Skip to main content

PERSPECTIVE article

Front. Psychol., 22 March 2021
Sec. Personality and Social Psychology
This article is part of the Research Topic COVID-19 and Existential Positive Psychology (PP2.0): The New Science of Self-Transcendence View all 49 articles

A Perspective on Mature Gratitude as a Way of Coping With COVID-19

  • The Thriving Human Science Center, Venray, Netherlands

Aim and Methods: This perspective presents evidence of mature gratitude as a way of coping with the threats and boundaries of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This narrative, non-systematic review will be based on studies from the COVID-19 period in association with more general literature on the characteristics of mature gratitude related to good mental health.

Results: The results from the literature suggest that a confrontation with our existential vulnerability during a pandemic is not only a crisis but also an opportunity to view our lives in a different way. Mature gratitude, as proposed in this perspective, can help us in coping with the threats and boundaries that are part of our lives due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This time of crisis gives us the opportunity to self-reflect on our current life and plans for the future and to reframe them through a positive lens which can encourage individuals to actively strengthen their psychological resilience and coping skills.

Conclusion: Cultivating an attitude of mature gratitude through actions of kindness, expressing being thankful for life and God, and enjoying all the small things in life helps in coping with the current threats of COVID-19 and building lifelong resilience for the future. Knowledge about these associations can help psychologists, counselors, and coaches to support people who experience psychological issues due to the current pandemic and all crises to come.

Introduction

As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues, we all must adjust to a threatening world that was already been scourged by conflict, natural disasters due to climate change, and other serious adversities. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) forces us to physically distance us from others and abstain from important social behavior causing loneliness, anxiety, and depression. We live under lockdown and are strongly advised to refrain from larger gatherings and unnecessary traveling. This leads to disruptive agitation in the population of an individualistic and hedonistic society where immediate need fulfillment now must be postponed for the sake of collective health. Furthermore, there is serious economic damage whereby many people have lost their jobs and face poverty and homelessness. Above all, there is an existential fear that lingers in our daily life now that COVID-19 is threatening mostly the lives of the vulnerable and old, but also young and healthy people are at risk of becoming seriously ill.

These times show the necessity for positive psychology 2.0 (PP 2.0), the successor of positive psychology 1.0 (PP 1.0). Whereas PP 1.0 focuses on the pursuit of happiness (Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi, 2000), it becomes clear that we cannot avoid or ignore unpleasant issues like suffering and human weaknesses, something that was already known in suffering societies across the world before the COVID-19 pandemic. Our mental health is not immune to adverse effects, and we need a way to cope with these disruptive issues acknowledging that suffering is part of living. PP 2.0 posits that life is a struggle in a difficult and dangerous world. The only way to achieve sustainable well-being is to embrace and transform suffering and human weaknesses into our advantage for personal growth, happiness, and success. This can be achieved through learning how to make the best use of the dynamic and dialectic interplay between positive and negative life experiences in each context (Wong, 2019; Wong et al., in press).

Aim and Scope

The aim of this perspective is to present evidence of mature gratitude as a way of coping with the threats and boundaries due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This manuscript is a narrative review. The purpose of a narrative review is to describe a topic of interest. They have no specified search strategy, are not systematic and do not follow specified protocols (Ferrari, 2015). For this narrative review, studies were included from the COVID-19 period in association with more general literature on the characteristics of mature gratitude such as dispositional gratitude, existential gratitude, state gratitude, spirituality, and religion. Relevant articles were found through database search or references in given articles. Knowledge about these associations can help psychologists, counselors, and coaches to support people who experience psychological issues due to the current pandemic.

Mature Gratitude

One of the ways to learn to cope with positive and negative life experiences is mature gratitude; a concept associated with positive psychology 2.0 (see Figure 1). This concept arose over time as more and more became known about gratitude and its many facets. In the beginning, trait gratitude was defined as a wider life orientation towards noticing and being grateful for the positive in the world (Wood et al., 2010). A definition of gratitude that includes more facets of life is proposed by Jans-Beken (2018): “Trait gratitude is viewed as a general tendency to recognize small to large benefits, to experience sufficiency, and to acknowledge anything in the world, both human and non-human, with grateful emotion and expression of this emotion which promotes personal well-being and the well-being of others.” (Jans-Beken, 2018, pp. 10–11). Although not explicitly, this definition of an attitude of gratitude already includes two dimensions: a horizontal and a vertical dimension.

FIGURE 1
www.frontiersin.org

Figure 1. Conceptual model of mature gratitude.

The horizontal immanent dimension includes gratitude for prosperity and adversity that is conceived consciously and within earthly borders. The horizontal gratitude is directed at materialistic and naturalistic objects, expected and unexpected events, and the people with whom we interact. Being grateful for the good things in life is the easier part (McCullough et al., 2002). One of the most common gratitude interventions is the Three Good Things exercise which focusses solely on the good and consists of writing down three things that went well that day along with their causes and consequences (Seligman et al., 2005). This intervention is often used in experiments and the results showed that inducing gratitude with the Three Good Things exercise is associated with less psychopathological symptoms and more happiness (Gander et al., 2012; Lomas et al., 2014; Sexton and Adair, 2019). Being grateful for broken objects, disheartening events, and people that are annoying or hurtful, is a more difficult part of gratitude. In times of adversity and uncertainty such as a pandemic, people feel powerless and they lose their sense of control over their life and their faith. If they realize that everything they have and counted on, may be taken away, it becomes hard to take it all for granted. When people become aware of their mortal limitations, this awareness will enhance their sense of gratitude for life. People can gain the most from a grateful perspective on life during a crisis (Emmons, 2013; Frias et al., 2011). In a study by Jans-Beken and Wong (2019) the results showed that gratitude for good and adverse aspects – existential gratitude (Jans-Beken and Wong, 2019) – predicted better well-being in people with symptoms of PTSD, while gratitude for only good aspects – trait gratitude – was not (Jans-Beken and Wong, 2019). This shows that it is necessary for good mental health to accept and transform frustration, powerlessness, and hurt that one experiences into growth and thriving.

The vertical dimension is the experience of gratitude for phenomena that cannot be precisely and mentally located in space and time. Illustrations of this vertical gratitude are cosmic gratitude (Roberts, 2014). Gratitude to God, non-directed existential gratitude (Lacewing, 2016) or spiritual gratitude that can be elicited by, for example, gratitude for ancestors or spirits, but also cultural expressions such as music or art, or an awareness of being part of something big. There are many definitions of spirituality and religiousness where spirituality is considered a personal experiential belief, such as belief in a higher power, or having a sense of belonging with others or the universe. Religiousness includes these personal beliefs, but it also incorporates organizational or institutional beliefs and practices such as church membership and attendance, and commitment to the beliefs system of an organized religion (Zinnbauer et al., 1997).

Spiritual or religious people have a stronger tendency to experience gratitude than do less spiritual or religious individuals (Emmons and Kneezel, 2005). Findings on spirituality and gratitude showed that self-reported spirituality and spiritual behaviors such as prayer and meditation, increased a sense of gratitude. Spirituality brings awareness to an individual’s feelings of gratitude (Lambert et al., 2009; Olson et al., 2018). Thanks giving to God is one of the most basic religious expressions and is one of the most common themes of people’s prayers and descriptions of their religious lives. Being religious might facilitate gratitude in two ways. First, it might amplify the perception of benefits during trying times, and second, by transforming negative experiences by adding spiritual or religious meaning to the event. Even in situations that are distressing, finding meaning in some way can strengthen someone’s sense of gratitude (Frankl, 1959; Krause and Hayward, 2013; Rosmarin et al., 2015). The question arises if non-theist can feel grateful in the first place. Lacewing (2016) posits that a “psychologically rich and satisfying account of appropriate non-directed existential gratitude is available to the non-theist” (Lacewing, 2016, p. 14). Thus, feeling grateful does not necessarily require the vertical dimension but it will deepen and intensify the experience of it. Mature gratitude might play a vital role in preventing people from depression, anger, and anxiety because of suffering, by teaching people a better and adaptive way to embrace their hardship (Jans-Beken and Wong, 2019).

Mature gratitude and COVID-19

Threats

In 2020, every country on the Earth faced various threats from the SARS-CoV-2. First, there is the physical threat from the virus itself. Although everyone can get infected by the SARS-CoV-2, especially vulnerable and older people seem to be susceptible to become life-threateningly ill due to COVID-19. Many of us fear losing our elder parents and other elder family members. Some of the patients end up in the intensive care, and when they survive, residual complaints invalidate the survivors for a long time and perhaps even for life (Bij de Vaate et al., 2020). Second, there is an economic threat. For almost all countries in the world, the unemployment rate has risen dramatically (Bureau of Labor Statistics and U.S. Department of Labor, 2020; Eurostat, 2020; Statista, 2020). For most of the people who were able to hold their job or business, income and revenue, respectively, dropped. Many governments provided social safety nets for entrepreneurs and companies to prevent them from going bankrupt, but although this can prevent some in going out of business, there still will be companies that will cease to exist after 2020. Many people have lost the possibility to provide for themselves and their family, increasing poverty and homelessness around the globe (Community Solutions, 2020; Slicker, 2020; Sumner et al., 2020).

Both the physical and economical threat can cause the experience of existential fear; people must cope with the fear of losing a safe home and not being able to provide food or care for their children, and there is a realistic possibility of becoming ill or even die. This existential threat is new for many of us, and it may lead to severe psychological difficulties (Blustein and Guarino, 2020; Son et al., 2020). A review of the early evidence regarding mental health and COVID-19 suggests that anxiety, depression, and self-reported stress are subsyndromal mental health issues following the COVID-19 pandemic (González-Sanguino et al., 2020; Peteet, 2020; Rajkumar, 2020).

Studies from 2020 showed that state and trait gratitude was associated with better mental health. Grateful participants reported less anxiety and depression and better subjective well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic (Bono et al., 2020; Butler and Jaffe, 2020). State gratitude – which is defined as the emotion of gratitude (Fredrickson, 2004) – increased from before to during the pandemic for students from lower SES families, whereas the opposite was observed for students from higher SES families (Bono et al., 2020). Nurses working under immense pressure during the COVID-19 pandemic mentioned in a qualitative study that their gratitude grew for the support from colleagues, relatives, friends, and all sectors of society. Most nurses said that they would continue working and living with gratitude in the future. The respondents who were able to self-reflect on their own values and mortality during the hard times found positive forces to grow in a psychological way (Sun et al., 2020). This is in agreement with the scarcity heuristic explanation which proposes that when individuals are reminded of or confronted with death in a personal manner, they appreciate their own life more (King et al., 2009). Microsoft was one of the companies that immediately introduced working from home and coupled this with a study including gratitude. They asked their employees to reflect daily on their previous day. Data from 4,641 nightly reflection diaries showed that 47% of the employees experienced a positive impact of grateful reflection and 35% reported an increase of feelings of control during these uncertain times (Butler and Jaffe, 2020). Gratitude seems to contribute to mental well-being, also during a crisis such as a pandemic.

Some studies were conducted regarding spirituality and religion in association with mental health during the COVID-19 period. One study from Spain reported higher levels of spiritual well-being as a strong predictor for reduced symptoms of depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) during this period (González-Sanguino et al., 2020). In a sample of American Orthodox Jews, direct exposure to COVID-19 was correlated with higher religiosity; positive religious coping, intrinsic religiosity, and trust in God strongly correlated with less stress and more positive impact, while negative religious coping and mistrust in God correlated with the inverse (Pirutinsky et al., 2020). A sample of Iranian adults reported a mediating role of spiritual health on the association between the adverse effects of pervasive anxiety on positive future attitudes and quality of relationship with the family (Kamran and Fazlollah, 2020). A study with American youth found that those who are not religious reported worsening of their mental health during COVID-19 compared to those who consider themselves religious. The adolescents who turned to their faith and those whose religious beliefs helped them through difficult situations reported to have their faith strengthened during COVID-19 (Kang et al., 2020).

A mixed-method study including gratitude and spirituality among women reported that women who considered themselves spiritual but not religious reported that during the pandemic, a certain feeling of being grateful for a connection with God gave them hope. Other women reported that they were grateful for little things in their lives and the opportunity to slow down and spend more time doing joyful activities. Some women explained how they maintained their gratitude, for example, by keeping a gratitude journal and by downward social comparison thinking the situation could be worse (Roberto et al., 2020). These findings highlight that, for some, faith may promote resilience and mental health, especially during crises.

Boundaries

The first strategy against the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 that many governments issued was the lockdown. The strictness of the lockdowns varied from a strong advice to stay home and work remotely if possible to being prohibited to leave home including a ban on buying tobacco and alcohol (Wasserman and Moynihan, 2020). As the virus spreads by droplets and aerosols that cross a certain distance while talking/laughing/singing/sneezing/coughing, the experts advised to keep a physical distance from other people, which they wrongfully called “social distancing.” However, this physical distance of at least 1 m prohibits people to engage in important social touching behaviors such as shaking hands for trust and comforting others by hugging (Dolcos et al., 2012; Forsell and Åström, 2012). This lack of closeness and affection can lead to psychological distress in healthy people and can deteriorate the mental health of people already suffering from psychological illnesses (Venkatesh and Edirappuli, 2020).

Another problem in maintaining limiting strategies to prevent the spread of a deadly virus to protect the population is the individualistic and hedonistic nature of many societies in 2020. Strategies such as the lockdown are derived from communally oriented East Asian cultures. The way that culturally relevant concepts of rights and freedoms underpin COVID-19 restrictions in individually oriented countries appears to be troublesome. We see people in the streets demonstrating against the restricting policies. People are standing up against the new boundaries because they cannot immediately satisfy their needs to go out or go on a vacation due to the lockdowns and limitations in travelling. They claim that their human rights are being violated and that governments use this pandemic to restrict people’s freedom of movement. They cannot believe that the strategies are there to protect public health and that sticking to the rules contributes to the greater good (Bolsover, n.d.). This anger, based on lingering fear and hopelessness, is also a serious threat to one’s psychological health (Trnka and Lorencova, 2020).

Gratitude was overwhelmingly expressed during the lockdowns across the world. People came to their doorsteps or balconies to clap and make noise to express their gratitude for the effort of frontline staff. A study by Mead et al. (2020) was based on the GENIAL model, which is characterized by a life-course biopsychosocial approach that places individual well-being within the dynamic interplay of individual, social, communal, and environmental ecosystems. They included physical activity, tragic optimism, trait gratitude, social support, and nature connection in their study of mental well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. According to this study, gratitude was positively associated with mental well-being, along with tragic optimism during the lockdown (Mead et al., 2020). In a qualitative study of patients and carers, the lockdown was mentioned to be a benefit for which one could be grateful. Patients expressed to be grateful for the continuation of their medical treatment despite the pandemic, and carers felt grateful for being able to be at home 24/7 (Bryan et al., 2020). Fear, anger, and hopelessness were the most frequent traumatic emotional responses during the first stage of outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic (Trnka and Lorencova, 2020). To deal with these traumatic emotions, gratitude, among others, was associated with more adaptive and prosocial responses to the pandemic, realizing that one is not alone on this world but part of a larger whole (Syropoulos and Markowitz, 2020). Thus, gratitude could potentially help regulate the negative impact that a lockdown might have on a person’s mental well-being and their social relationships.

Regarding the concepts of spirituality, and religion, few studies associated with COVID-19, lockdown, and social distancing were available. A Brazilian adult sample mentioned spirituality and religion to be important contributions to the relief of suffering due to the physical restrictions by having an influence on mental health outcomes such as lesser worrying, sadness, and fear (Lucchetti et al., 2020). An issue with religion during the COVID-19 period was the ban of large gatherings of people including live religious services. For many faithful people, attending live services is an important part of their lives and it preserves their mental health (VanderWeele, 2020). However, alternative initiatives to the live religious services were implemented to maintain a sense of belonging of the religious community, which appeared to be able to provide spiritual comfort, religious care, and engagement with the religious community during the pandemic (Frei-Landau, 2020; Ribeiro et al., 2020).

Both gratitude and spirituality were able to contribute to good mental health during the lockdown. In an Italian adult sample, a country severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, the virtues in action (VIA) strengths were included to study psychological distress and COVID-19-related self-efficacy. They found that the transcendence strengths—zest, perseverance, gratitude, spirituality, self-regulation, love, and hope—were strongly associated with less psychological distress and more COVID-19-related self-efficacy. Individuals high in transcendence strengths reported higher scores for general mental health; lower scores for psychological distress such as fewer symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress; and higher scores for self-efficacy in coping with the lockdown situation (Casali et al., 2020).

The hedonic society and the immediate fulfillment of needs shimmered through the study of Bono et al. (2020). They showed that students from higher SES families tended to feel less grateful during the beginning of the pandemic compared to students from lower SES families. This shows that higher SES students, who feel more like having to give up the good life from before the pandemic, tend to use gratitude to cope with the adversity of the pandemic less than their lower-SES peers. An explanation for this can be the gain-loss framing. The pandemic with its threats and boundaries frames the situation for the high-SES students more as a loss than for the low-SES students who might experience losing less or even have a sense of gain (Bono et al., 2020; Fiedler and Hillenbrand, 2020). Thus, regarding the new boundaries due to the COVID-19 pandemic, gratitude and spirituality support coping with handling previous activities differently and contribute to good mental health in such a limiting situation.

Future Research

Mature gratitude is a new concept associated with positive psychology 2.0 and it fits in existential models such as the dual-systems model by Wong (2012), This model highlights that a life worth living consists of positive and negative conditions and positive and negative outcomes (Wong, 2012). This narrative review shows that mature gratitude with its focus on both positive and negative aspects of life, including spirituality, can have important ramification in coping with crises and trying times such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Mature gratitude is a broader and more comprehensive concept than trait gratitude or Gratitude to God. It does include gratitude to the good and it contains a spiritual dimension, but it also includes gratitude to adversity and suffering. It is a concept that is more applicable in a dangerous and threatening world, more applicable to reality. Future research should investigate mature gratitude in more depth. It is important to know if mature gratitude is a better and stronger predictor for good mental health than the previously frequently used narrower concepts of gratitude. The study of Jans-Beken and Wong (2019) does suggest this better and stronger association and it warrants further investigation into the concept of mature gratitude. Forthcoming studies should include a questionnaire on gratitude with the focus on the good and the bad, such as the Existential Gratitude Scale (Jans-Beken and Wong, 2019) combined with a questionnaire on spirituality such as the Spiritual Coping Questionnaire (Charzyńska, 2014; Jans-Beken, 2019) or the Spiritual Well-Being Scale (Paloutzian et al., 2012). Future research should include longitudinal studies and Experience Sampling Method studies which can help entangle the concept of mature gratitude and its merits.

Conclusion

The aim of this perspective was to present evidence of mature gratitude as a way of coping with the threats and boundaries due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The narrative review searched for studies from the COVID-19 period in association with more general literature on the characteristics of mature gratitude related to good mental health during a crisis. The above results from the COVID-19 period suggest that a confrontation with our existential vulnerability during a pandemic is not only a crisis but also an opportunity to view our lives in a different way. Mature gratitude as proposed in this perspective can help us in coping with the threats and boundaries that are part of our lives right now due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This time of crisis and fear gives us the opportunity to self-reflect on our current life and plans for the future and to reframe them through a positive lens that can encourage individuals to actively strengthen their psychological resilience and coping skills.

This narrative review is by no means a full account of the literature on mature gratitude and mental health during a crisis. However, many studies that were conducted during the COVID-19 period were included and all of them showed similar results with the literature on gratitude and mental health from before the pandemic. This shows that mature gratitude can still be and perhaps even especially be an important way of coping with the dire circumstances during a crisis such as a pandemic. Cultivating an attitude of mature gratitude through actions of kindness, expressing being thankful for life and God, and enjoying all the small things in life helps in coping with the current threats of COVID-19 and building lifelong resilience for the future (Schiraldi, 2017; Jans-Beken et al., 2019; Kanekar and Sharma, 2020; Mead et al., 2020). Knowledge about these associations can help psychologists, counselors, and coaches to support people who experience psychological issues due to the current pandemic and all crises to come.

Data Availability Statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s.

Author Contributions

The author confirms being the sole contributor of this work and has approved it for publication.

Conflict of Interest

The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

References

Bij de Vaate, E., Gerrits, K. H. L., and Goossens, p. h (2020). Personalized recovery of severe COVID19: rehabilitation from the perspective of patient needs. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 50:e13325.

Google Scholar

Blustein, D. L., and Guarino, P. A. (2020). Work and unemployment in the time of COVID-19: the existential experience of loss and fear. J. Humanist. Psychol. 60, 702–709. doi: 10.1177/0022167820934229

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Bolsover, G. (n.d.). Balancing Freedoms, Rights and Responsibilities During COVID in Us: A Study of Anti- and Pro-restriction Discourse. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.3678626

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Bono, G., Reil, K., and Hescox, J. (2020). Stress and wellbeing in urban college students in the U.S. during the COVID-19 pandemic: can grit and gratitude help? Int. J. Wellbeing 10, 39–57. doi: 10.5502/ijw.v10i3.1331

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Bryan, D. C., Macdonald, P., Ambwani, S., Cardi, V., Rowlands, K., Willmott, D., et al. (2020). Exploring the ways in which COVID-19 and lockdown has affected the lives of adult patients with anorexia nervosa and their carers. Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev. 28, 826–835. doi: 10.1002/erv.2762

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Bureau of Labor Statistics and U.S. Department of Labor (2020). Unemployment Rate Rises to Record High 14.7 Percent in April 2020: The Economics Daily: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Washington, DC: Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Google Scholar

Butler, J. L., and Jaffe, S. (2020). Challenges and Gratitude: A Diary Study of Software Engineers Working From Home During Covid-19 Pandemic. Available online at: https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/challenges-and-gratitude-a-diary-study-of-software-engineers-working-from-home-during-covid-19-pandemic/ (accessed October 26, 2020).

Google Scholar

Casali, N., Feraco, T., Ghisi, M., and Meneghetti, C. (2020). “Andrà tutto bene”: associations between character strengths, psychological distress and self-efficacy during Covid-19 lockdown. J. Happiness Stud. 1–20. doi: 10.1007/s10902-020-00321-w. [Epub ahead of print].

CrossRef Full Text | PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar

Charzyńska, E. (2014). Multidimensional approach toward spiritual coping: construction and validation of the spiritual coping questionnaire (SCQ). J. Relig. Health 54, 1629–1646. doi: 10.1007/s10943-014-9892-5

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Community Solutions (2020). Analysis on Unemployment Projects 40-45% Increase in Homelessness this Year. New York, NY: Community Solutions.

Google Scholar

Dolcos, S., Sung, K., Argo, J. J., Flor-Henry, S., and Dolcos, F. (2012). The power of a handshake: neural correlates of evaluative judgments in observed social interactions. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 24, 2292–2305. doi: 10.1162/jocn_a_00295

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Emmons, R. A. (2013). How Gratitude Can Help You Through Hard Times. Greater Good. Available online at: https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/how_gratitude_can_help_you_through_hard_times

Google Scholar

Emmons, R. A., and Kneezel, T. T. (2005). Giving thanks: spiritual and religious correlates of gratitude. J. Psychol. Christ. 24, 140–148.

Google Scholar

Eurostat (2020). Unemployment Statistics—Statistics Explained. Luxembourg: Eurostat.

Google Scholar

Ferrari, R. (2015). Writing narrative style literature reviews. Medical Writ. 24, 230–235. doi: 10.1179/2047480615Z.000000000329

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Fiedler, S., and Hillenbrand, A. (2020). Gain-loss framing in interdependent choice. Games Econ. Behav. 121, 232–251. doi: 10.1016/j.geb.2020.02.008

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Forsell, L. M., and Åström, J. A. (2012). Meanings of hugging: from greeting behavior to touching implications. Comprehensive Psychol. 1:13.

Google Scholar

Frankl, V. E. (1959). Man’s Search For Meaning. Simon and Schuster.

Google Scholar

Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). “Gratitude, like other positive emotions, broadens and builds,” in The Psychology of Gratitude, eds R. A. Emmons and M. E. McCullough (Oxford University Press), 230–255.

Google Scholar

Frei-Landau, R. (2020). ‘When the going gets tough, the tough get-Creative’: Israeli Jewish religious leaders find religiously innovative ways to preserve community members’ sense of belonging and resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychol. Trauma 12, S258–S260. doi: 10.1037/tra0000822

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Frias, A., Watkins, P., Webber, A. C., and Froh, J. J. (2011). Death and gratitude: death reflection enhances gratitude. J. Posit. Psychol. 6, 154–162. doi: 10.1080/17439760.2011.558848

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Gander, F., Proyer, R. T., Ruch, W., and Wyss, T. (2012). Strength-based positive interventions: further evidence for their potential in enhancing well-being and alleviating depression. J. Happiness Stud. 14, 1241–1259. doi: 10.1007/s10902-012-9380-0

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

González-Sanguino, C., Ausín, B., Castellanos, M. Á, Saiz, J., López-Gómez, A., Ugidos, C., et al. (2020). Mental health consequences during the initial stage of the 2020 Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) in Spain. Brain Behav. Immun. 87, 172–176. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.040

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Jans-Beken, L. G. P. J. (2018). Appreciating Gratitude: New Perspectives on the Gratitude Mental Health Connection [Open University Netherlands]. doi: 10.6084/m9.figshare.5909782.v1

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Jans-Beken, L. G. P. J. (2019). The relationship of spiritual coping with resilience and perceived stress: validation of the dutch spiritual coping questionnaire. Spiritual Couns. Psychol. 4. doi: 10.37898/spc.2019.4.2.0063

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Jans-Beken, L. G. P. J., Jacobs, N., Janssens, M., Peeters, S., Reijnders, J., Lechner, L., et al. (2019). Gratitude and health: an updated review. J. Posit. Psychol. 15, 743–782. doi: 10.1080/17439760.2019.1651888

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Jans-Beken, L. G. P. J., and Wong, P. T. P. (2019). Development and preliminary validation of the Existential Gratitude Scale (EGS). Couns. Psychol. Q. 1–15. doi: 10.1080/09515070.2019.1656054

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Kamran, S., and Fazlollah, H. (2020). Developing a model for the psychological consequences of Corona epidemic anxiety and studying the mediating role of spiritual health. Couns. Cult. Psycother. 11, 1–36. doi: 10.1080/13548506.2020.1764599

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Kanekar, A., and Sharma, M. (2020). COVID-19 and mental well-being: guidance on the application of behavioral and positive well-being strategies. Healthcare 8:336. doi: 10.3390/healthcare8030336

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Kang, J. H. Y., Mason, R. N., and Tarshis, T. P. (2020). Relationship between religion/spirituality and mental health in youth during COVID-19. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc Psychiatry 59:S255. doi: 10.1080/13674676.2014.963930

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

King, L. A., Hicks, J. A., and Abdelkhalik, J. (2009). Death, life, scarcity, and value: An alternative perspective on the meaning of death. Psychol. Sci. 20, 1459–1462. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02466.x

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Krause, N., and Hayward, R. (2013). Humility, compassion, and gratitude to god: assessing the relationships among key religious virtues. Psychol. Relig. Spiritual. 7, 192–204. doi: 10.1037/rel0000028

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Lacewing, M. (2016). Can non-theists appropriately feel existential gratitude? Relig. Stud. 52, 145–165. doi: 10.1017/S0034412515000037

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Lambert, N. M., Fincham, F. D., Braithwaite, S. R., Graham, S. M., and Beach, S. R. H. (2009). Can prayer increase gratitude? Psychol. Relig. Spiritual. 1, 139–149. doi: 10.1037/a0016731

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Lomas, T., Froh, J. J., Emmons, R. A., Mishra, A., and Bono, G. (2014). “Gratitude interventions: a review and future agenda,” in The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Positive Psychological Interventions (John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.), 1–19. doi: 10.1002/9781118315927.ch1

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Lucchetti, G., Góes, L. G., Amaral, S. G., Ganadjian, G. T., Andrade, I., Almeida, P. O., et al. (2020). Spirituality, religiosity and the mental health consequences of social isolation during Covid-19 pandemic. Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry doi: 10.1177/0020764020970996. [Epub ahead of print].

CrossRef Full Text | PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar

McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., and Tsang, J. A. (2002). The grateful disposition: a conceptual and empirical topography. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 82, 112–127. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.82.1.112

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Mead, J., Fisher, Z., Tree, J., Wong, P., and Kemp, A. H. (2020). Predictors of wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic: key roles for gratitude and tragic optimism in a UK-based cohort. PsyArXiv [Preprint]. doi: 10.31234/osf.io/z2pxg

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Olson, R., Knepple Carney, A., and Hicks Patrick, J. (2018). Associations between gratitude and spirituality: an experience sampling approach. Psychol. Relig. Spiritual. 11, 449–452. doi: 10.1037/rel0000164

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Paloutzian, R. F., Bufford, R. K., and Wildman, A. J. (2012). “Spiritual well-being scale: mental and physical health relationships,” in Oxford Textbook of Spirituality in Healthcare, eds M. Cobb, C. Puchalski, and B. Rumbold (Oxford University Press), 353–358.

Google Scholar

Peteet, J. R. (2020). COVID-19 anxiety. J. Religion Health 59, 2203–2204.

Google Scholar

Pirutinsky, S., Cherniak, A. D., and Rosmarin, D. H. (2020). COVID-19, mental health, and religious coping among american orthodox jews. J. Religion Health 59, 2288–2301. doi: 10.1007/s10943-020-01070-z

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Rajkumar, R. P. (2020). COVID-19 and mental health: a review of the existing literature. Asian J. Psychiatry 52:102066. doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Ribeiro, M. R. C., Damiano, R. F., Marujo, R., Nasri, F., and Lucchetti, G. (2020). The role of spirituality in the COVID-19 pandemic: a spiritual hotline project. J. Public Health 42, 855–856. doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fdaa120

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Roberto, A., Sellon, A., Cherry, S. T., Hunter-Jones, J., and Winslow, H. (2020). Impact of spirituality on resilience and coping during the COVID-19 crisis: a mixed-method approach investigating the impact on women. Health Care Women Int. 1–22. doi: 10.1080/07399332.2020.1832097

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Roberts, R. C. (2014). Cosmic gratitude. Eur. J. Philos. Religion 6, 65–83. doi: 10.24204/ejpr.v6i3.163

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Rosmarin, D., Pirutinsky, S., Greer, D., and Korbman, M. (2015). Maintaining a Grateful Disposition in the Face of Distress: The Role of Religious Coping. Psychol. Relig. Spiritual. 8, 134–140. doi: 10.1037/rel0000021

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Schiraldi, G. R. (2017). The Resilience Workbook: Essential Skills to Recover from Stress, Trauma, and Adversity. New Harbinger Publications.

Google Scholar

Seligman, M., and Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: an introduction. Am. Psychol. 55, 5–14. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Seligman, M., Steen, T. A., Park, N., and Peterson, C. (2005). Positive psychology progress: empirical validation of interventions. Am. Psychol. 60, 410–421. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.60.5.410

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Sexton, J. B., and Adair, K. C. (2019). Forty-five good things: a prospective pilot study of the three good things well-being intervention in the USA for healthcare worker emotional exhaustion, depression, work-life balance and happiness. BMJ Open 9. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022695

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Slicker, W. D. (2020). Covid-19 anti-lockdown rallies: a view from America. Thinker 84, 84–88.

Google Scholar

Son, C., Hegde, S., Smith, A., Wang, X., and Sasangohar, F. (2020). Effects of COVID-19 on college students’ mental health in the United States: interview survey study. J. Med. Internet Res. 22:e21279. doi: 10.2196/21279

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Statista (2020). China: Monthly Surveyed Unemployment Rate 2020. Hamburg: Statista.

Google Scholar

Sumner, A., Hoy, C., and Ortiz-Juarez, E. (2020). Estimates of the Impact of COVID-19 on Global Poverty, 43rd Edn. Vol. 2020. Helsinki: UNU-WIDER. doi: 10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2020/800-9

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Sun, N., Wei, L., Shi, S., Jiao, D., Song, R., Ma, L., et al. (2020). A qualitative study on the psychological experience of caregivers of COVID-19 patients. Am. J. Infect. Control 48, 592–598. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.03.018

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Syropoulos, S., and Markowitz, E. M. (2020). Prosocial responses to COVID-19: Examining the role of gratitude, fairness and legacy motives. Pers. Individ. Differ. 171:110488. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110488

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Trnka, R., and Lorencova, R. (2020). Fear, anger, and media-induced trauma during the outbreak of COVID-19 in the Czech Republic. Psychol. Trauma 12, 546–549. doi: 10.1037/tra0000675

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

VanderWeele, T. J. (2020). Effects of Religious Service Attendance and Religious Importance on Depression: Examining the Meta-analytic Evidence. Int. J. Psychol. Relig. 31, 1–6. doi: 10.1080/10508619.2020.1748932

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Venkatesh, A., and Edirappuli, S. (2020). Social distancing in covid-19: what are the mental health implications? BMJ 369:m1379. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m1379

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Wasserman, H., and Moynihan, Q. (2020). South Africa’s Lockdown is so Strict, Alcohol and Tobacco Sales are Banned and Some are Resorting to Smoking Tea. Business Insider. Available online at: https://www.businessinsider.com/in-worlds-strictest-lockdown-south-africa-banned-alcohol-sales-again-2020-7

Google Scholar

Wood, A. M., Froh, J. J., and Geraghty, A. W. A. (2010). Gratitude and well-being: a review and theoretical integration. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 30, 890–905. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.005

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Wong, P. T. P. (ed.). (2012). “Toward a dual-systems model of what makes life worth living,” in The Human Quest for Meaning (Routledge), 49–68.

Google Scholar

Wong, P. T. P. (2019). Second wave positive psychology’s (PP 2.0) contribution to counselling psychology. Couns. Psychol. Q. 32, 275–284. doi: 10.1080/09515070.2019.1671320

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Wong, P. T. P., Mayer, C.-H., and Bowers, V. (in press). Existential positive psychology (PP 2.0) and the new science of flourishing through suffering. Front. Psychol.

Google Scholar

Zinnbauer, B. J., Pargament, K. I., Cole, B., Rye, M. S., Butter, E. M., Belavich, T. G., et al. (1997). Religion and spirituality: unfuzzying the fuzzy. J. Sci. Study Relig. 36, 549–564. doi: 10.2307/1387689

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Keywords: corona, clinical psychology, positive psychology, character strengths, virtues

Citation: Jans-Beken L (2021) A Perspective on Mature Gratitude as a Way of Coping With COVID-19. Front. Psychol. 12:632911. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.632911

Received: 24 November 2020; Accepted: 25 January 2021;
Published: 22 March 2021.

Edited by:

Claude-Hélène Mayer, University of Johannesburg, South Africa

Reviewed by:

Daryl R. Van Tongeren, Hope College, United States
Sarah Abu-Kaf, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel

Copyright © 2021 Jans-Beken. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

*Correspondence: Lilian Jans-Beken, info@lilianjansbeken.nl

Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.