for Disease Prevention and Control. COVID-19 Situation Update Worldwide. (2020). Obtenido de: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/geographical-distribution-2019-ncov-cases#
Fabac, A. M. (2020). Mindfulness, Emotion Regulation, Gender, and Time Since Event as Predictors of Post-Traumatic Growth. (Tesis de Maestría). Universidad de New York. Praga. Republica Checa.
Fisher, B., y Specht, D. (1999). Successful aging and creativity later in life. Journal of Aging Studies, 13(4), 457–472. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0890-4065(99)00021-3
Fried, E.I. (2017). What are psychological constructs? On the nature and statistical modelling of emotions, intelligence, personality traits and mental disorders. Health psychology review, 11(2), 130-134. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2017.1306718
Fried, E. I., y Cramer, A. O. (2017). Moving forward: challenges and directions for psychopathological network theory and methodology. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(6), 999-1020. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1745691617705892
García, F., Cova, C., y Melipillán, R. (2013). Propiedades psicométricas del Inventario de Crecimiento Postraumático en población chilena afectada por un desastre natural. Revista Mexicana de Psicología, 30(2), 143-151. Recuperado de https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/2430/243033029007.pdf
Green, B. L. (2000). Traumatic loss: Conceptual and empirical links between trauma and bereavement. Journal of Personal & Interpersonal Loss, 5(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/10811440008407845
Hamam, A. A., Milo, S., Mor, I., Shaked, E., Eliav, A. S., y Lahav, Y. (2021). Peritraumatic reactions during the COVID-19 pandemic–The contribution of posttraumatic growth attributed to prior trauma. Journal of psychiatric research, 132, 23-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.09.029
Hamama-Raz, Y., Ben-Ezra, M., Bibi, H., Swarka, M., Gelernter, R., y Abu-Kishk, I. (2020). The interaction effect between gender and profession in posttraumatic growth among hospital personnel. Primary Health Care Research & Development; 21: e35. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1463423620000377
Helgeson, V. S., Reynolds, K. A., y Tomich, P. L. (2006). A meta-analytic review of benefit finding and growth. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 74(5), 797-816. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-006X.74.5.797
Henson, C., Truchot, D., y Canevello, A. (2020). What Promotes Post Traumatic Growth? A Systematic Review. European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 5(4), e100195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejtd.2020.100195
Hevey, D. (2018). Network analysis: a brief overview and tutorial. Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine, 6(1), 301-328. https://doi.org/10.1080/21642850.2018.1521283.
Howells, K., Wadey, R., Roy-Davis, K., y Evans, L. (2020). A systematic review of interventions to promote growth following adversity. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 48, e101671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101671
Isvoranu, A. M., Abdin, E., Chong, S. A., Vaingankar, J., Borsboom, D., y Subramaniam, M. (2021). Extended network analysis: from psychopathology to chronic illness. BMC psychiatry, 21(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03128-y
Joseph, S., Murphy, D., y Regel, S. (2012). An affective–cognitive processing model of post‐traumatic growth. Clinical psychology & psychotherapy, 19(4), 316-325. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.1798
Kamen, C., Vorasarun, C., Canning, T., Kienitz, E., Weiss, C., Flores, S., ... y Gore-Felton, C. (2016). The impact of stigma and social support on development of post-traumatic growth among persons living with HIV. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 23(2), 126-134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10880-015-9447-2
Kangaslampi, S., Garoff, F., Golden, S., y Peltonen, K. (2021). A network analysis of posttraumatic stress symptoms among help-seeking refugees in Kenya. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 78, e102358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102358
Kessler, R. C., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Benjet, C., Bromet, E. J., Cardoso, G., y… Koenen, K. C. (2017). Trauma and PTSD in the WHO World Mental Health surveys. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8(supl5). https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2017.1353383
Khechuashvili, L. (2018). Psychometric Properties of the Georgian Expanded Version of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 23(8), 659–671. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2018.1498202
Kou, W. J., Wang, X. Q., Li, Y., Ren, X. H., Sun, J. R., Lei, S. Y., ... y
Wang, M. X. (2021). Research trends of posttraumatic growth from 1996 to 2020: a bibliometric analysis based on Web of Science and CiteSpace. Journal of affective disorders reports, 3, e100052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadr.2020.100052
Lazarov, A., Suarez-Jimenez, B., Levi, O., Coppersmith, D., Lubin, G., Pine, D. S., Bar-Haim, Y., Abend, R., y Neria, Y. (2020). Symptom structure of PTSD and co-morbid depressive symptoms - a network analysis of combat veteran patients. Psychological medicine, 50(13), 2154–2170. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291719002034
Linley, P. A., y Joseph, S. (2011). Meaning in life and posttraumatic growth. Journal of loss and trauma, 16(2), 150-159. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2010.519287
Macia, K. S., Raines, A. M., Maieritsch, K. P., y Franklin, C. L. (2020). PTSD networks of veterans with combat versus non-combat types of index trauma. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 559-567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.027
McCoyd, J. L. M., y Walter, C. A. (2016). Grief and loss across the lifespan: A biopsychosocial perspective (2da ed.). New York: Springer Publishing Company
Mehta, D., Miller, O., Bruenig, D., David, G., y Shakespeare‐Finch, J. (2020). A systematic review of DNA methylation and gene expression studies in posttraumatic stress disorder, posttraumatic growth, and resilience. Journal of traumatic stress, 33(2), 171-180. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22472
Michael, C., y Cooper, M. (2013). Post-traumatic growth following bereavement: A systematic review of the literature. Counselling Psychology Review, 28(4), 18-33. Disponible en: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Christina-Michael/publication/260244829_Post-traumatic_growth_following_bereavement_A_systematic_review_of_the_literature/links/00b495346ecbb5a1ca000000/Post-traumatic-growth-following-bereavement-A-systematic-review-of-the-literature.pdf
Miller, O., Shakespeare-Finch, J., Bruenig, D., y Mehta, D. (2020). DNA methylation of NR3C1 and FKBP5 is associated with posttraumatic stress disorder, posttraumatic growth, and resilience. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(7), 750-755. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/tra0000574
Milman, E., y Neimeyer, R. A. (2020). Meaning-making in bereavement transitions: review and clinical relevance. En E.M. Altmaier. (Ed.), Navigating Life Transitions for Meaning, (pp. 69-89). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2018-0-04132-8
Mills, K. L., McFarlane, A. C., Slade, T., Creamer, M., Silove, D., Teesson, M., y Bryant, R. (2011). Assessing the prevalence of trauma exposure in epidemiological surveys. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 45(5), 407–415. https://doi.org/10.3109/00048674.2010.543654
Mkhitaryan, S., Crutzen, R., Steenaart, E., y de Vries, N. K. (2019). Network approach in health behavior research: how can we explore new questions? Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine, 7(1), 362–384. https://doi.org/10.1080/21642850.2019.1682587
Mordeno, I. G., Nalipay, M. J. N., Alfonso, M. K. S., y Cue, M. P. (2016). Examining the latent structure of posttraumatic growth between male and female survivors in the immediate aftermath of a flash flood disaster. Current Psychology, 35(4), 587-594. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-015-9325-y
Ord, A. S., Stranahan, K. R., Hurley, R. A., y Taber, K. H. (2020). Stress-Related Growth: Building a More Resilient Brain. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 32(3), A4-212. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20050111
Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2008). Glossary of humanitarian terms. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/hac/about/definitions/en/.
Orille, A. C., Marton, V., y Taku, K. (2020). Posttraumatic Growth Impacts Views of Others’ Trauma: The Roles of Shared Experience and Gender. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 0022167820961928. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167820961928
Pajón, L., Greco, A. M., Pereda, N., y Gallardo-Pujol, D. (2020). Factor structure of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory in a Spanish sample of adult victims of interpersonal violence in childhood. Revista de Psicopatología y Psicologia Clínica. 25(2) https://doi.org/10.5944/rppc.26017
Park, C. L., Cohen, L. H., y Murch, R. L. (1996). Assessment and Prediction of Stress-Related Growth. Journal of Personality, 64(1), 71–105. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.14676494.1996.tb00815.x
Penagos-Corzo, J. C., Tolamatl, C. R., Espinosa, A., Lorenzo-Ruiz, A., y Pintado, S. (2020). Psychometric properties of the PTGI and resilience in earthquake survivors in Mexico. Journal of loss and trauma, 25(4), 364-384. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2019.1692512
Peters, J., Bellet, B. W., Jones, P. J., Wu, G. W., Wang, L., y McNally, R. J. (2021). Posttraumatic stress or posttraumatic growth? Using network analysis to explore the relationships between coping styles and trauma outcomes. Journal of anxiety disorders, 78, e102359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102359
Powroznik, K., Stepanikova, I., y Cook, K. S. (2018). Growth from Trauma: Gender Differences in the Experience of Cancer and Long-term Survivorship. En J. J. Kronenfeld (Ed.). Gender, Women’s Health Care Concerns and Other Social Factors in Health and Health Care, (pp. 17-36). Emerald Publishing Limited, Bingley. https://doi.org/10.1108/s0275-495920180000036001
Prati, G., y Pietrantoni, L. (2013). Italian adaptation and Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the full and the short form of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 19(1), 12–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2012.734203
Prieto-Ursúa, M., y Jódar, R. (2020). Finding meaning in hell. The role of meaning, religiosity and spirituality in posttraumatic growth during the coronavirus crisis in Spain. Frontiers in psychology, 11. e567836 https://dx.doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2020.567836
Qasim, K., y Carson, J. (2020). Does Post-Traumatic Growth Follow Parental Death in Adulthood? An Empirical Investigation. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222820961956
Ramos-Vera, C. A. (2020). Una inferencial adicional mediante el factor Bayes en análisis correlacionales, Investigacion en educación médica, 36(4), 103-104. https://doi.org/10.22201/fm.20075057e.2020.36.20249
Ramos-Vera, C. (2021a). Las redes de relación estadística en la investigación psiquiátrica: el caso del delirio en el contexto de COVID-19. Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcp.2021.02.004
Ramos-Vera, C.A. (2021b). The Bayes Factor, a Suitable Complement beyond Values of p <0.05 in Nursing Research and Education. Investigacion y Educación en Enfermería, 39(1): e14. https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.iee.v39n1e14
Ramos-Vera, C.A. (2021c). El grado de la evidencia de las hipótesis estadísticas mediante el factor Bayes en las ciencias del deporte. RICYDE. Revista Internacional de Ciencias del Deporte, 64(17), 169-173. https://doi.org/10.5232/ricyde2021.06407
Ramos-Vera, C. (2021d). Las redes de relación estadística en la investigación de nutrición. Nutrición Hospitalaria. http://dx.doi.org/10.20960/nh.03522
Ramos-Vera, C. (2021e). Las redes de correlación en la investigación de la hipertensión arterial y riesgo vascular. Hipertensión y riesgo vascular. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hipert.2021.02.001
Ramos-Vera, C., Baños-Chaparro, J., y Ogundokun, R. (2021). Network structure of depressive symptoms in Peruvian adults with arterial hypertension. F1000Research, 10, 19. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.27422.2
Ramos-Vera, C. A., y Ogundokun, R. O. (2021). The use of the Bayes factor for statistical inference. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 16(2), 473-475. Disponible en: https://www.jhse.ua.es/article/view/2021-v16-n2-use-bayes-factor-statistical-inference-letter-editor
Ramos-Vera, C.A., Ramírez, Y., Rojas., E., Serpa, A., y García, FE. (en prensa). Evidencias psicométricas mediante SEM y análisis de red del Inventario de Crecimiento Postraumático en adolescentes peruanos. Psicologia Conductual, 29(2).
Russo-Netzer, P., y Ameli, M. (2021). Optimal Sense-Making and Resilience in Times of Pandemic: Integrating Rationality and Meaning in Psychotherapy. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 772. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.645926
Ryff, C. D., y Singer, B. (1998). The role of purpose in life and personal growth in positive human health. In P. T. P. Wong y P. S. Fry (Eds.), The human quest for meaning: A handbook of psychological research and clinical applications (pp. 213–235). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc
Rzeszutek, M., Oniszczenko, W., y Firląg-Burkacka, E. (2016). Gender differences in posttraumatic stress symptoms and the level of posttraumatic growth among a Polish sample of HIV-positive individuals. AIDS care, 28(11), 1411-1415. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2016.1182615
Schmittmann, V., Cramer, A., Waldorp, L., Epskamp, S., Kievit, R., y Borsboom, D. (2013). Deconstructing the construct: A network perspective on psychological phenomena. New Ideas in Psychology, 31(1), 43–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.newideapsych.2011.02.007.
Shaw, A., Joseph, S., y Linley, P. A. (2005). Religion, spirituality, and posttraumatic growth: A systematic review. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 8(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/1367467032000157981
Silverstein, M. W., Witte, T. K., Lee, D. J., Kramer, L. B., y Weathers, F. W. (2018). Dimensions of growth? Examining the distinctiveness of the five factors of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: Factors of the posttraumatic growth inventory. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 31(3), 448–453. doi:10.1002/jts.22298
Tedeschi, R. G., y Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9(3), 455– 472. doi:10.1002/jts.2490090305
Tedeschi, R. G., y Calhoun, L. G. " Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence". Psychological inquiry. 2004;15(1): 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli1501_01
Tedeschi, R. G., y Calhoun, L. G. (2007). Beyond the concept of recovery: Growth and the experience of loss. Death studies, 32(1), 27-39. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481180701741251
Tedeschi, R. G., Cann, A., Taku, K., Senol‐Durak, E., y Calhoun, L. G. (2017). The posttraumatic growth inventory: A revision integrating existential and spiritual change. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 30(1), 11-18. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22155
Tedeschi, R. G., Shakespeare-Finch, J., Taku, K., y Calhoun, L. G. (2018). Posttraumatic growth: theory, research and applications. New York, NY: Routledge
Van Bork, R., Rhemtulla, M., Waldorp, L. J., Kruis, J., Rezvanifar, S., y Borsboom, D. (2019). Latent variable models and networks: Statistical equivalence and testability. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 54, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2019.167251
Van Borkulo, C.D., Boschloo, L., Kossakowski, J., Tio, P., Schoevers, R., Borsboom, D., y Waldorp, L. (2017). Comparing network structures on three aspects: a permutation test. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.29455.38569.
Vishnevsky, T., Cann, A., Calhoun, L. G., Tedeschi, R. G., y Demakis, G. J. (2010). Gender differences in self-reported posttraumatic growth: A meta-analysis. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 34(1), 110–120. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2009.01546.x
Williams, D. R., y Mulder, J. (2020). Bayesian hypothesis testing for Gaussian graphical models: Conditional independence and order constraints. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 99, e102441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2020.102441
Wu, X., Kaminga, A. C., Dai, W., Deng, J., Wang, Z., Pan, X., y Liu, A. (2019). The prevalence of moderate-to-high posttraumatic growth: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of affective disorders, 243, 408-415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.09.023
Yalom, I. D., y Lieberman, M. A. (1991). Bereavement and Heightened Existential Awareness. Psychiatry, 54(4), 334–345. https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.1991.11024563
Yehuda, R., Hoge, C. W., McFarlane, A. C., Vermetten, E., Lanius, R. A., Nievergelt, C. M., y …Hyman, S. E. (2015). Post-traumatic stress disorder. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2015.57
Yeung, N. C., y Chow, T. S. (2019). Coping with my own way: Mediating roles of emotional expression and social support seeking in the associations between individual differences and posttraumatic growth. Health psychology open, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2055102919846596
Yuan, G., Park, C. L., Birkeland, S. R., Yip, P. S., y Hall, B. J. (2021). A network analysis of the associations between posttraumatic stress symptoms and posttraumatic growth among disaster-exposed Chinese young adults. Journal of Traumatic Stress. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22673
Zhang, H., Ma, W., Wang, G., Wang, S., y Jiang, X. (2021). Effects of psychosocial factors on posttraumatic growth among lung cancer patients: A structural equation model analysis. European Journal of Cancer Care, e13450. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecc.13450
Zhao, Y., An, Y., Sun, X., y Liu, J. (2019). Self-acceptance, post-traumatic stress disorder, post-traumatic growth, and the role of social support in Chinese rescue workers. Journal of loss and trauma, 25(3), 264-277. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2019.1672935
