Abstract
Objectives
To present a historical–critical analysis of the configuration process of the 2009–2010 flu pandemic in order to show the relationships between this process and the organization of world power, and to promote social and political mobilization.
Methods
Primary and secondary sources on the dynamics of the 2009–2010 flu pandemic were studied. The sources were validated by plausibility assessment and historiographical analysis. From a historical–territorial and critical approach, the relations between the world configuration of the pandemic and the economic, political, and ideological power relations of contemporary capitalism were identified.
Results
It is revealed that the expanding monopoly of the pig industry provided favorable conditions for the evolutionary explosion of the influenza A(H1N1) virus. The World Health Organization (WHO) made decisions that were inclined toward the economic interests of the pig and pharmaceutical industries within the framework of financial-cognitive capitalism.
Conclusions
The modes of conduct of these institutions and companies materialized the world relations of economic, political, and ideological power of our time, which determined the configuration process of the pandemic. The worldwide spreading of the virus is barely a trail of the process.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alterini J (2009). Operación Pandemia. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gKwk8Kq8QXA. Accessed 25 Jan 2020
Arrighi G (1999) El largo siglo XX. Dinero y poder en los orígenes de nuestra época. Akal, Madrid
Ávila É (2009) Influenza, Veracruz reporta primer caso. El Universal, México
Bacon D (2012) Del Valle de Perote a Tar Heel. Americas Programa. https://www.americas.org/es/del-valle-de-perote-a-tar-heel/. Accesed 29 June 2020
Barreda A (2009) Análisis crítico: Sobreacumulación de capital, de riesgos y de enfermedades. Crisis de la Influenza Porcina. https://crisisinfluenzaporcina.wordpress.com/5-analisis-critico/. Accessed 26 Jan 2020
Bergquist C (1989) En nombre de la historia: una crítica disciplinaria de la Historia doble de la costa de Orlando Fals Borda. Anu. Colomb. Histo. Soc. Cult. 16–17:205-229. https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/achsc/article/view/36091
Braudel F (1970) La larga duración. La historia y las ciencias sociales. Alianza, Madrid, pp 60–106
Brown IH (2000) The epidemiology and evolution of influenza viruses in pigs. Vet Microbiol 74:29–46
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2009) Origin of 2009 H1N1 flu (swine Flu): questions and answers. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta https://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/information_h1n1_virus_qa.htm
Chemnitz C, Becheva S (executive editors) (2014) Meat atlas: facts and figures about the animals we eat. Heinrich Böll Stiftung and Friends of the Earth Europe, Ahrensfelde https://www.boell.de/en/meat-atlas
Christman MC, Ambreen K, Jianpeng X, Ruben D, Guoqing L (2011) Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus revisited: an evolutionary retrospective. Infect Genet Evol 11(5):803–811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2011.02.021
Dawood FS, Iuliano AD, Reed C, Meltzer MI, Shay DK, Cheng PY, Bandaranayake D, Breiman RF, Brooks WA, Buchy P, Feikin DR, Fowler KB, Gordon A, Tran-Hien N, Horby P, Huang QS, Katz MA, Krishnan A, Lal R, Montgomery JM, Mølbak K, Pebody R, Presanis AM, Razuri H, Steens A, Tinoco YO, Wallinga J, Yu H, Vong S, Bresee J, Widdowson MA (2012) Estimated global mortality associated with the first 12 months of 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 virus circulation: a modelling study. Lancet Infect Dis 12(9):687–695
Díaz G (executive producer), Casanova F, Díaz MA (directors) (2009) Pueblos Unidos [documentary film]. Mexico: Agraviados Films. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2jepg5L22WI. Accesed 29 June 2020
Ducatez MF, Hause B, Stigger-Rosser E, Darnell D, Corzo C, Juleen K, Simonson R, Brockwell-Staats C, Rubrum A, Wang D, Webb A, Crumpton JC, Lowe J, Gramer M, Webby RJ (2011) Multiple Reassortment between pandemic (H1N1) 2009 and endemic influenza viruses in pigs, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 17(9). https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/17/9/11-0338_article
Elias N (1994 [1939]) El proceso de la civilización. Investigaciones sociogenéticas y psicogenéticas. Fondo de Cultura Económica, México
Garten R, Davis T, Russell C et al (2009) Antigenic and genetic characteristics of the early isolates of swine-origin 2009 A(H1N1) influenza viruses circulating in humans. Science 325(5937):197–201. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/325/5937/197
Gervas J (2014) El asunto Tamiflú/Relenza, la salud pública y algunas lecciones para la decisión y la ética. Revista Cubana De Salud Pública 40(4):334–348
Gilchrist MJ, Greko C, Wallinga DB, Beran GW, Riley DG, Thorne PS (2006) The potential role of CAFOs in infectious disease epidemics and antibiotic resistance. J Environ Health Perspect. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8837
Girard MP, Tam JS, Assossou OM, Kieny MP (2010) The 2009 A (H1N1) influenza virus pandemic: a review. Vaccine 28(31):4895–4902. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.05.031
GRAIN (2009) Influenza porcina: un sistema alimentario que mata. GRAIN. https://grain.org/e/190
Harvey D (2007) Breve historia del neoliberalismo. Akal, Madrid
Henao-Kaffure L (2018) Poder mundial y salud. Comparación histórica de pandemias de gripe. Los casos de 1918–1919 y 2009–2010. Dissertation, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. http://bdigital.unal.edu.co/63493/
Hernández-Álvarez M (2004) La fragmentación de la salud en Colombia y Argentina. Una comparación sociopolítica, 1880–1950. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá
Jefferson T, Jones MA, Doshi P, Del Mar CB, Hama R, Thompson MJ, Spencer EA, Onakpoya IJ, Mahtani KR, Nunan D, Howick J, Heneghan CJ (2014) Neuraminidase inhibitors for preventing and treating influenza in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008965.pub4
Katz C (2010) Interpretaciones de la crisis. La página de Claudio Katz, textos de ciencias sociales. https://katz.lahaine.org/interpretaciones-de-la-crisis/. Accessed 25 Jan 2020
Kim B, Laestadius L, Lawrence R, Martin R, McKenzie S, Nachman K, Smith T, Truant P (2013) The industrial food animal production in America: examining the impact of the pew commission’s priority recommendations. Pew Charitable and Johns Hopkins, Baltimore. https://clf.jhsph.edu/publications/industrial-food-animal-production-america-examining-impact-pew-commissions-priority. Accessed 26 June 2007
Mann M (1991) Las sociedades como redes organizadas de poder. In: Las fuentes del poder social I. Una historia del poder desde los comienzos hasta 1760 DC. Alianza, Madrid, pp 13–58
Monto AS, Black S, Plotkin SA, Orenstein WA (2011) Response to the 2009 pandemic: effect on influenza control in wealthy and poor countries. Vaccine 29(38):6427–6431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.113
Morales AT (2009) Granjas Carroll provocó la epidemia de males respiratorios en Perote, según agente municipal. La Jornada 6 April. https://www.jornada.com.mx/2009/04/06/index.php?section=estados&article=030n1est
Organización Mundial de la Salud (2018) Gripe (estacional). Organización Mundial de la Salud (6 November). https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/influenza-(seasonal). Accessed 25 Jan 2020
Pérez-Espejo R (2006) Granjas porcinas y medio ambiente. Contaminación del agua en La Piedad, Michoacán. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
Otake S, Dee S, Moon R, Rossow K, Trincado C, Farnham M, Pijoan, C (2003) Survival of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in houseflies. Can J Vet Res 67(3):198–203. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC227053/
Redacción L (2009) Niega Granjas Carroll haber incubado el virus de la gripe porcina. Proceso 28 April. https://www.proceso.com.mx/114756/niega-granjas-carroll-haber-incubado-el-virus-de-la-gripe-porcina
Reuters, Agence France-Presse (AFP), Deutsche Presse-Agentur (DPA) (2005) Bush pide al congreso 7 mil mdd para preparar a EU ante la gripe aviar. La Jornada 2 November. https://www.jornada.com.mx/2005/11/02/index.php?section=sociedad&article=007n1soc
Shope RE (1931) Swine influenza. III. Filtration experiments and etiology. J Exp Med 54(3):373–385
Wallace R (2016). The NAFTA flu. In: Big farms make big flu. Dispatches on infectious disease, agribusiness, and the nature of science. Monthly Review Press, New York, pp 32–36
World Health Organization (2009) Recommended use of antivirals. World Health Organization (21 August) https://www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/notes/h1n1_use_antivirals_20090820/en/ Accessed 25 Jan 2020
Wuethrich B (2003) Chasing the fickle swine flu. Science 299(5612):1502–1505
Zhang H, Chen L (2009) Possible origin of current influenza A H1N1 viruses. Lancet 9:456–457
Zukerfeld M (2008) El rol de la propiedad intelectual en la transición hacia el capitalismo cognitivo. Argumentos. Revista de crítica social 9:1–25 https://publicaciones.sociales.uba.ar/index.php/argumentos/article/view/862/0
Acknowledgements
The authors are immensely grateful to the translator, Sirena Rayes, for her dedication to understand and adequately convey our work.
Funding
From Colciencias, the Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (Administrative Department of Science, Technology, and Innovation), currently esteemed as the Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation, a research grant for financial support was given to the PhD program of the corresponding author by way of the 2009 Convocatoria Nacional para Estudios a Nivel de Doctorado en Colombia (National Call for Doctoral Level Studies in Colombia).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This article is part of the special issue “Market-driven forces and Public Health”.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Henao-Kaffure, L., Hernández-Álvarez, M. Flu pandemic, world power, and contemporary capitalism: building a historical–critical perspective. Int J Public Health 65, 1003–1009 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-020-01441-z
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-020-01441-z