Mental Health of COVID-19 Patients—A Cross-Sectional Survey in Saudi Arabia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Sample
2.2. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Study Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Personal Data | No | % | |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 100 | 38.3% |
Female | 161 | 61.7% | |
Age in years | <25 years | 45 | 17.2% |
25–34 | 85 | 32.6% | |
35–44 | 79 | 30.3% | |
45–54 | 42 | 16.1% | |
55+ | 10 | 3.8% | |
Nationality | Saudi | 220 | 84.3% |
Non-Saudi | 41 | 15.7% | |
Educational level | Below secondary | 37 | 14.2% |
Secondary | 59 | 22.6% | |
University/more | 165 | 63.2% | |
Work | Not working | 98 | 37.5% |
Governmental sector | 82 | 31.4% | |
Private sector | 66 | 25.3% | |
Military sector | 15 | 5.7% | |
Monthly income | <5000 SR | 120 | 46.0% |
5000–10,000 | 54 | 20.7% | |
10,000–20,000 | 71 | 27.2% | |
>20,000 SR | 16 | 6.1% | |
Marital status | Single | 82 | 31.4% |
Married | 167 | 64.0% | |
Divorced/widow | 12 | 4.6% | |
Children | No children | 110 | 42.1% |
1–2 | 44 | 16.9% | |
3–5 | 75 | 28.7% | |
6+ | 32 | 12.3% |
Risk Factors with COVID-19 | No | % | |
---|---|---|---|
Pregnant | Yes | 8 | 7.4% |
No | 100 | 92.6% | |
Smoking | Nonsmoker | 189 | 72.4% |
Ex-smoker | 34 | 13.0% | |
Current smoker | 38 | 14.6% | |
Chronic health conditions | None | 201 | 77.0% |
D.M. | 19 | 7.3% | |
HTN | 23 | 8.8% | |
Allergic/autoimmune diseases | 27 | 10.3% | |
Chronic cardiac conditions | 6 | 2.3% | |
Psychological conditions | 6 | 2.3% | |
Renal conditions | 4 | 1.5% | |
Hypothyroidism | 3 | 1.1% | |
Was abroad within the last three months | Yes | 8 | 3.1% |
No | 253 | 96.9% | |
Contact with a confirmed COVID-19 case | Yes | 121 | 46.4% |
No | 140 | 53.6% | |
Days in Hospital | 1–7 | 17 | 8.9% |
8–14 | 63 | 33.0% | |
15–21 | 33 | 17.3% | |
22+ | 78 | 40.8% |
Anxiety Items | No | % | |
---|---|---|---|
I feel tense or wound up. | Not at all | 102 | 39.1% |
From time to time, occasionally | 83 | 31.8% | |
A lot of the time | 41 | 15.7% | |
Most of the time | 35 | 13.4% | |
I get a sort of frightened feeling as if something awful is about to happen | Not at all | 126 | 48.8% |
A little, but it does not worry me | 84 | 32.6% | |
Yes, but not too badly | 32 | 12.4% | |
Very definitely and quite badly | 16 | 6.2% | |
Worrying thoughts go through my mind | Only occasionally | 137 | 52.5% |
From time to time, but not too often | 55 | 21.1% | |
A lot of the time | 39 | 14.9% | |
A great deal of the time | 30 | 11.5% | |
I can sit at ease and feel relaxed | Definitely | 90 | 34.5% |
Usually | 71 | 27.2% | |
Not Often | 79 | 30.3% | |
Not at all | 21 | 8.0% | |
I get a sort of frightened feeling like butterflies in the stomach | Not at all | 126 | 48.3% |
Occasionally | 89 | 34.1% | |
Quite Often | 16 | 6.1% | |
Very Often | 30 | 11.5% | |
I feel restless if I have to be on the move | Not at all | 46 | 17.6% |
Not very much | 114 | 43.7% | |
Quite a lot | 45 | 17.2% | |
Very much indeed | 56 | 21.5% | |
I get sudden feelings of panic | Not at all | 136 | 52.1% |
Not very often | 64 | 24.5% | |
Quite often | 43 | 16.5% | |
Very often indeed | 18 | 6.9% | |
Anxiety level | Normal (0–7) | 157 | 60.2% |
Borderline (8–10) | 34 | 13.0% | |
Abnormal (11–21) | 70 | 26.8% | |
Depression Items | |||
I still enjoy the things I used to enjoy | Definitely as much | 18 | 6.9% |
Not quite so much | 93 | 35.6% | |
Only a little | 34 | 13.0% | |
Hardly at all | 116 | 44.4% | |
I can laugh and see the funny side of things | As much as I always could | 186 | 71.3% |
Not quite so much now | 53 | 20.3% | |
Definitely not so much now | 16 | 6.1% | |
Not at all | 6 | 2.3% | |
I feel cheerful | Most of the time | 69 | 26.4% |
Sometimes | 100 | 38.3% | |
Not often | 68 | 26.1% | |
Not at all | 24 | 9.2% | |
I feel as if I am slowed down | Not at all | 125 | 47.9% |
Sometimes | 80 | 30.7% | |
Very often | 25 | 9.6% | |
Nearly all the time | 31 | 11.9% | |
I have lost interest in my appearance | I take just as much care as ever | 110 | 42.1% |
I may not take quite as much care | 51 | 19.5% | |
I don’t take as much care as I should | 88 | 33.7% | |
Definitely | 12 | 4.6% | |
I look forward with enjoyment to things | As much as I ever did | 114 | 43.7% |
Rather less than I used to | 52 | 19.9% | |
Definitely less than I used to | 78 | 29.9% | |
Hardly at all | 17 | 6.5% | |
I can enjoy a good book or radio or T.V. program | Often | 92 | 35.2% |
Sometimes | 37 | 14.2% | |
Not often | 85 | 32.6% | |
Very seldom | 47 | 18.0% | |
Depression | Normal | 135 | 51.7% |
Borderline | 78 | 29.9% | |
Abnormal | 48 | 18.4% |
Factors | Anxiety | p-Value | Depression | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | % | No | % | ||||
Gender | Male | 14 | 14.0% | 0.001 * | 9 | 9.0% | 0.002 * |
Female | 56 | 34.8% | 39 | 24.2% | |||
Age in years | <25 years | 12 | 26.7% | 0.027 * | 7 | 15.6% | 0.374 |
25–34 | 33 | 38.8% | 19 | 22.4% | |||
35–44 | 17 | 21.5% | 15 | 19.0% | |||
45–54 | 6 | 14.3% | 4 | 9.5% | |||
55+ | 2 | 20.0% | 3 | 30.0% | |||
Nationality | Saudi | 66 | 30.0% | 0.007 * | 43 | 19.5% | 0.265 |
Non-Saudi | 4 | 9.8% | 5 | 12.2% | |||
Educational level | Below secondary | 8 | 21.6% | 0.071 | 9 | 24.3% | 0.003 * |
Secondary | 10 | 16.9% | 2 | 3.4% | |||
University/more | 52 | 31.5% | 37 | 22.4% | |||
Health care worker | Yes | 19 | 42.2% | 0.010 * | 12 | 26.7% | 0.115 |
No | 51 | 23.6% | 36 | 16.7% | |||
Marital status | Single | 28 | 34.1% | 0.193 | 16 | 19.5% | 0.342 |
Married | 39 | 23.4% | 28 | 16.8% | |||
Divorced/widow | 3 | 25.0% | 4 | 33.3% | |||
Children | No children | 39 | 35.5% | 0.048 * | 23 | 20.9% | 0.288 |
1–2 | 7 | 15.9% | 11 | 25.0% | |||
3–5 | 17 | 22.7% | 10 | 13.3% | |||
6+ | 7 | 21.9% | 4 | 12.5% | |||
Pregnant | Yes | 4 | 50.0% | 0.190 | 2 | 25.0% | 0.879 |
No | 28 | 28.0% | 23 | 23.0% | |||
Smoking | Nonsmoker | 53 | 28.0% | 0.430 | 35 | 18.5% | 0.426 |
Ex-smoker | 6 | 17.6% | 4 | 11.8% | |||
Current smoker | 11 | 28.9% | 9 | 23.7% | |||
Chronic health conditions | No | 56 | 27.9% | 0.487 | 35 | 17.4% | 0.455 |
Yes | 14 | 23.3% | 13 | 21.7% |
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Alamri, H.S.; Mousa, W.F.; Algarni, A.; Megahid, S.F.; Al Bshabshe, A.; Alshehri, N.N.; Bashah, D.M.; Alosaimi, R.; Alshehri, A.; Alsamghan, A.; et al. Mental Health of COVID-19 Patients—A Cross-Sectional Survey in Saudi Arabia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 4758. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094758
Alamri HS, Mousa WF, Algarni A, Megahid SF, Al Bshabshe A, Alshehri NN, Bashah DM, Alosaimi R, Alshehri A, Alsamghan A, et al. Mental Health of COVID-19 Patients—A Cross-Sectional Survey in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(9):4758. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094758
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlamri, Hasan Saeed, Wesam F. Mousa, Abdullah Algarni, Shehata F. Megahid, Ali Al Bshabshe, Nada N. Alshehri, Dalal M. Bashah, Roaa Alosaimi, Ahlam Alshehri, Awad Alsamghan, and et al. 2021. "Mental Health of COVID-19 Patients—A Cross-Sectional Survey in Saudi Arabia" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9: 4758. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094758