Araştırma Makalesi
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Teachers’ Work Life During Pandemics: Covid-19 Phobia, Intention to Quit Job and Psychological Capital

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 44, 7912 - 7934, 26.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.962907

Öz

In this research, the relationship between the COVID-19 phobia and their intention to quit was examined. In addition, the moderator role of psychological capital in the relationship between COVID-19 phobia and intention to quit job was investigated. 312 teachers who work in Antalya in various fields and levels participated in the study and the data were collected from the participants via online and by hand. The data were obtained by using the demographic information form, the Psychological Capital Scale, the COVID-19 Fear Scale, and the Intention to Leave Scale. Results showed that there is a significant and positive relationship between COVID-19 phobia and intention to quit job. In addition it has found that there is a negative significant relationship between the COVID-19 phobia and psychological capital. Also, a negative significant relationship was found between intention to quit job and psychological capital. Finally, it was found that psychological capital did not have a moderator variable role in the relationship between COVID-19 and intention to quit job. Based on this result, it was thought that psychological capital, which is one of the psychological resources, may not be a protective factor in cases where the perception of physical security is not provided. The findings were evaluated and discussed within the framework of the literature, and suggestions were made for future studies.

Kaynakça

  • Abd-Ellatif E. E ve ark. (2021). Fear of COVID-19 and its impact on job satisfaction and turnover intention among Egyptian physicians. Safety and Health at Work, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2021.07.007.
  • Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C. Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., ve Pakpour, A. H. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 scale: Development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 27, 1–9.
  • Alderfer, C. P. (1972). Existence, relatedness, and growth: Human needs in organizational settings. New York: Free Press.
  • Ataç, A. ve Uçar, M. (2006). Önemli bulaşıcı hastalıklar ve yaşam sürelerine etkileri. Bilim Tarihi Araştırmaları: Salgın Hastalıklar Tarihi, 2, 33- 42.
  • Avey, J. B., Luthans, F. ve Jensen, S. M. (2009). Psychological capital: A positive resource for combating employee stress and turnover. Human Resource Management, 48, 677–93.
  • Avey, J. B., Reichard, R. J., Luthans, F. ve Mhatre, K. H. 2011. Meta-analysis of the impact of positive psychological capital on employee attitudes, behaviors, and performance. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 22, 127–52.
  • Chakraborty, K. ve Chatterjee, M. (2020). Psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic on general population in West Bengal: A cross-sectional study. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 62, 266–272.
  • Cho, S., Johanson, M. M. ve Guchait, P. (2009). Employees intent to leave: A comparison of determinants of ıntent to leave versus intent to stay. International Journal of Hospitality Management,28(3),374-381.
  • Çetin, F. ve Basım, H. N. (2012). Örgütsel psikolojik sermaye: Bir ölçek uyarlama çalışması. Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 45(1), 121-137.
  • Eaton, W. W., Bienvenu, O. J., ve Miloyan, B. (2018). Specific phobias. Lancet Psychiatry, 5(8), 678–686.
  • Elmas, S. (2012). İşyerinde mobbing ve çalışanların işten ayrılma niyeti üzerine etkilerine ilişkin bir araştırma. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İstanbul Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İşletme Anabilim Dalı.
  • Estiri, M., Nargesian, A., Dastpish, F. ve Sharifi, S. M. (2016). The impact of psychological capital on mental health among Iranian nurses: Considering the mediating role of job burnout. SpringerPlus, 5(1), 1377.
  • Ghapanchi, A. H. ve Aurum, A. (2011). Antecedents to IT personnel’s intentions to leave: A systematic ure review. Journal of Systems and Software, 84(2), 238-249.
  • Griffeth, R.W., Hom, P.W. ve Gaertner, S. (2000). A meta-analysis of antecedents and correlates of employee turnover: Updated moderator tests, and research implications for the next millennium. Journal of Management, 26, 463 – 488.
  • Heinen, M. M., van Achterberg, T., Schwendimann, R., Zander, B., Matthews, A., Kózka, M., ve Schoonhoven, L. (2013). Nurses’ intention to leave their profession: A cross sectional obser‐ vational study in 10 European countries. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 50(2), 174–184.
  • Herzberg, F., Mausner, B., ve Snyderman, B. (1959). The motivation to work. NY: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Hom, P.W., Caranikas-Walker, F., Prussia, G.E. ve Griffeth, R.W. (1992). A Meta-Analytical structural equations analysis of a model of employee turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 890-909.
  • Hoppock, R. (1935). Job satisfaction. Harper and Brothers: New York.
  • Hu, T., Zhang, D., ve Wang, J. (2015). A meta-analysis of the trait resilience and mental health. Personality and Individual Differences, 76, 18–27.
  • Joseph, D., Ng, K.Y., Koh, C. ve Ang, S. (2007). Turnover of information technology professionals: A narrative review, meta analytic structural equation modeling, and model development. MIS Quarterly, 31(3), 547-577.
  • Labrague L.J. ve de Los Santos J. A. A. (2021). Fear of COVID-19, psychological distress, work satisfaction and turnover intention among frontline nurses. Journal of Nursing Management, 29, 395–403.
  • Last, J. M (2001). A Dictionary of Epidemiology (4th ed.) New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Lee, T. W. ve Mitchell, T. R. (1994). An alternative approach: The unfolding model of voluntary employee turnover. The Academy of Management Review, 19(1), 51–89.
  • Li W., Yang Y., Liu Z.-H., Zhao Y.-J., Zhang Q., Zhang L., Cheung T., Xiang Y.T. (2020). Progression of mental health services during the COVID-19 outbreak in China. International Journal of Biological Sciences, 16, 1732–1738.
  • Luthans, F., Luthans, K. W., ve Luthans, B. C. (2004). Positive psychological capital: Beyond human and social capital. Business Horizon, 41(1), 45-50.
  • Luthans, F., Avolio, B. J., Avey, J. B., ve Norman, S. M. (2007). Positive psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. Personnel Psychology, 60, 541-572.
  • Luthans, F., Youseff, C.M. ve Avolio, B. J. (2007). Psychological capital: Investing and developing positive organizational behavior. D. Nelson ve C. L. Cooper içinde, Positive Organizational Behavior (s.9-24). Thousand Oaks, C.A: Sage.
  • Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370-96.
  • Maslow, A. H. (1954). Motivation and personality. New York: Harper and Row.
  • Masroor A.M. ve Fakir M. J. (2010). Level of job satisfaction and intent to leave among Malaysian nurses. Business Intelligence Journal, 3(1), 123-137.
  • Mello, J. A. (2011). Strategic management of human resources. Canada: Nelson Education.
  • Meyer, J. P., Allen, N. J. ve Allen, N.J. (1997). Commitment in the workplace. CA: Sage Publications.
  • Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı. (2021, Şubat 14). 2020-2021 Eğitim ve öğretim yılının ikinci dönemi uzaktan ve yüz yüze eğitimle başlıyor. https://www.meb.gov.tr/2020-2021-egitim-ogretim-yilinin-ikinci-donemi-uzaktan-ve-yuz-yuze-egitimle-basliyor/haber/22553/tr.
  • Mobley, W. H., Griffeth, R. W., Hand, H. H., ve Meglino, B. M. (1979). Review and conceptual analysis of the employee turnover process. Psychological Bulletin, 86(3), 493–522.
  • Moynihan, D. P., ve Landuyt, N. (2008). Explaining turnover intention in State Government examining the roles of gender, life cycle, and loyalty. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 28(2), 120-143.
  • Nancarrow, S., Bradbury, J., Pit, S. W., ve Ariss, S. (2014). Intention to stay and intention to leave: Are they two sides of the same coin? A cross-sectional structural equation modelling study among health and social care workers. Journal of Occupational Health, 56(4), 292-300.
  • Rosin, H. ve Korabick, K. (1995). Organisational experiences and propensity to leave a multivariate investigation of men and women managers. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 46(1), 1-16.
  • Ruiz-García, A., ve Valero-Aguayo, L. (2020). Multimedia intervention for specific phobias: A clinical and experimental study. Psicothema, 32(3), 298–306.
  • Rusbult, C. E., Farrell, D., Rogers G. ve Mainous III, A. G. (1988). Impact of exchange variables on exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect: An integrative model of responses to declining job satisfaction. Academy of Management Journal, 31(3), 599-627.
  • Selçuk, Z. [@ziyaselcuk]. (2021, Haziran 6). Tüm öğretmenlerimizin ve eğitim çalışanlarımızın aşı randevuları Sağlık Bakanlığı tarafından tanımlandı. Mesai arkadaşlarımız an itibarıyla randevularını e-Nabız’dan alabilirler. Eğitim ailemiz adına tüm sağlık camiamıza teşekkürlerimi sunuyorum. [Tweet].Twitter. https://twitter.com/ziyaselcuk/status/1401475213506891776?s=24.
  • Seligman, M. E. P ve Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55, 5-14.
  • Sintema, E. J. (2020). Effect of COVID-19 on the performance of grade 12 students: Implications for STEM education. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 16(7), em1851.
  • Tabachnick, B. G. ve Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.), Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
  • Tanner, C. (2020, Haziran 6). When coronaphobia turns into agoraphobia: ‘I struggle to even go out for a walk’ Erişim tarihi 6 Haziran. 2021 https://inews.co.uk/news/coronavirus-uk-latest-lockdown-restrictions-coronaphobia-agoraphobia-mental-health-434506.
  • Teng, Y., Wu, K. ve Zu, D. (2021). The association between fear of Coronavirus disease 2019, mental health, and turnover intention among quarantine hotel employees in China. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 557- 567.
  • Tett, R. P. ve J. P. Meyer. (1993). Job satisfaction, organizational commitment, turnover ıntention and turnover: Path analyses based on meta- analytic findings. Personnel Psychology, 46(2), 259-293.
  • TRT. (2020, 17 Kasım). Milli Eğitim Bakanlığından uzaktan eğitim açıklaması.https://www.trthaber.com/haber/gundem/milli-egitim-bakanligindan-uzaktan-egitim-aciklamasi-531820.html.
  • Turliuc, M.N. ve Candel, O.S. (2021). The relationship between psychological capital and mental health during the Covid-19 pandemic: A longitudinal mediation model. Journal of Health Psychology, https://doi.org/10.1177/13591053211012771.
  • WHO (2021, 21 Haziran). WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard | WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. Erişim tarihi 22. Haziran.2021 https://covid19.who.int/.
  • Yamamoto, G. T ve Altun, D. (2020). The Coronavirus and the rising of online education. Journal of University Studies, 3(1), 25-34.

Pandemi Döneminde Öğretmenlerin İş Yaşamı: Covid-19 Fobisi, İşten Ayrılma Niyeti ve Psikolojik Sermaye

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 44, 7912 - 7934, 26.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.962907

Öz

Gerçekleştirilen bu araştırmada, Antalya ilinde çeşitli alanlarda ve düzeylerde öğretmenlik yapan kişilerin COVID-19 korkuları ve işten ayrılma niyetleri arasındaki ilişki incelenmiştir. Ayrıca; psikolojik sermayenin COVID-19 korkusu ve işten ayrılma niyeti arasındaki ilişkideki düzenleyici rolü test edilmiştir. Çalışmaya 312 öğretmen katılmıştır ve veriler katılımcılardan çevrim içi ortam üzerinden ve elden dağıtılarak toplanmıştır. Araştırmadaki değişkenlere ilişkin veriler demografik bilgi formu, Psikolojik Sermaye Ölçeği, COVID-19 Korkusu Ölçeği, İşten Ayrılma Niyeti Ölçeği kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. Yapılan analizler sonucunda; COVID-19 korkusu ile işten ayrılma niyeti arasında anlamlı ve pozitif yönde ilişki olduğuna dair bulgular saptanmıştır. Ayrıca; COVID-19 korkusu ile psikolojik sermaye arasında negatif yönde anlamlı ilişki bulunmuştur. Son olarak; işten ayrılma niyeti ile psikolojik sermaye arasında negatif yönde anlamlı ilişki bulunmuştur. Yapılan düzenleyici değişken analizi neticesinde psikolojik sermayenin, COVID-19 ile işten ayrılma niyeti arasındaki ilişkide düzenleyici değişken rolünün olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu tespitten yola çıkarak, güvenlik algısının yeterli olmadığı durumlarda psikolojik kaynaklardan biri olan psikolojik sermayenin koruyucu bir faktör olamayabileceği düşünülmüştür. Elde edilen bulgular, alan yazın çerçevesinde değerlendirilerek tartışılmıştır, gelecekte yapılacak çalışmalar için önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Kaynakça

  • Abd-Ellatif E. E ve ark. (2021). Fear of COVID-19 and its impact on job satisfaction and turnover intention among Egyptian physicians. Safety and Health at Work, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2021.07.007.
  • Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C. Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., ve Pakpour, A. H. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 scale: Development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 27, 1–9.
  • Alderfer, C. P. (1972). Existence, relatedness, and growth: Human needs in organizational settings. New York: Free Press.
  • Ataç, A. ve Uçar, M. (2006). Önemli bulaşıcı hastalıklar ve yaşam sürelerine etkileri. Bilim Tarihi Araştırmaları: Salgın Hastalıklar Tarihi, 2, 33- 42.
  • Avey, J. B., Luthans, F. ve Jensen, S. M. (2009). Psychological capital: A positive resource for combating employee stress and turnover. Human Resource Management, 48, 677–93.
  • Avey, J. B., Reichard, R. J., Luthans, F. ve Mhatre, K. H. 2011. Meta-analysis of the impact of positive psychological capital on employee attitudes, behaviors, and performance. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 22, 127–52.
  • Chakraborty, K. ve Chatterjee, M. (2020). Psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic on general population in West Bengal: A cross-sectional study. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 62, 266–272.
  • Cho, S., Johanson, M. M. ve Guchait, P. (2009). Employees intent to leave: A comparison of determinants of ıntent to leave versus intent to stay. International Journal of Hospitality Management,28(3),374-381.
  • Çetin, F. ve Basım, H. N. (2012). Örgütsel psikolojik sermaye: Bir ölçek uyarlama çalışması. Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 45(1), 121-137.
  • Eaton, W. W., Bienvenu, O. J., ve Miloyan, B. (2018). Specific phobias. Lancet Psychiatry, 5(8), 678–686.
  • Elmas, S. (2012). İşyerinde mobbing ve çalışanların işten ayrılma niyeti üzerine etkilerine ilişkin bir araştırma. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İstanbul Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İşletme Anabilim Dalı.
  • Estiri, M., Nargesian, A., Dastpish, F. ve Sharifi, S. M. (2016). The impact of psychological capital on mental health among Iranian nurses: Considering the mediating role of job burnout. SpringerPlus, 5(1), 1377.
  • Ghapanchi, A. H. ve Aurum, A. (2011). Antecedents to IT personnel’s intentions to leave: A systematic ure review. Journal of Systems and Software, 84(2), 238-249.
  • Griffeth, R.W., Hom, P.W. ve Gaertner, S. (2000). A meta-analysis of antecedents and correlates of employee turnover: Updated moderator tests, and research implications for the next millennium. Journal of Management, 26, 463 – 488.
  • Heinen, M. M., van Achterberg, T., Schwendimann, R., Zander, B., Matthews, A., Kózka, M., ve Schoonhoven, L. (2013). Nurses’ intention to leave their profession: A cross sectional obser‐ vational study in 10 European countries. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 50(2), 174–184.
  • Herzberg, F., Mausner, B., ve Snyderman, B. (1959). The motivation to work. NY: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Hom, P.W., Caranikas-Walker, F., Prussia, G.E. ve Griffeth, R.W. (1992). A Meta-Analytical structural equations analysis of a model of employee turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 890-909.
  • Hoppock, R. (1935). Job satisfaction. Harper and Brothers: New York.
  • Hu, T., Zhang, D., ve Wang, J. (2015). A meta-analysis of the trait resilience and mental health. Personality and Individual Differences, 76, 18–27.
  • Joseph, D., Ng, K.Y., Koh, C. ve Ang, S. (2007). Turnover of information technology professionals: A narrative review, meta analytic structural equation modeling, and model development. MIS Quarterly, 31(3), 547-577.
  • Labrague L.J. ve de Los Santos J. A. A. (2021). Fear of COVID-19, psychological distress, work satisfaction and turnover intention among frontline nurses. Journal of Nursing Management, 29, 395–403.
  • Last, J. M (2001). A Dictionary of Epidemiology (4th ed.) New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Lee, T. W. ve Mitchell, T. R. (1994). An alternative approach: The unfolding model of voluntary employee turnover. The Academy of Management Review, 19(1), 51–89.
  • Li W., Yang Y., Liu Z.-H., Zhao Y.-J., Zhang Q., Zhang L., Cheung T., Xiang Y.T. (2020). Progression of mental health services during the COVID-19 outbreak in China. International Journal of Biological Sciences, 16, 1732–1738.
  • Luthans, F., Luthans, K. W., ve Luthans, B. C. (2004). Positive psychological capital: Beyond human and social capital. Business Horizon, 41(1), 45-50.
  • Luthans, F., Avolio, B. J., Avey, J. B., ve Norman, S. M. (2007). Positive psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. Personnel Psychology, 60, 541-572.
  • Luthans, F., Youseff, C.M. ve Avolio, B. J. (2007). Psychological capital: Investing and developing positive organizational behavior. D. Nelson ve C. L. Cooper içinde, Positive Organizational Behavior (s.9-24). Thousand Oaks, C.A: Sage.
  • Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370-96.
  • Maslow, A. H. (1954). Motivation and personality. New York: Harper and Row.
  • Masroor A.M. ve Fakir M. J. (2010). Level of job satisfaction and intent to leave among Malaysian nurses. Business Intelligence Journal, 3(1), 123-137.
  • Mello, J. A. (2011). Strategic management of human resources. Canada: Nelson Education.
  • Meyer, J. P., Allen, N. J. ve Allen, N.J. (1997). Commitment in the workplace. CA: Sage Publications.
  • Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı. (2021, Şubat 14). 2020-2021 Eğitim ve öğretim yılının ikinci dönemi uzaktan ve yüz yüze eğitimle başlıyor. https://www.meb.gov.tr/2020-2021-egitim-ogretim-yilinin-ikinci-donemi-uzaktan-ve-yuz-yuze-egitimle-basliyor/haber/22553/tr.
  • Mobley, W. H., Griffeth, R. W., Hand, H. H., ve Meglino, B. M. (1979). Review and conceptual analysis of the employee turnover process. Psychological Bulletin, 86(3), 493–522.
  • Moynihan, D. P., ve Landuyt, N. (2008). Explaining turnover intention in State Government examining the roles of gender, life cycle, and loyalty. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 28(2), 120-143.
  • Nancarrow, S., Bradbury, J., Pit, S. W., ve Ariss, S. (2014). Intention to stay and intention to leave: Are they two sides of the same coin? A cross-sectional structural equation modelling study among health and social care workers. Journal of Occupational Health, 56(4), 292-300.
  • Rosin, H. ve Korabick, K. (1995). Organisational experiences and propensity to leave a multivariate investigation of men and women managers. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 46(1), 1-16.
  • Ruiz-García, A., ve Valero-Aguayo, L. (2020). Multimedia intervention for specific phobias: A clinical and experimental study. Psicothema, 32(3), 298–306.
  • Rusbult, C. E., Farrell, D., Rogers G. ve Mainous III, A. G. (1988). Impact of exchange variables on exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect: An integrative model of responses to declining job satisfaction. Academy of Management Journal, 31(3), 599-627.
  • Selçuk, Z. [@ziyaselcuk]. (2021, Haziran 6). Tüm öğretmenlerimizin ve eğitim çalışanlarımızın aşı randevuları Sağlık Bakanlığı tarafından tanımlandı. Mesai arkadaşlarımız an itibarıyla randevularını e-Nabız’dan alabilirler. Eğitim ailemiz adına tüm sağlık camiamıza teşekkürlerimi sunuyorum. [Tweet].Twitter. https://twitter.com/ziyaselcuk/status/1401475213506891776?s=24.
  • Seligman, M. E. P ve Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55, 5-14.
  • Sintema, E. J. (2020). Effect of COVID-19 on the performance of grade 12 students: Implications for STEM education. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 16(7), em1851.
  • Tabachnick, B. G. ve Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.), Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
  • Tanner, C. (2020, Haziran 6). When coronaphobia turns into agoraphobia: ‘I struggle to even go out for a walk’ Erişim tarihi 6 Haziran. 2021 https://inews.co.uk/news/coronavirus-uk-latest-lockdown-restrictions-coronaphobia-agoraphobia-mental-health-434506.
  • Teng, Y., Wu, K. ve Zu, D. (2021). The association between fear of Coronavirus disease 2019, mental health, and turnover intention among quarantine hotel employees in China. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 557- 567.
  • Tett, R. P. ve J. P. Meyer. (1993). Job satisfaction, organizational commitment, turnover ıntention and turnover: Path analyses based on meta- analytic findings. Personnel Psychology, 46(2), 259-293.
  • TRT. (2020, 17 Kasım). Milli Eğitim Bakanlığından uzaktan eğitim açıklaması.https://www.trthaber.com/haber/gundem/milli-egitim-bakanligindan-uzaktan-egitim-aciklamasi-531820.html.
  • Turliuc, M.N. ve Candel, O.S. (2021). The relationship between psychological capital and mental health during the Covid-19 pandemic: A longitudinal mediation model. Journal of Health Psychology, https://doi.org/10.1177/13591053211012771.
  • WHO (2021, 21 Haziran). WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard | WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. Erişim tarihi 22. Haziran.2021 https://covid19.who.int/.
  • Yamamoto, G. T ve Altun, D. (2020). The Coronavirus and the rising of online education. Journal of University Studies, 3(1), 25-34.
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Psikoloji
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Hikmet Hakan Coşkun 0000-0002-9429-549X

Merve Mamacı 0000-0001-7882-3670

Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Aralık 2021
Kabul Tarihi 2 Kasım 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 18 Sayı: 44

Kaynak Göster

APA Coşkun, H. H., & Mamacı, M. (2021). Pandemi Döneminde Öğretmenlerin İş Yaşamı: Covid-19 Fobisi, İşten Ayrılma Niyeti ve Psikolojik Sermaye. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 18(44), 7912-7934. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.962907