https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3511-7562
Figures
Abstract
Background
COVID-19 is the novel coronavirus responsible for the ongoing global outbreak of acute respiratory disease and viral pneumonia. In order to tackle the devastating condition of the virus, countries need to attack the virus with aggressive and targeted tactics. Thus, to strengthen the COVID-19 mitigation measures and to give rapid response, there is an urgent need to understand the public’s knowledge and attitude about of the pandemic at this critical moment.
Objective
This study was aimed to assess the knowledge and attitude of communities about COVID-19 and associated factors among Gondar City residents.
Methods
A community based cross-sectional study was done among 623 respondents in Gondar city from April 20-27/2020. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire adapted from different literatures. The data were entered using Epi data version 3.1 and then exported into STATA version 14 for analysis. Bi-variable and multivariable binary logistic regression were performed. Adjusted odds ratio with 95% CI was used to declare statistically significant variables on the basis of p value less than 0.05 in the multivariable binary logistic regression model.
Results
The overall knowledge and attitude of the community towards COVID19 was 51.85% [95% CI (47.91%-55.78%)] and 53.13% [95% CI (49.20, 57.06%)], respectively. In this study, being married [AOR = 0.60 at 95% CI: (0.42, 0.86)], educational level; primary [AOR = 3.14 at 95% CI: (1.78,5.54)], secondary [AOR = 2.81 at 95% CI: (1.70,4.63)], college and above [AOR = 4.49 at 95% CI: 7.92, 13.98)], and family size [AOR = 1.80, at 95% CI: (1.05, 3.08)] were emerged as statistically significant factors impacting the knowledge of the community about COVID-19. Besides, educational level; primary [AOR = 1.76 at 95% CI: (1.03, 3.01)], secondary [AOR = 1.69 at 95% CI: (1.07, 2.68)], and college & above [AOR = 2.38 at 95% CI: (1.50, 3.79)], and family size; four to six members [AOR = 1.84 at 95% CI (1.27, 2.67)], above seven members [AOR = 1.79 at 95% CI (1.08, 2.96)] were factors identified as significantly attribute for positive attitude of the communities towards COVID-19.
Citation: Taddese AA, Azene ZN, Merid MW, Muluneh AG, Geberu DM, Kassa GM, et al. (2021) Knowledge and attitude of the communities towards COVID-19 and associated factors among Gondar City residents, northwest Ethiopia: A community based cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE 16(4): e0248821. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248821
Editor: Ramesh Kumar, Health Services Academy Islamabad Pakistan, PAKISTAN
Received: October 29, 2020; Accepted: March 6, 2021; Published: April 16, 2021
Copyright: © 2021 Taddese et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting information files.
Funding: The author(s) received no specific funding for this work.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Abbreviations: AOR, Adjusted Odds Ratio; CI, Confidence Interval; COR, Crude Odds Ratio; COVID-19, Corona virus disease 19; OR, Odds Ratio; SD, Standard Deviation; SPSS, Statistical Package for Social Sciences; TV, Television; WHO, World Health Organization
Introduction
In China, Wuhan city, Hubei Province, a cohort of pneumonia cases of unknown cause was reported on December 31 2019 [1]. A novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) has been incriminated as the cause for the aforementioned disease that has been continuing infecting more than 209 countries with around 1.5 million confirmed cases and 90 thousand deaths globally [2, 3]. In Ethiopia the first case was confirmed on March 13, 2020 [4]. The clinical feature of COVID-19 varies from mild flu like symptoms to severe pneumonia along with acute respiratory distress syndrome, septic shock and multi-organ failure, which in turn leads to in the risk of death. The pandemic (COVID-19) is claimed to be transmitted predominantly from person to person via inhalation the infected aerosols. Other modes of transmissions for the pandemic have also been implicated such as contact with contaminated fomites, and direct person to the infected individual [5, 6].
The COVID-19 disease is spreading drastically in both developed and developing countries including Ethiopia and results in unprecedented catastrophic death and social crisis [7]. The reasons for the high burden of the pandemic in developing nations may ascribed to the limited resources to combat the disease, the use of mass transport, and low awareness of the communities about the disease. Studies, in China and Ethiopia noted that the proportion of communities’ good knowledge about COVID-19 was 90% and 54%, respectively [8, 9]. In Ethiopia, tremendous endeavors are being invested such as developing supportive and reliable informatics, risk assessment and contact tracing activities, laboratory testing, and disseminating information, education, and communication about the diseases through different outlets. However, the pandemic continues to affect the inhabitants of the country even in a more rapid rate.
Moreover, we cannot do community mass screening via blood test to identify the suspected cases, owing to mass transport; mass gathering in religion ceremony and market areas, get limited hygiene and sanitation services.
Therefore, to provide a rapid response against the pandemic, it is imperative to strengthen the taken prevention and control strategies. This calls up on enhancing the communities’ level of knowledge and attitude about the COVID-19. The main aim of this study was therefore to assess the knowledge and attitude of communities about COVID-19 and its associated factors among Gondar City residents, northwest Ethiopia.
Methods
Study area
The study was conducted at Gondar city, Amhara regional state, northwest Ethiopia. The city is located at Central Gondar Zone, Amhara regional state of Ethiopia, and is 748 kilometers far northwest of Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia and, about 180 kilometers from Bahir Dar city, the capital of Amhara regional state. It has an altitude of 12°36′N 37°28′E and longitude of 12.60N 37.467’E with an elevation of 2133 meters above sea level and it embraces 12 administrative areas (sub-cities) which consist of 22 kebeles (the smallest administrative unit in Ethiopia). Gondar city is among one of the ancient and largely populated cities in the country. The city has now one public referral hospital and eight governmental health centers.
Study design and period
A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from April 20 to 27, 2020.
Study participants
The source population of this study was all people of age 18 years and above residing in Gondar city while people aged 18 years and higher living in the selected kebeles of the city were the study population.
Sample size calculation and sampling procedures
The sample size was determined by using single population proportion formula by considering the following statistical assumptions:
Confidence level (Cl), 95%
Proportion = 50%
Margin of error 5%
Using the following single proportion formula:-
Where
n = initial sample size
Z = 1.96, the corresponding Z-score for the 95% CI
P = Proportion = 50%
W = Margin of error = 5% = 0.05
By considering 10% non-response rate and design effect of 1.5, the final sample size was 635. The participants`households were accessed using cluster sampling technique.
Out of 22 Kebeles, 8 Kebeles (Kebele 7, Kebele 8, Kebele 9, Kebele 13, Kebele 16, Kebele 17, Kebele 18, Kebele 20) were selected by using lottery method. Then from each kebele, one to two Ketena/s (the lowest administrative cluster) were selected depending on the numbers of households. The selected Ketena/s were considered as cluster and all households in the selected Ketena/s were included. Either parents in the household was interviewed or one family member aged above 18 years was the respondent in the household whenever the parents were not available at the time of data collection.
Operational definitions
Information exposure.
Respondents were asked whether they heard or not about the various aspects of COVID-19. The responses were coded as yes or no and those who responded median and above score of the information exposure assessment questions were regarded as having good level of information exposure about COVID-19.
Study variables
The dependent variables were knowledge and attitude of the communities towards COVID-19. Whereas socio-demographic related variables including sex, age, educational level, family size and communities’ attitude towards COVID-19 preventive measures were the independent variables.
Data collection tools and procedures
Data regarding the variables were collected through face-to-face interview using a structured questionnaire adapted from different literatures. The respondents were asked about the sources of information about COVID-19 and how much they trust those sources. They were also asked about the types of information that they wanted to receive. Participants were interviewed whether they performed precautionary measures including avoiding handshaking, adopting hand washing, and practicing physical distancing. The full survey questionnaire is provided in the S1 Appendix.
Data were collected by BSc nurses and strictly followed by supervisors who managed the overall data collection process. A one-day training was given to the data collectors and supervisors about the purpose of the study, data collection tools, collection techniques and ethical issues during selection of the study participants and collection of the data. All responses to closed and open questions were written down manually by the interviewers. The supervisors assessed the consistency and completeness of data on a daily basis.
Statistical analysis
The data entry was performed using the statistical software Epi data version 3.1 and then exported to STATA version 14 for analysis. Descriptive statistics was carried out and presented with narration and tabulation. Binary logistic regression (Bi-variable and multivariable) analysis was performed to identify statistically significant variables using a cut-off p-value < 0.2 in the bi-variable analysis to identify candidate variables for multivariable binary logistic regression. Adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval was used to declare statistically significant variables on the basis of p-value <0.05 in the multivariable binary logistic regression model. Hosmer and Lemeshow goodness of fit test was employed and decision was made at P-value>0.05.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the University of Gondar and an official permission letter was gained from the city administrative office. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant before conducting the actual data collection process. Any identifiable issues were eliminated to ascertain confidentiality. Furthermore, appropriate infection prevention practices and principles related to COVID-19 were considered during data collection period. Data collectors provided health education for the household after the interview has been completed based on the gaps identified as appropriate.
Results
Socio-demographic characteristics of the study participants
In the current study, a total 623 study participants were involved making the response rate of 98.1%. The median age of the study participants was 33 ± 13.24 (SD) years. Four hundred two (64.53%) of the study participants were females. Three- fifth (59.87%) of the study participants were married. Regarding to the family size of the respondents, t344 (55.22%) had 4 to 6 family members in household. Of the respondents, 202 (32.42%) had attained college and above and 125 (20.06%) had no formal education (Table 1).
Prevalence of knowledge about COVID-19
In this study, the overall knowledge of the study participants about COVID-19 was 51.85% at 95% CI (47.91%, 55.78%) (Table 2).
Prevalence of attitude towards COVID-19
In the current study, the overall prevalence of the communities’ attitude towards COVID-19 was 53.13% at 95% CI (49.20, 57.06%) (Table 3)
Factors associated with knowledge about COVID-19
In our study, those participants who were 40% less likely to have good knowledge about COVID-19 compared to unmarried participants [AOR = 0.60 at 95% CI: (0.42, 0.86)]. Respondents who had attained college and above were 7.92 times more knowledgeable than those who had no formal education [AOR = 7.92, at CI: (4.49, 13.98)]. Respondents who had seven and above family members were 1.80 times more likely to have good knowledge about COVID-19 compared those respondents who had less than three family members [AOR = 1.80, at CI: (1.05, 3.08)] (Table 4).
Factors associated with attitude towards COVID-19
In the multivariable analysis; level of education and family size continued to significantly affect the communities’ attitude towards COVID-19.
In this study, an increased in the level of education has been positively associated with communities’ attitude towards COVID-19 compared to those who had no formal education [primary education AOR = 1.76 at 95% CI: (1.03, 3.01), secondary AOR = 1.69 at 95% CI: (1.07, 2.68), and college & above AOR = 2.38 at 95% CI: (1.50, 3.79)]. Moreover, study participants who had seven and above family members were 1.79 times more likely to have positive attitude towards COVID-19 compared to those who had three and less family members (Table 5).
Discussion
In the current study, we have tried to assess the prevalence of knowledge and attitude of the community to wards COVID-19 and the factors associated with it in Gondar city, northwest Ethiopia. Accordingly, our results yielded that the prevalence of communities’ who had good r knowledge and positive attitude towards COVID-19 were 51.85% at 95% CI (47.91%, 55.78%) and 53.13% at 95% CI (49.20%, 57.06%), respectively.
The prevalence of the study participants with good knowledge is in agreement with earlier reports from Bangladesh [10] and Iran [11] but higher than a study conducted in Ethiopia [12]. The finding of our study (51.85% at 95% CI (47.91%, 55.78%)) however was lower than former evidences reported from Malaysia [13], Vietnam [14], Pakistan [15], Iran [16], Italy [17], Uganda [18], Nigeria [19], Tanzania [20], Pakistan [21], and two studies in China [22, 23]. Regarding to the second outcome of our study, attitude of the communities’ towards COVID-19 (53.13% at 95% CI (49.20%, 57.06%), was lower compared to the findings from Bangladesh [10], Pakistan [20], china [22] and Tanzania [20].
The possible explanations, for the observed discrepancies in the prevalence of knowledge and attitude of the communities’ towards COVID-19 might be ascribed to differences in the study population, tools used to measure the outcome variables across the studies, timing of the study period, the sample size used, the level of information exchange.
In regard to the factors affecting the outcome variables, the socio-demographic variables like marital status, level of education and family size had significantly influenced the knowledge and attitude of the communities’ towards COVID-19. As such, Forty-percent of the respondents who were married were less likely to have good knowledge regarding COVID-19 [AOR = 0.60 at 95% CI: (0.42, 0.86)]. This result is supported by a previous report from China [9]. This could be explained in that those married individuals may carry higher responsibilities to care for their children and their family at large and hence they might be eager to sought for information about the disease thereby they had good knowledge about COVID-19.
Moreover, respondents who attended higher level of education were more likely to have good knowledge and positive attitude compared to those respondents with no formal education [9, 10, 12]. This might be due to the fact that educational attainment is often used as a proxy measure of socio-economic status. And people with higher educational level have better income and have resources to secure information related to the COVID-19 thereby might have good knowledge and positive attitude towards the pandemic. This finding is indicative for policy makers and intervention strategies to focus on community members who have no formal education.
Finally, family size was one of the factors significantly associated with both good knowledge and positive attitude. Cognizant of this, study participants with higher family size were more likely to have good knowledge and positive attitude in the current study. The possible reason for this could be, family members might have discussion about COVID-19 and share information on how to care about each other from the pandemic and this will in turn enable for them to have good knowledge and positive attitude.
Limitations of the study
This study acknowledged some important possible limitations that should be considered when interpreting the results. First, the study was cross-sectional, a design that does not permit to establish cause-effect relationships. Second, social desirability bias due to self-report might have been introduced.
Conclusion and recommendation
In the our study, more than half of the study participants had good knowledge and positive attitude towards COVID-19. The socio-demographic variables, such as marital status, level of education and family size were factors significantly affecting the knowledge and attitude of the communities” towards the diseases (COVID-19). We authors recommended that the intervention strategies to halt the pandemic could better provide a due attention on these segments of population including those who had no formal education, unmarried once, households with lower family members.
Supporting information
S1 Dataset. This is the data set used in analysis for the current study.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248821.s002
(XLS)
Acknowledgments
We are very indebted to Gondar city health office for permitting to conduct the study and providing the necessary preliminary information while conducting this study. We do wish to extend our gratitude to the study participants, supervisors and data collectors.
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