Analytical strategies to sense water stress level: An analysis of ground water fluctuations sensing SDGs under pandemic scenario
Graphical abstract
Introduction
It is shown that according to the prediction analysis globally, the use of water in urban areas in the year 2050 will be approximately equal to the total water used by the world by 2004 (Song et al., 2004). These predictions are disturbing and warning an alarming burden on urban sources, especially the water. The water utilization globally by urban people has been increased more than 20 times during the last century. In 1900 it was 200 × 108 m3, in 1950 it was increased to 600 × 108 m3, in 1975, it was 1500 × 108 m3 while in 2000, it jumped to 4400 × 108 m3 (Alló and Loureiro, 2013). Habit is an individual's behavior influenced by inheritance, upbringing, etc., while practice refers to a collective response towards a situation or a condition as the residential consumers' attitude evolves to be positive for water conservation, people's habits seem improving in this regard (Millock and Nauges, 2010; Beal et al., 2011). Although public awareness about water conservation seems increasing analytically, this has seen to make minimal changes in people's habits (Hamilton, 1985; Millock and Nauges, 2010). The world map related to water stress is shown in Fig. 1. In 2040, Pakistan will lies on an extremely high-stress country that will have a high proportion of extractions to supply which will indicate the alarming situation for Pakistani residence.
The key objective of this study is to examine the fluctuation and consumption of groundwater during the pandemic days. To better judge, the groundwater level of district Multan, huge data of 14 years is to be undertaken and a deep analysis of this data is done by employing numerous techniques. The study reveals numerous targets that include; (i) To understand the relationship among population and water consumption of district Multan for 78 years interval (1951–2028); (ii) To analyze the 14 years (2005–2018) groundwater table fluctuation of district Multan; (iii) To find out the effect of pre & post-monsoon season on groundwater reservoirs of district Multan in addition to their recharge capacity; (iv) To evaluate the water consumption during a pandemic period at numerous population percentages (25–100%) of district Multan; (v) Additionally, the wastage and total consumption growth of groundwater during pandemic also estimated; (vi) To establish a model for future forecasting of groundwater oscillation for District Multan. All these analyses become true through the help of a massive amount of Multan District data. All data were assessed hypothetically, analytically, graphically, and statistically by employing numerous techniques. A huge amount of literature review related to this study (e.g., groundwater, pandemic, etc.) is given below for a better understanding of the water situation in Pakistan.
Section snippets
Water stress concept
For human beings around the globe, the basic key component for surviving is water, and the next element is oxygen as its weight is around 40–60% in the human body. For drinking aspects, the ground and surface water must meet the norms of the World Health Organization (WHO) as well as appropriate country guidelines and specifications. It's the government's responsibility to provide safe and healthy water to every resident, but mostly in developing countries, this kind of water is not provided to
Materials and methods
In this study, a comprehensive methodology has been adopted to analyze the water stress level of the study area based on groundwater level data. A groundwater level chart has been developed to analyze water distribution and consumption. The methodology flowchart has been shown in Fig. 3.
Study area population growth
The amount of population directly affects the natural sources of each country. The irregular growth and consumption of sources may harm the community. According to Multan Development Authority (MDA), the study area's population is shown in Fig. 6.(MDA, 2020).
Due to the massive population growth rate of the study area, the population is increasing very rapidly. The population in 1951 was only around 0.75 million people after 1951 the population expanded and by 2028 it is expected to be around 6
Conclusions and recommendations
This study successfully investigates water stress impact with a focus on sustainable development goals(SDGs) to target a safe and sustainable life pattern. This issue is rising in developing cities with an increase in population and shortage of resources. A set of targets among 17 major sustainable goals are related to water as water is of key importance containing the target of sustainable future. Further, out of these seventeen goals, goal 6 is related to water, and its sub-section (6.1–6.6),
Limitation of the study
This research is based on groundwater data and so limited to analysis based on one source of water, in future studies, other sources of water may also be included. Water resource management involves all types of water sources and can be analyzed on a similar pattern. This study provides guidelines to research in the field of water resources and provides guidelines to follow the pattern of study for water stress analysis. It can further involve the devolution of sources into clean and polluted
Author contribution statement
Ahsan Nawaz: Conceptualization, writing the draft, Syyed Adnan Raheel Shah: Methodology, Xing Su: Supervision, Afzal Ahmed Dar: data collection, Zhongfu Qin: Funding acquisition and editing, Gadah albashar: Resources.
Funding's
This research is funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (71971196) and supported by Zhejiang Univeristy, China.
Declaration of competing interest
Authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
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